177:. The beginning of the next stage in the formation of the government procurement system is associated with the passing of the federal law 94-FZ. This law brought many changes in the process of procurement order placing, for example, the introduction of the electronic auction, exclusion of the two-stage procedure, introduction of the concept of initial (maximum) contract price. Closed procurement procedures were prohibited, with the exclusion of the orders constituting state secrets. A finite list of situations was created, outlining when an order could be placed with a single source. The use of qualification criteria was limited, along with other changes.
532:
available at the same website. The procurer sets a start price, which is the maximum possible price of the contract. Bidders make bids that are lower than the start price. The bidder with a minimum price offer wins the contract. To set the start price a procurer usually asks for quotations from a few arbitrarily selected firms in the market, which send him the price at which they would be able to perform the contract. There are two major types of procedures available for procurers –
488:
contractual system. It, specifically, ensures the regulation of the entire procurement cycle: planning and forecasting of state and municipal needs, forming and placing orders, fulfillment of contractual obligations and the analysis of the results, as well as monitoring, control and auditing of the observance of requirements. The bill establishes a number of anti-dumping measures enabling rejection of applications with inordinately underestimated prices.
540:
a single firm (we will call him insider) to share the surplus from the procurement contract, and to prevent outsiders from bidding. So, at the very first step he may set the start price higher, by choosing the highest price from the price quotations, or by choosing firms he is asking these quotations from. Then he may tune the specification of the goods so that only one firm is able to perform the contract.
544:
firms from bidding in the open auction, referring to some gaps in the documents they provided. As an auction with only one bidder may be suspicious, in some cases, the procurer or the insider may call another firm to participate, but not to bid, at least not to bid aggressively. That will always result in repeated interactions between the procurer and insider in various procurement procedures.
515:
In 1998, The
Institute of Public and Regulated Procurement, Competition Policy and Anti-corruption Technologies (a.k.a. the Public Procurement Institute) was founded. The institute works as a research, educational, and expert organization in the field of state and municipal procurement, corporate and
112:
During the formation of a government procurement there are taken into account real needs of a government agency of executive power, state institution and the society on the whole. Government procurements are applied for organization and realization of long-term government targeted programs (including
539:
Despite attempts to make procedures more transparent, to increase the participation of private firms in public procurement, and to fight corruption, there are still many violations that limit the efficiency of public procurement. If a procurer wishes to enrich himself, he could try to negotiate with
163:
1992 to 1997. During this period, a big number of documents were adopted, among them 826-UP and 53-FZ. These documents were designed to become the legal basis for regulating the public procurement. Nonetheless, at this stage it was not required to hold a tender when placing a procurement order. This
170:
1997 to 2006. During this period, legal documents 305-UP and 97-FZ were adopted, which were to become the basis for the formation of the modern system for regulating public procurements. The aforementioned legal documents regulated only the actions of federal customers and were not able to build an
45:
Government procurement is a contract about supply of goods, fulfillment of a work or providing services for government needs. These contracts are made via auctions, tenders or by using similar procedures, and also directly. Government procurements can be contracted with a producer of a good as well
531:
The rules imply that information on all forthcoming procurements over the threshold is published online at a single centralized website for all regions. After the contract is awarded all results (including names of bidders, most of the bids, winning supplier and the price of the contract) are also
417:
The
Electronic procurement system in Russia was introduced for the first time in 2006, when it was used for incidental, minor tenders. However, it was not until 2009 that the transition process started of shifting to electronic tenders as the main form of conducting public procurement. Since then,
156:
The system of public procurement attracts more and more the attention of the public sector, government and private sector. To develop the system of public procurement, we need to remember the experiences of the past. It is important for a specialist of any sphere to know the development periods in
543:
The other way to limit competition is to include special clauses of delivery that are not suitable to most of the firms, or make the contract very short so that an outsider will be unable to meet it. If nevertheless some outsiders applied to participate in the procedure, he may still exclude some
191:
Selection of a supplier (contractor) - a set of actions, which are implemented by clients according to the order established in the
Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 44-ФЗ "About the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works, services for state and municipal needs". This
36:
relates to the public procurement in Russia by all governmental, regional and local authorities. The government procurement in Russia represents a big segment of the budgetary expenses. The volume of government purchases makes about 25 trillion rubles in 2015 and 30 trillion rubles in 2016. The
527:
and is a popular topic in economic research. In 2006-2013 public procurement in all the
Russian regions was regulated by a single law, Federal Law N94-ФЗ, according to which suppliers may be chosen only through a competitive procedure for all procurements above 100,000 rubles. Before this law,
53:
Government procurements are characterized primarily by that these purchases and deliveries are paid by money of taxpayers. These money are concentrated in appropriate budgets and extrabudgetary funds. According to the current legislature, government procurements include needs of federal public
49:
Resources of any state institutions are always limited. Therefore, during budgeting it is advisable to take into account priority directions, which represent strategic goals and tasks of a state budget policy. Also a very important thing is a balance of national and regional budgets. For these
487:
In June 2012 The Law "On the
Federal Contractual System of Procurement of Goods, Works and Services" came up for the first reading in the State Duma. The bill is based on a comprehensive approach to procurement of goods, works and services for state and municipal needs by forming the federal
108:
One of the main functions of a national authority is a provision of socially significant goods and services to the population. During fulfillment of this important task, the authority needs to act in the interest of the entire population of the country and to use resources of all budgets of
421:
As of 2018, there is strong support for transferring 100% of public procurement orders into the electronic format. The main argument in support of this process is the increased transparency and lower rates of corruption associated with electronic tenders. On the 2018 All-Russian
Government
127:
competitive basis of a placing of government procurements expands the field for development of healthy competition between domestic producers. As a consequence of this, there are created conditions for production more quality output. In addition, more effective using of budget is
457:
1. Further integration of state budget, tax, judicial and other databases with the data from unified information system (in order to decrease the number of documents attached to the bids and in order to facilitate inspections of authenticity of data provided by
528:
procurers were almost free to choose any supplier they wanted, to pay him any price, the higher – the better. After that the contract would be performed at the minimal possible costs. Any underspend would be shared between the procurer and his supplier.
499:
In many countries laws demands or recommends customers and suppliers to have certified procurement specialists. Special education organizations provide certification, courses and seminars and publish recommendations for different procurement procedures.
95:
The main goal of efficiency of government procurements is a reasonable and purposeful spending of state budget and extrabudgetary funds during government purchases of industrial goods, fulfillment of a work or obtaining a services for national purposes.
536:(for purchases below 500,000 rubles) and open electronic auctions (may be used for any purchases but obligatory for most purchases above 500,000 rubles). If only one supplier bids in the open auction, he obtains the contract at the start price.
135:
The system of government procurement is the set of legal, organizational and economic measures, which are directed to the provision of national and municipal needs in goods, works and services by means of realization of interconnected phases:
109:
appropriate levels. The basic way of realization of authority's service functions is a formation and placing a government and municipal procurements. The formation and placing are carried out publicly in strict accordance with the state law.
99:
The goal of formation of government contract system of government procurements is a provision of fulfillment of public commitments of the government during effective using of its resources and through realization of government procurements.
483:
Russian
Federal Law N94-ФЗ of 21.07.2005 requires all federal, regional and municipal government customers to publish all information about government tenders, auctions and other purchase procedures on special public government websites.
505:
465:
2. Creation of universal unified platform which would host all state and municipal goods and resources to be distributed according to a competitive procedure (procurement, privatization, sale of lease rights, concession,
503:
In Russia, numerous public procurement research institutions exist, providing opportunities for further training and certification of professionals working in public procurement. Some higher education institutions, like
140:
forecasting and planning of provision of national and municipal needs, including the planning of budget allocations for government procurements (forecasting the demand, justification of priority areas) and asset
120:
important element of support of domestic producers (because most goods, services and works, which are included in the system of government procurements, are goods (services, works) which are produced by domestic
196:
an announcement about procurement of goods, works, services for provision of state needs (federal needs, needs of a subject of Russia) or municipal needs; or, in specified by 44-ФЗ cases, it starts with
491:
While until now only additions were made to the original legislation, there have been suggestions of rewriting the legislation completely, in order to more accurately address the present-day problems.
741:"Федеральный закон "О размещении заказов на поставки товаров, выполнение работ, оказание услуг для государственных и муниципальных нужд" от 21.07.2005 N 94-ФЗ (последняя редакция) / КонсультантПлюс"
183:
Federal law 44-FZ comes into force. 44-Fechnology Z regulates the procedures related to the forecasting and planning of public needs, including goods, services, procurement, monitoring, and audit.
445:
In the
February 2017 report by Andrey Khramkin, the director of the Public Procurement Institute, the next steps in the process of transition to the all-electronic procurement system are outlined:
555:
Web resources that collect procurement information also are a source for additional statistics like usage of specific file formats among official organizations or regional economic activities.
124:
development of government procurement's system allows to expand a real solvent demand for goods, what then leads to creating favorable motivational conditions for growth of domestic production;
418:
the share of electronic tenders in the public procurement sector has been steadily increasing. As of 2016, 56,5% of procurement orders were realised in the form of an electronic tender.
512:: Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации, РАНХиГС), also offer courses and certifications in public procurement.
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About 3 000 of new tenders, auctions and requests for quotations published each day. About 250 000 purchase announcements published per year on federal procurement website.
434:, "all the questions regarding the medicaments are precise, clear, and very quick to solve". As part of the same forum, the head of the Federal Treasury (
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46:
as with an intermediary (dealer, distributor). Every legal entity (from an intercontinental holding to an individual entrepreneur) can be a supplier.
54:
authorities (federal ministries, federal offices, federal agencies etc.) as well as needs of public authorities of state subjects and regions.
218:(open competition, limited competition, two-stage competition, closed competition, closed limited competition, closed two-stage competition);
164:
was successfully used by economic agents for personal gain (see
Corruption), and thus further additions to the legal base were necessary.
331:
for participants of the procurement and the winner of this competition is a participant of the two-stage competition who participated in
666:"Новые способы определения поставщика в контрактной системе. Механизмы общественного контроля за выбором способа определения поставщика"
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for participants of the procurement and the winner of this competition is selected from participants of the procurement, who passed the
88:
state authority (here it is in the role of customer or client) - budget savings, purchase of quality goods, elimination of corruption;
381:
unlimited group of persons; the winner is a participant whose final offer is the most corresponding to the requirements of a client;
50:
purposes a government procurement is often used. It allows to implement a competition in a realization of government spending.
533:
131:
through government procurements the government ensures arrival of products, which are necessary for provision of state needs.
91:
society (in the role of end-user) - satisfaction of public needs through consumption of quality goods for acceptable price.
37:
government purchases system is constantly modernized due to changes in legislation, technical components and information.
665:
442:) Roman Artyukhin announced that, starting 1 January 2019, all the paper procurement orders will become history.
620:Бизнес - это просто! Развитие малого и среднего бизнеса в России - информационный сайт - портал Бизнес-прост.ру
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closed methods (closed competition, closed limited competition, closed two-stage competition, closed auction):
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28:
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at the first stage in the case of determination of additional requirements for participants) and offered
773:
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There are provided special services, whose aim is to ensure state needs and generally needs of people;
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524:
785:
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for public procurement. Blockchain has already been tested for procurement orders of medicaments in
574:
63:
Government procurements are financed by budget or extrabudgetary funds of government institution;
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other government regulated purchases, and has been part of the public anti-corruption activity.
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3. Transition of all forms of procurement to the electronic form and paperless document flow.
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unlimited group of persons; the winner is a participant who offered the lowest contract price;
81:
The goal of a system of government procurements is to satisfy interests of its participants:
509:
435:
777:
427:
616:"Государственный заказ - это... Что такое государственный заказ: сущность, функции, цели"
271:- is a method for selection of a supplier, where the winner is a participant who offered
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to participate in selection of a supplier. The process ends with a contract negotiation.
740:
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116:
From the standpoint of the state, government procurements have the following functions:
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is a method for selection of a supplier, where the winner is a participant who offered
818:
810:
List of all recent and archive tenders and procurements. Choose
English on a mainpage
615:
431:
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Meaning of government procurements consists in assignment of work to another people;
17:
594:
85:
supplier - a work in healthy competitive ambiance and provision of sales market;
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for participants of the procurement; conducting this auction is provided on the
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423:
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144:
procurement of goods, works and services for national and municipal needs;
690:"Госзакупки в России переходят в цифровой формат | Москва | ФедералПресс"
689:
32:
715:"Bill on contractual purchase of goods has 1st reading in Duma"
422:
Procurement Forum in Moscow, propositions were made to use the
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information about procurement is reported by a client (through
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according to the results of the second stage of the competition
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Tendery.RU. Public Internet forums on government procurement
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302:: information about procurement is reported by a client to
288:: information about procurement is reported by a client to
809:
72:
Proposal comes from a state authority (government agency).
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information about procurement is reported by a client to
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information about procurement is reported by a client to
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information about procurement is reported by a client to
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information about procurement is reported by a client to
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The main distinction between a competition and an auction
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to participate in closed selection of suppliers) to a
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786:List of all Russian government procurement portals
113:supply of goods for federal government needs).
181:The fourth period from 1 January 2014–present.
335:of the competition (including the passing of
171:appropriate system of placing order process.
8:
794:Soloviev Institute of Government Procurement
341:the best conditions of a contract execution
263:the best conditions of a contract execution
296:for participants of the procurement ;
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450:...the following actions are expected:
224:(electronic auction, closed auction);
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610:
608:
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358:unified and additional requirements
329:unified and additional requirements
308:unified and additional requirements
205:Methods for selection of a supplier
771:Russian federal procurement portal
525:Corruption is widespread in Russia
175:The third period from 2006 to 2014
25:
825:Government procurement by country
396:group of persons, who meets the
403:purchase from a single supplier
246:purchase from a single supplier
280:Characteristics of the methods
147:monitoring, control and audit.
1:
368:request for financial quotes:
228:request for financial quotes;
405:: according to clause 93 44-
495:Education and Certification
354:unlimited group of persons,
321:unlimited group of persons,
304:unlimited group of persons,
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290:unlimited group of persons
273:the lowest contract price
595:"Главная Портал Закупок"
440:Федеральное казначейство
187:Selection of a supplier
157:his field of activity.
565:Government procurement
476:
469:
461:
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413:Electronic procurement
398:requirements of 44-ФЗ;
317:two-stage competition:
168:The second period from
29:Government procurement
641:"44-ФЗ о госзакупках"
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462:
454:
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424:blockchain technology
161:The first period from
570:European Procurement
294:unified requirements
192:process starts with
575:Public eProcurement
377:request for offers:
362:electronic platform
350:electronic auction:
300:limited competition
18:Russian Procurement
776:2012-02-17 at the
430:and, according to
240:2) noncompetitive:
233:request for offers
745:www.consultant.ru
16:(Redirected from
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121:organizations);
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58:Characteristics
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807:(in English)
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748:. Retrieved
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723:. Retrieved
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698:. Retrieved
696:(in Russian)
694:ФедералПресс
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645:legalacts.ru
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622:. 2015-10-18
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337:pre-qualify
333:both stages
259:competition
141:management;
750:2018-05-01
700:2018-05-02
650:2019-04-30
626:2019-04-19
581:References
548:Statistics
520:Corruption
390:invitation
356:there are
323:there are
306:there are
199:invitation
719:Itar Tass
128:possible;
104:Functions
819:Category
774:Archived
674:21 April
559:See also
222:auctions
77:Purposes
725:21 June
510:Russian
436:Russian
394:limited
325:unified
269:auction
194:placing
152:History
506:RANEPA
33:Russia
669:(PDF)
466:etc.)
727:2012
676:2019
407:ФЗ.
327:or
31:in
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