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correctional colonies have 2 meters. Specialized hospitals and treatment facilities within the prison system, known as TB colonies, are intended to isolate infected prisoners to prevent transmission; however, as Ruddy et al. demonstrate, there are not enough colonies and isolation facilities to sufficiently protect staff and other inmates. Furthermore, in an
International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease article, Kimerling et al. point out that arrested Russians cannot be transferred to TB colonies unless they are convicted, which allows them to potentially infect fellow cellmates before release or prosecution. Researchers Fry et al. note that even within the St. Petersberg prison system, which contains 8 TB colonies, prisons facilities are in need of further isolation systems as well as diagnostic and laboratory equipment. In addition to overcrowded and inadequately isolated conditions, many prisons lack sufficient ventilation, which increases likelihood of transmission. In Stern’s report on prison health, she notes that within Russian prisons, heavy shutters of wood or steel “keep out most of the air and most of the light… a wise policy would be to remove them.” Bobrik et al. have also noted food shortages within prisons, which deprive inmates of the nutrition necessary for healthy functioning.
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117:. During this time of operation, it left many aspects of the prisons dismal at best. The equipment, properties, communications systems, and weapons that were owned and used for the sole purpose of corrections were neither maintained nor updated. This was due to the drastic underfinancing of the corrections systems. The prison management felt the worst of this treatment during this period under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It was reported to have never received more than 60% of its actual required funds throughout that time of oversight. Funds dropped to nothing in the three months prior to the
825:(WPB). Use dropdown menu to choose lists of countries by region, or the whole world. Use menu to select highest-to-lowest lists of prison population totals, prison population rates, percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate. Column headings in WPB tables can be clicked to reorder columns lowest to highest, or alphabetically. For detailed information for each country click on any country name in lists. See also the
609:). Infectious disease researchers Nachega & Chaisson estimate that of the 10% of Russian prisoners with active TB (roughly 100,000 people), 40% of new cases are multi-drug resistant. This prevalence has alarmed public health experts, as have studies such as public health surveyors Bobrik et al.’s report that in 1997, approximately 50% of all Russian prison deaths were caused by TB. Although both MDR-TB and non-resistant TB are treatable, infectious disease experts like
654:. However, this system dissolved with the Soviet Union, as Russia's faltering economy failed to provide the industry necessary for production and purchase of adequate TB medication, healthcare workers, labs and diagnostic tests, and a sufficiently coordinated TB control system. Additionally, Kimerling discusses that a disconnect between Russian ideals of proper TB management and the internationally prescribed standard TB therapy (
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estimated that 74% of infected prisoners did not report visiting a TB treatment facility upon release from a correctional facility. Public health researchers
Gelmanova et al. note that while non-adherence does not directly increase drug resistance, the heightened bacterial load of non-compliant and untreated patients does increase the chances that the bacteria will mutate into a drug-resistant strain.
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658:) has dampened control efforts. He notes that (with regard to short term standard therapy solutions) "the term 'short' has a negative association and is not felt appropriate ", and that "the term 'standard' can be interpreted or translated as rule or regulation in the Russian language, resulting in negative connotations by limiting a physician's right to take an individual approach to patient care".
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Shin, S. S., Pasechnikov, A., Gelmanova, I., Peremitin, G., Strelis, A., Andreev, Y., Golubchikova, V., Tonkel, T., Yanova, G., Nikiforov, M., Yedilbayev, A., Mukherjee, J., Furin, J., Barry, D., Farmer, P., Rich, M., & Keshavjee, S. (2006). Treatment outcomes in an integrated civilian and prison
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and increased abuse of alcohol and drugs within prisoner populations contribute to worsened outcomes for TB patients. Non-compliance with treatment regimens has also been highlighted as contributing increasing drug resistance. In Fry et al.’s study on TB outcomes within St. Petersburg prisons, they
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Ruddy, M., Balabanova, Y., Graham, C., Fedorin, I., Malomanova, N., Elisarova, E., Kuznetznov, S., Gusarova, G., Zakharova, S., Melentyev, A., Krukova, E., Golishevskaya, V., Erokhin, V., Dorozhkova, I., & Drobniewski, F. (2005). Rates of drug resistance and risk factor analysis in civilian and
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wrote a public letter which drew international attention to prison conditions in Russia. Ilya
Shablinsky, a member of the presidential human-rights council who audited her prison, found conditions close to those of "slave labour". Auditors found women prisoners working 14 hours a day with one day
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There are several factors within the
Russian prison system that contribute to the severity and spread of MDR-TB. Overcrowding in prisons is especially conducive to the spread of tuberculosis; according to Bobrik et al., inmates in a prison hospital have 3 meters of personal space, and inmates in
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in 2018 was 416 per 100,000 people. There were 947 total institutions that operated under the FSIN in 2015 with a total capacity that could reach 812,804. Only 79% of this capacity was in use that year. Notably, from 2000 to 2020, the prison population has dropped substantially by 536,476.
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Fry, R., Khoshnood, K., Vdovichenko, E., Granskaya, J., Sazhin, V., Shpakovskaya, L, Zhemkov, V., Zhemkova, M., Rowhani-Rahbar, A., Funk, M., & Kozlov, A. (2005). Barriers to completion of tuberculosis treatment among prisoners and former prisoners in St. Petersburg, Russia.
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Gelmanova, I., Keshavjee, S., Golubchikova, V., Berezina, V., Strelis, A., Yanova, G., Atwood, S., & Murray, M. (2007). Barriers to successful tuberculosis treatment in Tomsk, Russian
Federation: non-adherence, default and the acquisition of multidrug resistance.
101:(FSIN). The FSIN's main responsibilities are to ensure the completion of criminal penalties by convicted persons as well as hold detainees accused of crimes. The FSIN is also responsible for the prisoners’ physical well-being and rights under the Russian government.
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Kimerling, M.E., Kluge, H., Vezhnina, N., Iacovazzi, T., Demeulenaere, T., Portaels, F., & Matthys, F. (1999). Inadequacy of the current WHO re-treatment regimen in a central
Siberian prison: treatment failure and MDR-TB.
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In
January 2023 the FSIN has a total prisoner population of 433,006, which included all pretrial detainees. This number makes up 0.3% of the population. Only 8.9% of prisoners are female, and juveniles make up 0.2%. The
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In
Kimerling’s article within the International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, he notes that the rise of TB and MDR-TB within Russia is a recent phenomenon. Prior to the
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Levina, P. (2013). Links between
Criminal Justice Procedure and Torture: Learning from Russia. SSRN Electronic Journal, 16(1), 104-142. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2669156
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924:"Russia's military is copying the Wagner playbook of recruiting prisoners to fight in Ukraine, with up to 10,000 signing up in April alone, UK intel says"
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In addition to the physical conditions within
Russian prisons, research by Nachega & Chaisson and Shin et al. show that co-morbidity of
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is the most common, with 705 institutions (excluding 7 corrective colonies for convicts imprisoned for life) in 2019 across the
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consist of four types of facilities: pre-trial institutions; educative or juvenile colonies; corrective colonies; and prisons.
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the reform of criminal law was implemented which reduced minimal prison terms for significant number of crimes to two months.
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to screen the Russian population, an emphasis on isolation of patients within long-term hospital settings, and mandatory
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Prisons were divided into the "red" (run by prison authorities) and the "black" (administered by inmates). According to
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has been an ever-present concern within the Russian prison system, and recently a new infectious threat has emerged:
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Bobrik, A., Danishevski, K., Eroshina, K., & McKee, M. (2005) Prison Health in Russia: The Larger Picture.
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Corrective colony regimes are categorized as very strict/special, strict, general, and open. The detachment (
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174:) is the basic unit of the prison. When not in the detachment, prisoners are required to participate in
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that began in 2022, Russia has recruited substantial numbers of convicts from its prisons into
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and click on the map links and/or the sidebar links to get to the region and country desired.
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Kimerling, M. (2000). The Russian equation: an evolving paradigm in tuberculosis control.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Nachega, J., & Chaisson, R. (2003). Tuberculosis Drug Resistance: A Global Threat.
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Stern, V. (2001). Problems in Prisons Worldwide, with a Particular Focus on Russia.
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note that the second-line drugs used in MDR-TB therapy are more expensive than the
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842:[Lower limits for minor crimes have been removed from the Criminal Code].
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Until 1998, the corrections system in Russia was controlled and operated by the
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Farmer, P. (1999). Pathologies of power: rethinking health and human rights.
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794:"How will the Pussy Riot band members fare in Russia's 'harshest prisons'?"
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277:(2013) change would demand a deeper reform of the police and the courts.
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216: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
840:"Из Уголовного кодекса изъяты нижние пределы за нетяжкие преступления"
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Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
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The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 10
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The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 9
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The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 3
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prison patients with tuberculosis in Samar Region, Russia.
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International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 4
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taking over responsibility of the corrections system.
733:[Brief characteristics of the penal system].
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Living conditions and spread of TB in Russian prisons
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Colonies for convicts sentenced to life imprisonment
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1108:Prisons And Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia
1111:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 230–232.
902:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
128:Prisoners in a strict regime corrective colony
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232:Learn how and when to remove this message
428:Corrective colony No. 6, Vladimir Oblast
423:Corrective colony No. 2, Vladimir Oblast
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119:Russian Federation's Ministry of Justice
1802:Collective Security Treaty Organization
865:Tolokonnikova, Nadezhda. (2013-09-23).
735:Федеральная служба исполнения наказаний
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248:A map of incarceration rates by country
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1360:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
982:American Journal of Public Health, 89
689:- A Russian human rights organization
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1052:MDR-TB treatment program in Russia.
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214:adding citations to reliable sources
969:Journal of Public Health Policy, 26
883:Slave labour and criminal culture.
147:Strict regime corrective colony in
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867:"Why I Have Gone on Hunger Strike"
792:Pallot, Judith (23 October 2012).
92:administrative divisions of Russia
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418:Corrective colony No. 2, Mordovia
252:In 2011, under the presidency of
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355:Former political and war prisons
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201:needs additional citations for
3281:British Indian Ocean Territory
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437:Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
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1707:Political abuse of psychiatry
922:Baker, Sinéad (11 May 2023).
693:Political prisoners in Russia
455:Chernokozovo detention center
2352:Traditions and superstitions
286:Russian penal military units
99:Federal Penitentiary Service
2018:Water supply and sanitation
675:- the prison system of the
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282:Russian invasion of Ukraine
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305:Trial detention centers
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27:Prison system in Russia
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1436:Environmental issues
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373:Solovetsky Monastery
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2847:States with limited
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1966:Academy of Sciences
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1787:President of Russia
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1672:Freedom of assembly
1554:West Siberian Plain
1300:Great Patriotic War
1261:February Revolution
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615:standard TB regimen
320:Matrosskaya Tishina
288:, both through the
2407:Russian given name
1993:Telecommunications
1943:Petroleum industry
1807:State of emergency
1652:Far-right politics
1617:Capital punishment
1463:Meshchera Lowlands
1317:Russian Federation
1273:October Revolution
887:, October 19, 2013
846:. 25 February 2011
827:WPB main data page
823:World Prison Brief
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369:, Saint Petersburg
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844:Российская газета
819:Highest to Lowest
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640:
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583:Vladimir Oblast
571:
555:Vologda’s fiver
528:Khabarovsk Krai
489:Orenburg Oblast
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433:FKU IK-3, Kharp
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398:Stolobny Island
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300:List of prisons
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2028:
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2024:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
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1995:
1990:
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1983:Space industry
1980:
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1822:Urban planning
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1657:Federal budget
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1566:North Caucasus
1563:
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1500:Highest points
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1256:Russian Empire
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1098:External links
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3255:South Ossetia
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2723:Liechtenstein
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2489:Seven Wonders
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2149:Mental health
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2109:Ethnic groups
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
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2001:
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1996:
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1989:
1986:
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1941:
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1934:
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1911:
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1838:
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1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:Civil defense
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
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1768:
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1283:Russian state
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1120:
1118:0-313-32856-0
1114:
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1103:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1056:(4), 402-407.
1055:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:(5), 451-453.
1011:
1004:
1001:
998:(2), 130-135.
997:
990:
987:
983:
977:
974:
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964:
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953:(1), S24-S30.
952:
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929:
928:www.ohchr.org
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885:The Economist
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3270:Dependencies
3200:Turkmenistan
3165:Saudi Arabia
3159:
2876:Transnistria
2787:
2427:Coat of arms
2387:Martial arts
2295:Army culture
2285:Architecture
2255:Witch trials
2210:Prostitution
2156:Human rights
2089:Demographics
2003:Trade unions
1973:Shipbuilding
1933:Homelessness
1893:Central Bank
1888:Car industry
1727:Conservatism
1700:
1637:Constitution
1632:Conscription
1305:Eastern Bloc
1295:Soviet Union
1288:Russian SFSR
1218:Feudal Rus'
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762:. 1970-01-01
759:
750:
738:. Retrieved
734:
682:Thief in law
656:DOTS therapy
641:
628:
624:
599:Tuberculosis
597:
589:Tuberculosis
533:Black Berkut
459:Chernokozovo
450:Kursk Oblast
402:Lake Seliger
343:Oryol Oblast
335:Oryol Prison
290:Wagner Group
279:
272:
270:
259:In 2013 the
258:
251:
228:
219:
208:Please help
203:verification
200:
176:penal labour
167:
157:
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3329:Asia portal
3230:States with
3150:Philippines
3090:South Korea
3085:North Korea
2980:Afghanistan
2914:Isle of Man
2849:recognition
2823:Switzerland
2758:Netherlands
2479:tea culture
2332:Fairy tales
2195:Open access
2168:Immigration
2129:Gun control
1868:Agriculture
1837:Term limits
1747:Martial law
1742:Nationalism
1737:Irredentism
1732:Imperialism
1515:Caspian Sea
1431:Environment
1426:Earthquakes
1322:Union State
1310:Dissolution
1209:Kievan Rus'
1199:Early Slavs
971:(1), 30-59.
611:Paul Farmer
442:Lgov Prison
406:Tver Oblast
367:Bolshoy Dom
3210:Uzbekistan
3185:Tajikistan
3100:Kyrgyzstan
3080:Kazakhstan
3000:Bangladesh
2990:Azerbaijan
2793:San Marino
2753:Montenegro
2733:Luxembourg
2713:Kazakhstan
2616:Azerbaijan
2484:Television
2459:Philosophy
2392:Mass media
2382:Literature
2377:Inventions
2139:Healthcare
2074:Corruption
2064:Censorship
1955:(currency)
1832:Separatism
1777:Opposition
1762:Neo-Nazism
1752:Monarchism
1722:Liberalism
1717:Propaganda
1677:Government
1544:North Asia
1345:Journalism
1204:East Slavs
1194:Sarmatians
996:Thorax, 60
933:2023-06-24
908:2023-06-24
805:2023-12-26
766:2018-03-24
494:White Swan
485:Sol-Iletsk
473:See also:
261:Pussy Riot
3296:Hong Kong
3250:Palestine
3175:Sri Lanka
3170:Singapore
3050:Indonesia
2904:Gibraltar
2728:Lithuania
2583:in Europe
2342:Festivals
2235:Sociology
2185:Languages
2104:Education
2008:Transport
1842:Terrorism
1687:Judiciary
1681:Apparatus
1647:Elections
1612:Anarchism
1586:Far North
1537:Volcanoes
1522:Mountains
1399:Geography
1278:Civil war
1189:Scythians
715:Roth 2006
520:Snowflake
507:Polar Owl
502:Perm Krai
498:Solikamsk
381:White Sea
263:activist
222:July 2014
3344:Category
3319:Category
3240:Abkhazia
3190:Thailand
3145:Pakistan
3125:Mongolia
3120:Maldives
3115:Malaysia
3015:Cambodia
2924:Svalbard
2909:Guernsey
2856:Abkhazia
2808:Slovenia
2803:Slovakia
2778:Portugal
2636:Bulgaria
2534:Category
2412:Nobility
2372:Internet
2367:Heraldry
2362:Graffiti
2347:Folklore
2290:Armorial
2220:Religion
2205:Polygamy
2144:HIV/AIDS
2124:Funerals
2114:Feminism
2084:Deafness
2069:Citizens
2059:Cannabis
2044:Abortion
1988:Taxation
1928:Gambling
1918:Forestry
1767:Military
1600:Politics
1581:Wildlife
1527:Caucasus
1490:Glaciers
1370:Military
1355:Internet
1333:By topic
1227:Vladimir
1222:Novgorod
1176:Timeline
850:24 March
740:24 March
662:See also
594:Overview
579:Vladimir
550:Mordovia
463:Chechnya
394:, Moscow
388:, Moscow
363:, Moscow
350:, Moscow
322:, Moscow
3215:Vietnam
3130:Myanmar
3110:Lebanon
3040:Georgia
2995:Bahrain
2985:Armenia
2833:Ukraine
2783:Romania
2743:Moldova
2701:Ireland
2696:Iceland
2691:Hungary
2681:Germany
2676:Georgia
2666:Finland
2661:Estonia
2656:Denmark
2641:Croatia
2626:Belgium
2621:Belarus
2611:Austria
2606:Armenia
2601:Andorra
2596:Albania
2581:Prisons
2525:Outline
2337:Fashion
2327:Fashion
2315:Cuisine
2277:Culture
2265:in army
2250:Wedding
2245:Suicide
2240:Smoking
2225:Slavery
2200:Orphans
2173:Illegal
2049:Alcohol
2032:Society
1998:Tourism
1878:Banking
1856:Economy
1701:Prisons
1549:Siberia
1505:Islands
1485:Geology
1421:Climate
1411:Borders
1375:Outline
1350:Judaism
1340:Economy
1167:History
294:Storm-Z
182:History
45:updated
3260:Taiwan
3195:Turkey
3160:Russia
3095:Kuwait
3075:Jordan
3065:Israel
3025:Cyprus
3010:Brunei
3005:Bhutan
2919:Jersey
2861:Kosovo
2828:Turkey
2818:Sweden
2798:Serbia
2788:Russia
2773:Poland
2768:Norway
2748:Monaco
2718:Latvia
2686:Greece
2671:France
2646:Cyprus
2539:Portal
2494:Sports
2422:Anthem
2310:Cinema
2305:Ballet
2215:Racism
2178:Labour
2134:Health
2099:Doping
1953:Ruble
1938:Mining
1908:Energy
1571:Rivers
1480:Fjords
1380:Postal
1232:Moscow
1158:Russia
1115:
607:MDR-TB
315:Moscow
170:otryad
162:отря́д
149:Kokhma
75:Moscow
3301:Macau
3220:Yemen
3180:Syria
3155:Qatar
3135:Nepal
3070:Japan
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3035:Egypt
3020:China
2894:Åland
2813:Spain
2738:Malta
2708:Italy
2444:Opera
2397:Music
2260:Women
2161:LGBTQ
2079:Crime
2013:Waste
1532:Urals
1510:Lakes
699:Notes
673:Gulag
537:Ivdel
524:Elban
511:Kharp
339:Oryol
3140:Oman
3105:Laos
3060:Iraq
3055:Iran
2432:Flag
2320:Wine
2300:Arts
1365:LGBT
1249:Army
1113:ISBN
1070:(9).
852:2019
742:2019
677:USSR
446:Lgov
3272:and
1692:Law
631:HIV
212:by
166:or
73:in
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