2085:
2074:
1127:
Coccioni, Rodolfo; Montanari, Alessandro; Nice, David; Brinkhuis, Henk; Deino, Alain; Frontalini, Fabrizio; Liter, Fabrizio; Maiorano, Patricia; Monechi, Simonetta; Prods, Jörg; Rochette, Pierre; Sagnotti, Leonardo; Sideri, Marianna; Sprovieri, Mario; Tateo, Fabio; Touchard, Yannick; Can
Simaeys,
1013:. It is also coeval with the only regionally used upper Aldingan and lower Janjukian stages of Australia, the upper Refugian and lower Zemorrian stages of California and the lower Kiscellian
1454:
1322:
553:
1447:
638:
571:
1130:"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy"
513:
1440:
2118:
1294:
1017:
stage of
Central and eastern Europe. Other regionally used alternatives include the Stampian, Tongrian, Latdorfian and Vicksburgian.
1034:
Zachos, J. C.; Kump, L. R. (2005). "Carbon cycle feedbacks and the initiation of
Antarctic glaciation in the earliest Oligocene".
2113:
991:
980:
1315:
1002:
910:
and the stage was made in the second half of the 20th century, when stratigraphers saw the need to distinguish between
1463:
902:
derives its name from the same source. The name
Rupelian was introduced in scientific literature by Belgian geologist
627:
1266:
1308:
1206:
1129:
2123:
793:
727:
1736:
1731:
1288:
690:
1232:
1006:
903:
1284:
716:
1010:
858:
599:
704:
1043:
907:
847:
771:
672:
2067:
782:
957:
The top of the
Rupelian Stage (the base of the Chattian) is at the extinction of the foram genus
915:
839:
474:
2084:
1069:
1279:
2108:
1865:
1829:
911:
595:
1145:
1959:
1834:
1803:
1600:
1149:
1141:
1102:
1051:
950:, Italy). The transition with the Chattian has also been marked with a GSSP in August 2017 (
1928:
1824:
1762:
1657:
1626:
1595:
1106:
926:
The base of the
Rupelian Stage (which is also the base of the Oligocene Series) is at the
854:
290:
1244:, Bulletins de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique
1176:
1047:
2078:
1897:
1767:
1662:
1631:
2102:
1798:
1788:
1757:
1720:
1652:
1621:
988:
931:
843:
662:
383:
63:
1087:
1055:
2089:
2073:
2020:
1870:
1793:
951:
694:
1297:, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
2015:
1884:
1860:
1705:
1500:
899:
38:
2010:
1970:
1913:
1813:
1710:
1584:
1484:
1432:
1400:
1291:, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
1014:
977:
947:
938:
927:
875:
698:
448:
246:
83:
48:
808:
795:
742:
729:
2025:
1975:
1949:
1908:
1855:
1700:
1676:
1557:
1547:
1536:
1395:
1374:
1369:
1354:
1344:
1331:
999:
995:
984:
973:
851:
786:
533:
439:
412:
402:
348:
302:
256:
88:
1985:
1980:
1944:
1844:
1777:
1746:
1641:
1610:
1571:
1521:
1495:
1471:
1416:
1390:
1385:
1154:
879:
592:
466:
430:
421:
222:
209:
78:
73:
58:
53:
43:
1999:
1939:
1689:
1526:
1510:
969:
962:
895:
869:
372:
282:
93:
68:
863:
2035:
1918:
1552:
1364:
1349:
720:
393:
329:
1300:
934:
891:
2059:
2055:
2051:
943:
32:
1436:
1304:
109:
1009:
21 through 24 and part of 25), and the lower
Hsandgolian
946:
for the base of the
Rupelian has been assigned in 1992 (
1088:"Decision on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary stratotype"
2034:
1998:
1958:
1927:
1896:
1883:
1843:
1812:
1776:
1745:
1719:
1688:
1675:
1640:
1609:
1583:
1570:
1535:
1509:
1483:
1470:
824:
778:
766:
758:
711:
686:
678:
668:
658:
653:
645:
633:
623:
618:
610:
605:
588:
102:
23:
878:Stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the
1285:Neogene timescale (including the upper Paleogene)
1086:Silva, Isabella; Jenkins, D. (September 1993).
570:Subdivision of the Paleogene according to the
1448:
1316:
1128:Stefaan; Williams, Graham L. (1 March 2018).
8:
1255:Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.
1075:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1893:
1685:
1580:
1480:
1455:
1441:
1433:
1340:
1323:
1309:
1301:
1242:Rapport sur la carte géologique du Royaume
1186:. International Commission of Stratigraphy
1177:"International Commission of Stratigraphy"
577:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago
1153:
1070:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
890:The stage is named after the small river
1026:
20:
7:
1295:Stratigraphic chart of the Paleogene
906:in 1850. The separation between the
542:
521:
503:
2054:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1209:. p. The Paleobiology Database
2058:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1146:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003
770:LAD of the Planktonic Foraminifer
14:
2062:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
961:(which is also the base of foram
2083:
2072:
18:First Age of the Oligocene Epoch
1107:10.18814/epiiugs/1993/v16i3/002
1056:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2005.01.001
1003:European Land Mammal Mega Zones
992:South American Land Mammal Ages
981:North American Land Mammal Ages
894:in Belgium, a tributary to the
1:
1501:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
861:. It spans the time between
1464:Geological history of Earth
1280:GeoWhen Database - Rupelian
1036:Global and Planetary Change
715:Massignano quarry section,
2140:
2119:Rupelian first appearances
1737:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1732:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1496:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1267:Cambridge University Press
1263:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
968:The Rupelian overlaps the
2049:
2021:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
1871:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
1338:
774:(Base of Foram Zone P21b)
767:Upper boundary definition
695:Planktonic Foraminiferans
687:Lower boundary definition
567:
107:
28:
2016:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
1861:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1706:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1558:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1548:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1207:"Mammal Paleogene zones"
1005:(the Rupelian spans the
922:Stratigraphic definition
874:. It is preceded by the
2114:Oligocene geochronology
2011:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
1976:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
1971:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
1914:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1804:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1711:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1522:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1981:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
1950:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
1909:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1856:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1701:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1527:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1007:Mammal Paleogene zones
195:−25 —
185:−30 —
175:−35 —
165:−40 —
155:−45 —
145:−50 —
135:−55 —
125:−60 —
115:−65 —
1986:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
1945:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1866:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1553:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1011:Asian Land Mammal Age
2026:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
1919:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1799:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1789:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
998:, Suevian and lower
846:or the lower of two
534:permanent ice-sheets
2081: •
2070: •
2068:Geologic time scale
1830:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1794:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1763:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1658:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1627:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1289:Paleogene timescale
1248:, p. 351-373.
1048:2005GPC....47...51Z
916:chronostratigraphic
904:André Hubert Dumont
842:, the older of two
825:Upper GSSP ratified
809:43.6466°N 13.4677°E
805: /
779:Upper boundary GSSP
759:Lower GSSP ratified
743:43.5328°N 13.6011°E
739: /
712:Lower boundary GSSP
679:Time span formality
2079:Geology portal
1940:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1835:Early (470–485 Ma)
1768:Early (393–419 Ma)
1663:Early (247–252 Ma)
1632:Early (174–201 Ma)
1601:Early (100–145 Ma)
1596:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
912:lithostratigraphic
840:geologic timescale
669:Stratigraphic unit
659:Chronological unit
646:Time scale(s) used
2096:
2095:
1994:
1993:
1960:Paleoproterozoic
1879:
1878:
1825:Late (444–458 Ma)
1758:Late (359–383 Ma)
1671:
1670:
1653:Late (201–237 Ma)
1622:Late (145–164 Ma)
1566:
1565:
1487:(present–2.58 Ma)
1475:(present–66.0 Ma)
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
832:
831:
787:Central Apennines
619:Usage information
583:
582:
563:
562:
541:
540:
520:
519:
2131:
2090:World portal
2088:
2087:
2077:
2076:
2039:
2003:
1963:
1932:
1929:Mesoproterozoic
1901:
1894:
1889:
1848:
1817:
1781:
1750:
1724:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1645:
1614:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1540:
1514:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1434:
1341:
1332:Paleogene Period
1325:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1256:
1251:
1235:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1184:Stratigraphy.org
1181:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1031:
994:, the uppermost
873:
867:
820:
819:
817:
816:
815:
814:43.6466; 13.4677
810:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
754:
753:
751:
750:
749:
748:43.5328; 13.6011
744:
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:
705:Cribrohantkenina
589:Formerly part of
558:
548:
543:
536:
532:First Antarctic
527:
522:
509:
504:
477:
469:
460:
451:
442:
433:
424:
415:
406:
396:
386:
377:
367:
342:
323:
295:
276:
240:
215:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
110:
98:
35:
21:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2124:Geological ages
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2071:
2063:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2001:
1990:
1961:
1954:
1930:
1923:
1899:
1898:Neoproterozoic
1888:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
1887:
1886:
1885:Proterozoic Eon
1875:
1846:
1839:
1815:
1808:
1779:
1772:
1748:
1741:
1722:
1715:
1691:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1643:
1636:
1612:
1605:
1586:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1538:
1531:
1512:
1505:
1486:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1461:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1405:
1379:
1355:Oligocene Epoch
1345:Paleocene Epoch
1334:
1329:
1276:
1254:
1249:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1109:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1023:
959:Chiloguembelina
924:
888:
868:
862:
813:
811:
807:
804:
799:
796:
794:
792:
791:
790:
772:Chiloguembelina
747:
745:
741:
738:
733:
730:
728:
726:
725:
724:
584:
579:
578:
576:
559:
555:
552:
546:
537:
531:
525:
516:
507:
500:
499:
495:
494:
490:
489:
485:
484:
480:
479:
475:
471:
470:
465:
462:
461:
456:
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452:
447:
444:
443:
438:
435:
434:
429:
426:
425:
420:
417:
416:
411:
408:
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405:
401:
398:
397:
392:
389:
388:
384:
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364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
350:
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344:
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328:
325:
324:
322:
321:
318:
316:
314:
312:
310:
308:
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304:
301:
298:
297:
293:
291:
287:
286:
278:
277:
272:
270:
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266:
264:
262:
260:
258:
254:
251:
250:
242:
241:
236:
234:
232:
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220:
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216:
211:
207:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
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187:
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182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
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167:
164:
162:
159:
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154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
97:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
31:33.9 – 27.82
30:
29:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1721:Carboniferous
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1539:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1513:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1282:
1275:
1274:External links
1272:
1271:
1270:
1252:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1197:
1168:
1119:
1101:(3): 379–382.
1078:
1061:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1019:
942:. An official
923:
920:
898:. The Belgian
887:
884:
830:
829:
828:September 2016
826:
822:
821:
780:
776:
775:
768:
764:
763:
760:
756:
755:
713:
709:
708:
688:
684:
683:
680:
676:
675:
670:
666:
665:
660:
656:
655:
651:
650:
649:ICS Time Scale
647:
643:
642:
635:
634:Regional usage
631:
630:
625:
624:Celestial body
621:
620:
616:
615:
612:
611:Name formality
608:
607:
603:
602:
590:
586:
585:
581:
580:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
551:
549:
539:
538:
530:
528:
518:
517:
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492:
491:
487:
486:
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481:
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472:
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463:
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454:
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436:
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345:
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92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
36:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2136:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
1895:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1677:Paleozoic Era
1674:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:(66.0–145 Ma)
1582:
1579:
1577:
1575:(66.0–252 Ma)
1569:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1208:
1205:Alroy, John.
1201:
1198:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1156:
1155:11573/1611823
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
989:Tinguirirican
986:
982:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:
936:
933:
932:foraminiferan
929:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
885:
883:
881:
877:
871:
865:
860:
856:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
827:
823:
818:
788:
784:
783:Monte Cagnero
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:
706:
701:
700:
696:
692:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
671:
667:
664:
661:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
604:
601:
597:
594:
591:
587:
575:
574:, as of 2021.
573:
566:
557:
550:
545:
544:
535:
529:
524:
523:
515:
511:
506:
505:
502:
478:
468:
459:
450:
441:
432:
423:
414:
404:
395:
387:
378:
366:
341:
320:
296:
285:
284:
275:
274:
249:
248:
239:
238:
214:
213:
204:
112:
111:
106:
101:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
34:
27:
22:
16:
2064:
2000:Archean Eon
1962:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
1847:(485–539 Ma)
1816:(444–485 Ma)
1780:(419–444 Ma)
1749:(359–419 Ma)
1723:(299–359 Ma)
1692:(252–299 Ma)
1680:(252–539 Ma)
1644:(201–252 Ma)
1613:(145–201 Ma)
1572:Mesozoic Era
1472:Cenozoic Era
1411:
1350:Eocene Epoch
1262:
1258:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:Dumont, A.H.
1211:. Retrieved
1200:
1188:. Retrieved
1183:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1140:(1): 17–32.
1137:
1133:
1122:
1110:. Retrieved
1098:
1094:
1081:
1064:
1042:(1): 51–66.
1039:
1035:
1029:
983:, the upper
967:
958:
956:
952:Monte Conero
937:
925:
889:
835:
833:
703:
697:
569:
457:
281:
255:
245:
221:
208:
15:
2036:Hadean Eon
1814:Ordovician
1585:Cretaceous
1485:Quaternary
1250:(in French)
1112:13 December
900:Rupel Group
838:is, in the
812: /
746: /
385:Maastricht.
2103:Categories
2038:(4–4.6 Ga)
2002:(2.5–4 Ga)
1931:(1–1.6 Ga)
1537:Paleogene
1401:Priabonian
1226:Literature
1021:References
1015:Paratethys
978:Arikareean
976:and lower
954:, Italy).
948:Massignano
939:Hantkenina
928:extinction
876:Priabonian
800:13°28′04″E
797:43°38′48″N
734:13°36′04″E
731:43°31′58″N
717:Massignano
699:Hantkenina
654:Definition
556:extinction
476:Aquitanian
449:Priabonian
103:Chronology
2065:See also:
1845:Cambrian
1778:Silurian
1747:Devonian
1642:Triassic
1611:Jurassic
1396:Bartonian
1375:Thanetian
1370:Selandian
1190:15 August
1161:29 August
1000:Arvernian
996:Headonian
985:Mustersan
974:Whitneyan
852:Oligocene
606:Etymology
554:K-Pg mass
440:Bartonian
413:Thanetian
403:Selandian
2109:Rupelian
1690:Permian
1511:Neogene
1417:Chattian
1412:Rupelian
1391:Lutetian
1386:Ypresian
1134:Episodes
1095:Episodes
880:Chattian
836:Rupelian
637:Global (
593:Tertiary
467:Chattian
458:Rupelian
431:Lutetian
422:Ypresian
24:Rupelian
1213:15 July
1044:Bibcode
970:Orellan
965:P21b).
963:biozone
930:of the
918:names.
896:Scheldt
882:Stage.
850:of the
789:, Italy
723:, Italy
547:←
526:←
508:←
200:–
190:–
180:–
170:–
160:–
150:–
140:–
130:–
120:–
2044:
1365:Danian
859:Series
848:stages
721:Ancona
682:Formal
614:Formal
600:System
596:Period
498:
493:
488:
483:
394:Danian
1246:16(2)
1180:(PDF)
1091:(PDF)
1073:(PDF)
935:genus
908:group
892:Rupel
870:27.82
855:Epoch
673:Stage
628:Earth
1287:and
1259:2004
1238:1850
1215:2009
1192:2017
1163:2020
1114:2020
987:and
944:GSSP
914:and
886:Name
864:33.9
844:ages
834:The
762:1992
702:and
514:PETM
39:PreꞒ
1150:hdl
1142:doi
1103:doi
1052:doi
866:and
693:of
691:LAD
663:Age
639:ICS
572:ICS
2105::
2060:Ga
2056:Ma
2052:ka
1265:,
1261::
1257:;
1240::
1236:;
1182:.
1148:.
1138:41
1136:.
1132:.
1099:16
1097:.
1093:.
1050:.
1040:47
1038:.
972:,
872:Ma
785:,
719:,
89:Pg
33:Ma
1456:e
1449:t
1442:v
1324:e
1317:t
1310:v
1269:.
1217:.
1194:.
1165:.
1152::
1144::
1116:.
1105::
1058:.
1054::
1046::
857:/
641:)
598:/
376:C
374:M
365:e
363:n
361:e
359:c
357:o
355:g
353:i
351:l
349:O
340:e
338:n
336:e
334:c
332:o
330:E
319:e
317:n
315:e
313:c
311:o
309:e
307:l
305:a
303:P
294:K
292:L
283:N
273:e
271:n
269:e
267:g
265:o
263:e
261:l
259:a
257:P
247:K
237:c
235:i
233:o
231:z
229:o
227:n
225:e
223:C
212:Z
210:M
94:N
84:K
79:J
74:T
69:P
64:C
59:D
54:S
49:O
44:Ꞓ
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