1889:. Village structure: several open areas, and one central, communal area (measuring about 2,500 m2) with a well. The inhabitants and their livestock live communally beneath the same roof. Animals are left to roam freely throughout the day, with no fencing. Clear division of space: the area between houses forms alleyways of variable width. Day-to-day family life takes place on the ground level; on the upper floor individual rooms, partitioned off by cloth hangings, serve as sleeping areas and â if there is one â a place to watch TV.
804:. Unless the illness is due to an eating disorder, which can be dealt with by a change in diet, it is assumed that it is caused by spirits. Due to the collective consciousness of the community, illness may affect not only individuals, but entire households and villages. When this occurs, people believe that the spirits are not taking good care of them, so they move to another house for another âcontractâ. They may even abandon a village for the same reason. For further information about household and family structures see:
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1538:, in close proximity, one above the other. Wedges are used to lock the joists in position. Nowadays this labour-intensive technique is no longer used and joists are no longer passed through the piles; instead the joists consist of two identical beams that are placed to each side of the piles, to which they are fixed by screws or nails.
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1283:, single foundations are laid in the following manner: At the bottom of a 1 metre deep excavation several wooden poles of 1.5 â 2.00 metres length are rammed into the ground and then covered with a layer of compacted stone, followed by a hewn stone or prefabricated concrete slab, which provides the base for the
1222:
1195:
823:. However, one item that is found in all houses is a multifunctional low table, which is used for sleeping, sitting, talking and working. Different styles of tables are found both upstairs and downstairs â always within the area of the house itself; on the ground level it is a vital element of daily life. A
342:, which would increase expense, is avoided. Panels of homemade palm matting cover the sides of the house; fixed to the wooden structure in a simple fashion they merely provide protection against the elements but have no influence on the stability of the construction. Palm matting is also used for roofing.
1601:
struts are often used to anchor the matting. In more sophisticated houses wooden boards are used to clad the walls, aligned either horizontally or vertically. The horizontal version is fixed like weatherboarding, with the upper board overlapping the board below. Boards are butt jointed; in some cases
180:
is another variation of the typical roof of a Khmer house; this construction requires a large amount of material and is complicated, so that it is rarely seen. The shape of the roof defines the different house types. The Khmer house is an example of indigenous materials used with a traditional design
660:
While the traditional wooden house was built on stilts with matting used to enclose the raised living area, the colonial house had thick walls in which window openings could be cut out. With colonial architecture, the wall and the mason are predominant. With traditional architecture, wooden post and
209:
As the space below the building is dry and easily accessible some less used areas at its outer limits are used for storage; for example people may collect and store wood here until they are able to build the next house for their relatives. People do not stay upstairs during the day; they only sleep
156:
or protection against wind and rain; by day this area provides shade and serves as a living space for the inhabitants and their livestock. The upper floor, which is closed on all four sides, provides sleeping accommodation during the night; clothes, furniture and objects of value are stored here. A
521:
Clay tiles or corrugated tin roofing replace the conventional roof covering that simply provided protection against the sun. Tiles are not homemade and have to be purchased. The use of modern building materials and the consequent alteration in the basic structure of the building increases the need
105:
are often hung to separate this area from the rest of the room. To the back of the upper floor, on the left, is a space for the girls, whilst the boys have a space reserved for them on the right. This arrangement may vary from one family to another, but children are always separated by gender and
1712:
outside or inside the house. Contrary to expectations, constant air circulation, which would have a cooling effect on surface temperatures, does not take place. However, the gap between the roof and the walls allows air to flow in and out, thereby preventing heat accumulation below the roof (see
656:
introduced the idea of solid, durable buildings that could be bought, sold and inherited. This was a radical cultural change. Such buildings were âgroundedâ by a system of walls requiring foundations rather than the traditional post and beam structure made of wood and raised off the ground. The
358:
are: The private sphere of each household is restricted to the area occupied by their dwelling; Delimited by the stilt structure of the house, it is at ground level that daily life â work, eating and family interaction â takes place. Livestock is kept here, in simple pens. These typical wooden
197:
whose simple structure serves its main functions. As well as providing a living and working area, the building serves as a shelter, which is of vital importance in the everyday life of a home in a rural setting that is exposed to the elements. During the day the house functions as a large
620:
and built in the same way as the traditional wooden houses. However, the walled construction of the ground level means that the load no longer has to be conveyed to the individual points of the supporting structure, but can now be distributed at random. Consequently, we now find
173:, thus providing a separation from the private part of the house. According to the size of the building, further variations may be found: to avoid too great a span width, and economise on material, larger buildings no longer have a simple pitched roof.
168:
or financial possibilities, this basic structure may vary. Such variations can often be seen in the partitioning of the upper floor: the division between the parentsâ room, or the area set aside for the children, may be extended to include a large
1403:
The distance of the joists can not use for a long distance (From 2m to 3.75) for the Khmer house structure because it is easy to crack or bend while we use over load. So the technical of Khmer house almost use the wood as a principle materials.
604:
Today's population has an ever-greater need for security and prosperity. In contemporary houses, the ground level, which was previously an open area simply defined by the open framework of the building, is now walled in. The walls are made of
222:
is situated at the back of the house, often some steps lower and attached to the main building; it is not uncommon for there to be two entrances to this room, one from the upper floor and one directly from the ground level. Sometimes the
1749:. The roof shields the house against direct heat radiation, whilst the continuous opening between the roof and the top of the walls allows a constant flow of air in and out, which prevents an accumulation of warm air beneath the roof.
1063:
When children marry, or other relatives move into the household, further separate buildings are built beside the main house. To begin with, when money or building material is scarce, additional family members often live in a temporary
657:
Southeast Asian tradition of carpentry uses ingenious structures that are stable with a minimum of material. Carpentry for construction derives from three-dimensional thinking from boat building, basket weaving and even kite building.
974:
With increasing urbanisation, this channel serves to drain excess water from the ground when seasonal rainfall causes flooding. Generally a well, which provides drinking water, can be found on one side at the front of the house. A
1689:
cycle, with dry and wet seasons. November â February cool and dry, March â May hot and dry, June â August hot and wet, September â early
November cool and wet. Temperatures and rainfall are summarized in the following tables: see
230:
Much attention is paid to certain details, especially in a new house: the main beam of the roof and the main pillars are partially wrapped with glittering metal bands that invite good spirits to protect the house.
1529:
Given the absence of diagonal bracing or shear walls, the stability of the structure depends on the joints. In traditional houses transverse and longitudinal rigidity is achieved by passing the horizontal
78:. One or two wooden ladders, ramps or staircases provide access to the upper floor. The simplest houses consist of only one room on the upper floor, partitioned off to provide a storage place for rice, a
62:
was stored at the back of the house under a second awning. A common feature in every type of house is a 5â10 cm gap, on all four sides, between the top of the wall of the upper floor and the roof.
772:
is situated in a separate building near the house, usually behind it. Toilet facilities consist of simple pits in the ground, located away from the house. When filled they are covered with earth. Any
609:
and are rendered on the outside and inside. The interior is now no longer an open space but divided into separate rooms by dividing walls. The window and door openings, so important for efficient
85:
The upper floor generally consists of one large room. The main part of this room, the area where visitors are received, is defined by four central pillars; in this space there will be a figure of
202:. Work and life go on at ground level, where the most effective shade is provided. This area is used for eating and resting, as well as craftwork and various other tasks such as the repair of
1090:. In more densely populated villages, which lack direct access to the rice fields and are cut off from main roads, dwellings remain independent from each other, separated by a garden with
1287:. The excavation is then filled with soil. In a modern version the single foundations are linked with concrete slabs and prefabricated pillars extending to the upper floor are used.
106:
placed at the back of the house. Other variations in position relative to the main central area are possible, but this room, with a figure of Buddha, television and battery-operated
498:
Modern rural houses differ from simple rural houses above all in the wall cladding and roof covering. Wood is still used for the main structure, the only difference being that the
176:
Based on the framework and depending on the size of the building, 1 â 3 pitched roofs are placed alongside each other; the central roof will be noticeably smaller and narrower. A
58:
in
Japanese. In Battambang province most houses have open spaces beneath the roof. They are called Phteah RĂ´ng Doeung, which may be derived from thbal kdoeung, meaning that a
1597:
leaf matting, the preparation of which is labour-intensive but does not rely on imported materials. The palm leaf matting is fixed directly to the structural framework. Fine
1708:
of the inner and outer surfaces no greater than + / - 1 °C. Thermal imaging confirms this, which leads to the conclusion that there is no noticeable difference in
1593:
Differences in the design are basically dependent on the financial means of a family and the materials available. Houses of simple farmers generally have walls made of
963:
at the back. In a busy thoroughfare, there is often a small shop, which consists of a simple wooden shelter beside the street, where all kinds of goods are sold. A
34:
Typically, rural Khmer two-story buildings, varying in size from 4 metres (13 ft) by 6 metres (20 ft) to about 6 by 10 metres (33 ft). The basic
1008:
The house itself is situated on the highest part of the site. It is essential that the main working area on the ground level is not flooded during the
1741:
Infrared thermal imaging reveals that the lowest temperatures are found at ground level beneath the house. It can be said that the comfortable indoor
121:
the old rural Khmer houses are very comfortable, both at ground level and on the upper floor. In spite of the absence of electric or mechanical
70:
that sometimes extend as high as 3 metres (9.8 ft) off the ground. In this way, annual floods do not affect the main room in the houses of
359:
buildings surround an open space (approximately 150 m2), where there is a communal source of water, which forms the centre of the settlement.
2390:
1364:, a single round hardwood tree trunk, such as .(...) is used. Extending from the foundation to the roof, and in the centre as far as the
967:
sign may be displayed outside the house on the street side. A water channel separates the site from the street; here buffalo drink, and
210:
here at night. A separate room beside the main living space, which is often a step lower than the upper floor, is reserved for cooking.
101:
in the centre attached to the pillars. The parentsâ sleeping space is situated either to the left or the right of the central entrance;
982:
welcomes visitors. The bare ground in front of the house serves as the main working area for any major task requiring plenty of space:
2485:
2430:
2410:
1060:, and all types of material that are not being used for the time being; there is less activity here than at the front of the house.
1034:
around the house helps to shelter the house from the intense sunshine, as well as forming a break against powerful winds or storms.
2480:
42:
frame, and the roof is erected before the walls on the upper floor are inserted. The roof frame defines the type of the house: a
74:
farmers, whereas rural farmers are able to use the ground level area beneath the house for working and to provide shelter for
2490:
865:
of their grandparents and members of the family who have died. Because of the spatial organisation of the basic Khmer house,
1068:
on the ground beside or behind the main building. A new building is erected as soon as circumstances permit. Due to lack of
1885:
Size of settlement: 50 â 80 houses, of which the oldest is approximately 120 years old; typical two-storey Khmer houses on
1150:
1132:
1114:
2475:
148:
consists of evenly spaced wooden pilings that extend from the ground to the eaves or the roof ridge historically called
1877:, a comfortable, draught-free environment is maintained. This is possible thanks to the âumbrella effectâ of the roof.
2470:
1238:. There are no bracing or shear walls to strengthen the structure. The roof is built before wall cladding is applied.
677:
Access to the upper floor is a special feature of Khmer houses and very varied. The simplest form may be a wooden
873:
within the personal space of the inhabitants. The central area is always left free and is used as a common room.
2352:
1235:
503:
441:
182:
2357:
420:
362:
The image on the right shows a 107-year-old house and is still owned by the same family. It has a wooden
1432:
850:
653:
153:
94:
67:
378:
straw. The lifespan of such houses is obviously not very long, probably not more than 100 â 120 years.
2362:
1279:
of the building stand on single foundations. To comply with the specific conditions of the generally
768:
it is located at the back of the house, generally a few steps lower than the upper floor. Often the
1746:
610:
126:
1045:
are kept, their sty will also be in this area. The back of the house is used as a private space:
149:
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2406:
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1870:
1157:
1139:
1121:
769:
765:
224:
219:
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1874:
1428:
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or shortage of building materials such buildings are generally smaller than the main house.
987:
355:
351:
122:
1886:
1535:
1412:
1397:
1389:
1388:. In earlier built, traditional houses these continuous elements run through the vertical
1369:
1361:
1284:
1276:
1002:
827:
is used for sleeping during the daytime and is the most relaxing and comfortable piece of
499:
449:
437:
327:
141:
322:
The typical rural house is the basic structure from which all variations have developed.
1691:
964:
678:
515:
203:
98:
2464:
1501:
1489:
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1427:
helps to stabilise the whole structure of the house, and can be described as a rigid
858:
789:
706:
165:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1513:
1424:
1365:
968:
669:" is an excerpt from the book Building Cambodia: New Khmer Architecture 1953â1970.
622:
323:
28:
1423:, on which battens are laid, are linked together to form a rigid roof truss. This
50:(Phteah PĂŠt), the Khmer house (Phteah Keung) with a roof shape sometimes called a
1053:
is also deposited here. The area at the back of the house is often used to store
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1866:
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862:
436:
These houses stand in water, either temporarily or permanently, and are genuine
137:
114:
47:
43:
2450:
1108:
plot. In these circumstances the rice fields are situated outside the village.
613:, are now closed with wood-framed glass windows and a solid wooden front door.
2263:, Dong and Miao houses are built in a similar fashion to the Khmer house. The
1280:
1046:
1031:
1027:
839:
831:. On the upper floor the same type of table-like furniture is used as a bed.
702:
686:
514:
and doors remain as structural openings, but sometimes they are equipped with
158:
90:
800:
In farming communities people do not seem to be particularly concerned about
2455:
1594:
1234:
The building consists of a supporting framework, which stands on individual
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1101:
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1023:
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866:
835:
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820:
773:
666:
507:
371:
363:
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59:
35:
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1745:
is brought about by a combination of the âumbrella effectâ of the roof and
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690:
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199:
194:
177:
118:
102:
1742:
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1682:
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1020:
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824:
781:
698:
662:
170:
125:, a draught-free environment appears to be attained simply by means of
79:
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2003:
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16:
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331:
107:
955:
Nowadays the plot of a rural Khmer house is situated between the
625:
that differ radically from the typical traditional basic design.
2280:
1087:
1042:
1041:
storage is situated at the back or to the side of the house. If
1038:
995:
991:
983:
870:
785:
777:
617:
375:
71:
986:
is spread here to dry (sometimes it is even spread on the warm
82:
for the parents, and a further space for unmarried daughters.
1037:
Depending on the amount of space available, a clay house for
834:
In more urban surroundings, people may have a simple type of
338:
is used to join horizontal and vertical elements; the use of
452:
standing in the water ensure the stability of the building.
152:. No provision is made at ground level for any form of wall
661:
beam and the carpenter come into their own. This section "
2275:, and are privileged. They most probably immigrated into
2383:
1384:
Rectangular-sawn hardwood (such as ...) is used for the
701:. Whereas this means of access would formerly have been
326:
elements are made of wood; rounded posts are used for
2423:
Building
Cambodia: 'New Khmer Architecture' 1953-1970
2403:
Building
Cambodia: 'New Khmer Architecture' 1953-1970
1692:
http://www.canbypublications.com/cambodia/climate.htm
510:
matting, wooden boarding is used for wall cladding.
494:
Further developments using modern building materials
1666:
Thermal comfort in a tropical, sub-tropical climate
1396:consist of two elements running either side of the
117:of 36 °C (97 °F) and up to 80% relative
1704:and humidity recordings show that variations in
193:The rural Khmer house is a perfect example of a
792:, which are kept in the area around the house.
1881:Primeval forest settlement north of Siem Reap
161:with an open truss completes the structure.
8:
2425:, Bangkok: The Key Publisher Co. Ltd., 2006
2405:, Bangkok: The Key Publisher Co. Ltd., 2006
1160:A panoramic photograph of Rural Khmer house.
1142:A panoramic photograph of Rural Khmer house.
1124:A panoramic photograph of Rural Khmer house.
189:The rural Khmer house: a functional dwelling
2421:Grant Ross, Helen and Collins, Darryl Leon
2401:Grant Ross, Helen and Collins, Darryl Leon
1376:, form the bearing structure of the house.
838:on which they place items of importance: a
502:stand on individual prefabricated concrete
227:is in a separate building near the house.
110:, always remains the most important area.
1026:grow beside and mainly behind the house.
784:) is kept in cages, on the ground level.
350:The house pictured here is situated in a
2271:populations are both minority groups in
1079:are arranged in a similar fashion, in a
806:http://countrystudies.us/cambodia/42.htm
15:
2374:
2293:
1891:
1830:
1751:
1715:
1608:
1540:
1437:
1289:
1240:
1172:
1005:, as well as all kinds of repair work.
875:
711:
627:
524:
454:
380:
233:
2255:Similar constructions outside Cambodia
7:
1827:Air flow study using smoke as tracer
1677:zone, 10 to 13 degrees north of the
354:. Typical characteristics of such a
27:are a traditional house type of the
1697:Temperature and humidity recordings
1602:joints are covered with a strip of
709:concrete elements are widely used.
506:. Instead of the original homemade
1873:, and though there is no electric
334:are made of squared beams. Simple
14:
616:The upper floor is still made of
432:Traditional waterside Khmer house
346:Traditional house in a settlement
214:Spatial organisation of the house
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1817:
1808:
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1754:
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1656:
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1579:
1570:
1561:
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1543:
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1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1392:, whereas in more modern houses
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1149:
1131:
1113:
941:
932:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
639:
630:
590:
581:
572:
563:
554:
545:
536:
527:
484:
475:
466:
457:
419:
410:
401:
392:
383:
308:
299:
290:
281:
272:
263:
254:
245:
236:
1372:, together with the horizontal
760:Household and family structures
136:The original Khmer house is a
1:
318:Traditional rural Khmer house
1869:of 36 °C and up to 80%
448:struts that strengthen the
426:This house is 107 years old
113:Despite indoor and outdoor
2507:
1049:are dug here for example;
2486:Architecture in Cambodia
2353:Architecture of Cambodia
1170:Typology of Khmer house
1030:may also be cultivated.
959:, to the front, and the
951:The house in its setting
869:is placed alongside the
697:, or partially built in
649:Masonry Versus Carpentry
66:Dwellings are raised on
2481:Vernacular architecture
183:vernacular architecture
2446:Population of Cambodia
2358:New Khmer Architecture
1166:Constructional details
1001:takes place here, and
46:(Phteah RĂ´ng Daol), a
21:
2491:Rural society in Asia
2381:Francois Tainturier:
654:Colonial architecture
19:
2363:Types of Khmer house
1685:is dominated by the
1230:Main characteristics
2476:Culture of Cambodia
1747:natural ventilation
971:are able to grow.
788:farmers have water
611:natural ventilation
440:buildings, with no
370:walls. The roof is
127:natural ventilation
2471:Houses in Cambodia
2451:Khmer Civilization
600:Walled rural house
150:ridge-post framing
25:Rural Khmer houses
22:
2456:Cambodia Cultural
2391:978-99950-51-02-0
1871:relative humidity
1275:The load-bearing
819:do not have much
796:Houses and health
689:can be of wooden
522:for ventilation.
20:Rural Khmer house
2498:
2433:
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2015:
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1961:
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1875:air-conditioning
1855:
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267:
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123:air conditioning
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2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
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1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1883:
1865:Despite indoor
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1813:
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1737:Thermal imaging
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1136:
1127:
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1125:
1123:
1118:
965:party political
953:
946:
937:
928:
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910:
901:
892:
883:
813:
798:
762:
755:
746:
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218:Typically, the
216:
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12:
11:
5:
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2440:External links
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2295:
2259:In south-west
2256:
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2028:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1965:
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1911:
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764:If there is a
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204:farm equipment
190:
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133:
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99:electric light
38:consists of a
13:
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3:
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2431:974-93412-1-X
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2411:974-93412-1-X
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2018:
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1010:monsoon rains
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868:
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861:, as well as
860:
859:mobile phones
856:
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712:
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708:
707:prefabricated
704:
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688:
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672:
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664:
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642:
637:
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628:
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623:constructions
619:
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172:
167:
166:social status
164:Depending on
162:
160:
155:
151:
147:
144:, house. The
143:
139:
131:
129:
128:
124:
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88:
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53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
30:
26:
18:
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2417:
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2397:
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2258:
1884:
1867:temperatures
1864:
1740:
1700:
1673:lies in the
1669:
1592:
1534:through the
1528:
1425:construction
1411:
1402:
1383:
1359:
1274:
1233:
1169:
1074:
1062:
1036:
1007:
973:
969:lotus plants
954:
833:
814:
799:
763:
676:
659:
652:
615:
603:
520:
497:
435:
361:
349:
324:Construction
321:
229:
217:
208:
192:
175:
163:
135:
115:temperatures
112:
84:
65:
55:
51:
33:
29:Khmer people
24:
23:
1710:temperature
1706:temperature
1702:Temperature
1281:loamy soils
1271:Foundations
1236:foundations
1077:settlements
1047:toilet pits
961:rice fields
957:main street
863:photographs
705:, nowadays
504:foundations
442:foundations
138:stilt house
132:Khmer house
52:bonnet roof
48:hipped roof
44:gabled roof
2465:Categories
2369:References
2283:and north
1861:Conclusion
1366:roof ridge
1032:Vegetation
1028:Vegetables
840:television
815:People in
687:staircases
356:settlement
352:settlement
159:gable roof
97:-operated
91:television
2289:Christian
1360:For each
1106:vegetable
999:threshing
867:furniture
853:operated
836:sideboard
829:furniture
821:furniture
811:Furniture
774:livestock
685:, whilst
667:Carpentry
444:. Wooden
364:structure
336:carpentry
330:, whilst
146:structure
76:livestock
60:rice mill
36:structure
2348:Cambodia
2342:See also
2285:Thailand
1675:tropical
1671:Cambodia
1525:Assembly
1086:along a
817:Cambodia
703:handmade
691:filigree
516:shutters
446:diagonal
372:thatched
200:umbrella
195:dwelling
178:hip roof
154:cladding
119:humidity
103:textiles
93:, and a
2291:times.
2287:in pre-
1743:climate
1713:6.3.).
1687:monsoon
1683:climate
1679:equator
1421:rafters
1099:coconut
1084:pattern
1066:shelter
1051:garbage
1021:coconut
1003:milling
990:of the
988:asphalt
851:battery
825:hammock
790:buffalo
782:poultry
770:kitchen
766:kitchen
699:masonry
665:Versus
663:Masonry
512:Windows
366:, with
225:kitchen
220:kitchen
181:called
171:veranda
95:battery
80:bedroom
56:shikoro
2429:
2409:
2389:
1681:. The
1604:bamboo
1599:bamboo
1532:joists
1507:Joists
1495:Joists
1483:Joists
1433:stilts
1417:joists
1394:joists
1386:joists
1380:Joists
1374:joists
1368:, the
1104:and a
1092:banana
1081:linear
1058:leaves
1014:Banana
980:shrine
977:Buddha
847:shrine
844:Buddha
802:health
695:spiral
683:ladder
673:Access
368:bamboo
340:screws
332:joists
87:Buddha
68:stilts
40:wooden
2279:from
2277:China
2273:China
2261:China
1887:piles
1536:piles
1471:Piles
1459:Piles
1447:Piles
1429:prism
1413:Piles
1398:piles
1390:piles
1370:piles
1356:Piles
1277:piles
1102:palms
1095:trees
1070:money
1024:palms
1017:trees
871:walls
855:light
607:brick
500:piles
450:piles
374:with
328:piles
140:, or
108:light
2427:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2281:Laos
2269:Miao
2267:and
2265:Dong
1595:palm
1519:Roof
1419:and
1408:Roof
1362:pile
1285:pile
1088:road
1075:All
1055:palm
1043:pigs
1039:rice
1019:and
996:rice
992:road
984:rice
849:, a
842:, a
786:Rice
780:and
778:pigs
679:ramp
618:wood
508:palm
438:pile
376:rice
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