700:("Salerno Chronicle]"). According to Dolger, it indicates that at least one group of Scandinavians had a ruler who called himself "khagan", but Ostrowski (2018) countered: 'The letter of Louis II to Basil I states specifically that the Northmen do not have a khagan. From that, the non-extant letter of Basil I has been thought to have stated that the Northmen had a khagan, but we do not know that. (...) Besides, even if Basil's letter did assert that the ruler of the Northmen was called a khagan, that testimony is negated by the statement of Louis II that their ruler is not called a khagan.'
881:". He agreed with Peter B. Golden (1982) that this reflected Khazar influence on Kievan Rus', and argued that the use of a "steppe title" in Kiev 'may be the only case of the title's use by a non-nomadic people'. Halperin also found it "highly anomalous" that a Christian prelate like Hilarion would 'laud his ruler with a shamanist title', adding in 2022: "The Christian ethos of the sermon is marred by Ilarion's attribution to Vladimir of the Khazar title
2229:, who formerly had been loyal vassals of the Khazars. The presence of Kabar political refugees from Khazaria among the Varangian traders in Rostov helped to raise the latter's prestige, with the consequence that by the 830s a new power center known as the Rusʹ Kaganate had come into existence. The acceptance of the Kabar rebels by the Magyars, however, turned the latter into the enemies of the new rulers of Khazaria."
2245:"The use of the title chacanus by the ruler of the Rus has led scholars to call the organization he headed the "kaganate of Rus". The correctness of such a designation may be disputed. The term kaganate is organically connected with the political organizations of Asiatic people, the nomads, and to give the same name to an organization of immigrant Germanic people from the North seems hardly suitable."
2141:, married into the local Scandinavian nobility, and fathered the dynasty of the Rus' khagans. Zuckerman dismisses Pritsak's theory as untenable speculation, and no record of any Khazar khagan fleeing to find refuge among the Rus' exists in contemporaneous sources. Nevertheless, the possible Khazar connection to early Rus' monarchs is supported by the use of a
1620:). "Most of these were initially small sites, probably not much more than stations for re-fitting and resupply, providing an opportunity for exchange and the redistribution of items passing along the river and caravan routes". If the anonymous traveller quoted by ibn Rustah is to be believed, the Rus of the Khaganate period made extensive use of the
2310:' expressed skepticism about the existence of a Rus' khaganate at all, remarking that its location has been a "moving target" in the historiography, one that is "elusive and inconstant." To the question "Where was the Rus' khaganate located," his somewhat sardonic answer was only "in the pages of learned treatises."'
953:
preserved in a 15th-century manuscript, at the end of a set of works usually attributed to
Hilarion, adds one more mention: Быша же си въ лѣто 6559 (1051), владычествующу благовѣрьному кагану Ярославу, сыну Владимирю. Аминь. ("These things came to pass in the year 6559 (1051), during the reign of the
220:
immigrants from the north to adopt such a foreign title. Some historians have criticised the concept of a Rus' Khaganate, calling it a "historiographical phantom", and said that the society of 9th-century Rusʹ cannot be characterised as a state. Still other scholars identify these early mentions of a
2212:
and the stability it had created within its large sphere of influence began to break down. A violent civil war took place during the 820s, and although the kaganate's strength was restored a decade later, certain results of the conflict would have serious implications for the future. The losers of
1132:
among the
Varangian traders in Rostov helped to raise the latter's prestige, with the consequence that by the 830s a new power center known as the Rus' Kaganate had come into existence." Whatever the accuracy of such estimates may be, there are no primary sources mentioning the Rus' or its khagans
1652:
to assert that
Holmgard-Novgorod was the khaganate's capital for several decades prior to the appearance of Rurik, including the time of the Byzantine embassy in 839. Machinsky accepts this theory but notes that, before the rise of Holmgard-Novgorod, the chief political and economic centre of the
1144:
Golden (1982) and
Zuckerman (2000) concluded that if a Rus' khaganate had existed, it must have disappeared before 900, as references to a Rus' khagan are last recorded in the 880s, and do not return until the 11th century. Various possible reasons for its disappearance have been suggested. The
2342:/tribe but merchants, and that the later Rus' sources from the 10th to the 12th centuries are too late and 'should not be used as evidence for a Rus' khagan or khaganate in the 830s.' He concluded: 'one of our sources testifies to (...) the existence of in the first half of the ninth century'.
1186:
and his men, who turned their attention from the Volga to the
Dnieper, for reasons as yet uncertain. The Scandinavian settlements in Ladoga and Novgorod revived and started to grow rapidly. During the first decade of the 10th century, a large trade outpost was formed on the
2333:
cannot support the existence of a Rus' khagan or khaganate in 839, that the letter of Louis II the German of 871 is ambiguous and does not point clearly in favour or against
Northmen khagan, that the earliest Arabic-Persian source (Ibn Khordadbeh) does not mention a Rus'
722:
comments that Ibn Rustah, using the text of the
Anonymous Note from the 870s, attempted to accurately convey the titles of all rulers described by its author, which makes his evidence all the more invaluable. Ibn Rustah mentions only two khagans in his treatise—those of
1416:
1596:, have advocated a more northerly position for the khaganate. They have tended to emphasize ibn Rustah's report as the only historical clue to the location of the khagan's residence. Recent archaeological research, conducted by Anatoly Kirpichnikov and
694:). To that, Louis replied that he was aware only of the Avar khagans, and had never heard of the khagans of the Khazars and Normans. The content of Basil's letter, now lost, is reconstructed from Louis's reply, quoted in full in the
3370:
2039:, a title of a prime ruler in the nomadic societies in Eurasia.' He claimed that the Old Norse personal name interpretation 'was abandoned (though its supporters still appear from time to time).' Garipzanov (2006) challenged the
1343:
1273:
2103:. However, no source records that the Rus' of the 9th century were subjects of the Khazars. For foreign observers (such as Ibn Rustah), there was no material difference between the titles of the Khazar and Rus' rulers.
4678:
Les centres proto-urbains russes entre
Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient: Actes du Colloque International tenu au Collège de France en octobre 1997. éd. M. Kazanski, A. Nersessian et C. Zuckerman (Réalités Byzantines
666:, while the imperial title properly applied only to the overlord of the Romans, that is, to Basil himself. He also pointed out that each nation has its own title for the supreme ruler: for instance, the title of
992:
does mention the Rus' as important traders, but does not mention a title of a Rus' ruler in his chapter "Titles of the rulers of the Earth", where only the Turks, Tibetans and
Khazars are said to be ruled by
660:, which had been besieged by Arabs. The Byzantine Emperor sent an angry letter to his western counterpart, reprimanding him for usurping the title of emperor. He argued that the Frankish rulers are simple
2031:(first suggested by Stroube de Piermont in 1785). In 2004, Duczko stated: 'At present there is almost total unity of opinion that the title of the ruler of Rus is of Khazarian origin and that the word
1560:". Some archaeologists have countered that there is no material evidence of a Norse presence in Kiev prior to the 10th century. Troublesome is the absence of hoards of coins which would prove that the
1171:. The Ukrainian historian Mykhailo Braychevskiy labelled Vadim's rebellion "a pagan reaction" against the Christianization of the Rus'. A period of unrest and anarchy followed, dated by Zuckerman to
2115:" adopted the title "khagan" to give him legitimacy in the eyes of his subjects and neighboring states. According to this theory, the title was a sign that the bearers ruled under a divine mandate.
1108:
date the foundation of the
Khaganate to be around the year 830. According to Magocsi, "A violent civil war took place during the 820s. ... The losers of the internal political struggle, known as
1001:
at the time, the author would have been expected to mention it, but he did not. Ibn Khordadbeh's book is a notable exception amongst the Arabic-Persian sources in mentioning the Rus', but not a
3529:(One World Archaeology, 18) by David Austin Publisher: Routledge; New edition (June 27, 1997).pp. 285–286; Э. Мюле. К вопросу о начале Киева// Вопросы истории. – № 4 – 1989 – с. 118 – 127.
216:
nomads, has led some scholars to suggest that his political organisation can be called a "k(h)aganate". Other scholars have disputed this, as it would have been unlikely for an organisation of
4748:
2267:'...the Arabic description of Eastern Europe used by some Eastern geographers. This source, called the "Anonymous Note" by the Polish orientalist Tadeusz Lewicki, dates back to 870–880.'
4743:
314:
sources (labelled "2a, 2b, 2c") date from 200 years later in the 11th and 12th centuries, and are "fundamentally different". The Perso-Arabic (Islamic) sources mentioning a
941:Паче же помолися о сынѣ твоемь, благовѣрнѣмь каганѣ нашемь Георгии ("And furthermore, pray for your son, our devout kagan, Georgij";). Georgij was the baptismal name of
1548:
became an adherent of the theory that Kiev was the seat of the Rus' Khaganate, and continued to hold this view into the 1990s. Halperin (1987) also stated that the 839
1175:
875–900. The absence of coin hoards from the 880s and 890s suggests that the Volga trade route ceased functioning, precipitating "the first silver crisis in Europe".
3356:
1699:
have uncovered no traces of a Slavic-Norse settlement in the Crimea region in the 9th century and there are no Norse sources documenting "khagans" in Scandinavia.
4692:
4101:
2509:
1636:
intermediaries. His description of the Rus' island suggests that their center was at Holmgard, an early medieval precursor of Novgorod whose name translates from
2152:; similar tamgas are found in ruins that are definitively Khazar in origin. The genealogical connection between the 9th-century Khagans of Rus' and the later
3714:(...) the Rus, a Scandinavian people. (...) The annals claim they were Swedes, and this is possible, but their ethnicity has never been firmly established.
980:
817:
1006:
1161:, whose account of the events Shakhmatov considered more trustworthy, does not pinpoint the pre-Rurikid uprising to any specific date. The 16th-century
2360:
Archaeologists did not find traces of a settlement in Rostov prior to the 970s. Furthermore, the placename "Rostov" has a transparent Slavic etymology.
2107:
hypothesizes that the adoption of the title "khagan" was designed to advertise the Rus' claims to equality with the Khazars. This theory is echoed by
1961:-speaking steppe peoples as "köl-beki" or "lake-princes", came to dominate some of the region's Finno-Ugric and Slavic peoples, particularly along the
1073:(a Greek book on ceremonial protocol at the Byzantine court from the 950s) meticulously documents the titles of foreign rulers, but when it deals with
1182:
and period of political upheaval, the region experienced a resurgence beginning in around 900. Zuckerman associates this recovery with the arrival of
924:великааго кагана нашеа земли Володимера, вънука старааго Игоря, сына же славнааго Святослава ("the great kagan of our land Volodimer, the grandson of
4621:
4753:
4132:
4613:Волзький шлях і стародавні руси Нариси з руської історії VI — IX вв. (Volzʹkyĭ shli︠a︡kh i starodavni Rusy: narysy z rusʹkoï istoriï VI-IX vv)
1724:
4763:
4602:
2111:, who asserts that the Rus' leaders were loosely unified under the rule of one of the "sea-kings" in the early 9th century, and that this "
1568:– was operating in the 9th century. Based on his examination of the archaeological evidence, Zuckerman concludes that Kiev originated as a
1653:
area was located at Aldeigja-Ladoga. However, Nosov (1990) stated that archaeological evidence recovered at Rurikovo Gorodische puts the
4758:
4456:Мачинский (Machinskiy) Д.А. "О месте Северной Руси в процессе сложения Древнерусского государства и европейской культурной общности." .
2170:
1767:
was the Greek designation for the Scandinavians or Northmen, who in this case happened to be Swedes." According to Ukrainian historian
1039:
1035:
1031:
2175:
974:(Tolochko 2015, Ostrowski 2018), or that it must have disappeared by 911 (Zuckerman 2000), probably already before 900 (Golden 1982).
812:
2095:
for it to have any legitimacy. Golden concluded that the Rus' Khaganate was a puppet state set up by the Khazars in the basin of the
4508:
4432:
4404:
4379:
4318:
4264:
4236:
4195:
4181:
3776:
3416:
2622:
2593:
2485:
921:и похвала каганоу нашемоу влодимероу, ѿ негоже крещени быхом ("And: an encomium to our kagan Volodimer, by whom we were baptized.")
772:
2704:
4109:
1545:
136:
1232:
371:
or "Salerno Chronicle" (anonymous 10th-century chronicle) reports of a diplomatic dispute in 871 between Carolingian emperor
857:
513:
1005:; more generally, his information also does not appear to stem from the same source (possibly the now-lost book written by
970:
in the following sources has been taken by several scholars as evidence indicating either that there had never been a Rus'
1977:. According to Franklin & Shepard (1996, 2014), the account of the 860s Rus' expedition against Constantinople in the
1248:
4470:
Hudud al-'Alam, The Regions of the World A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. - 982 A.D. translated and explained by V. Minorsky
848:
494:
4712:(1997). "Les Hongrois au Pays de Lebedia: une nouvelle puissance aux confins de Byzance et de la Khazarie en 836–889".
4202:
4126:, Scriptores rerum Germanicarum (Monumenta Germaniae Historica), vol. 5, Hannover: Impensis bibliopolii Hahniani
1981:(which claims the raid originated in Kiev) was largely borrowed by the authors from a 10th-century Greek source, the
3701:
830:
278:
4391:
1411:
1211:, has been actively disputed since the late 19th century. Sites proposed by scholars have included the following:
403:
or the Northmen..." ("Chaganum vera nos praelatum Avarum, non Gazanorum aut Nortmannorum nuncupari repperimus …").
3824:
715:
1775:
envoys were "northern Germanic", but in the service of a "Rus' khagan", that was to be identified as the Slavic
2222:
1850:
Although since the 19th century various writers (some expressing anti-Normanist views) have asserted the Rus' (
1641:
1370:
1157:
1117:
899:
861:) have generally been understood to refer to the ruler of Kievan Rus'. According to Halperin (1987), the title
302:(2000), these sources are divided into two chronological groups: three or four Latin and Arabic sources from
3829:
2142:
1100:
The dating of the Khaganate's existence has been the subject of debates among scholars and remains unclear.
890:
843:
627:
461:
4353:
Eds.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill. Brill Online, 2006
4349:
4212:
696:
367:
2297:
Rybakov believed that the title "kagan" was borrowed by the Slavs as early as the sixth century from the
1199:. Another Dnieper settlement, Kiev, developed into an important urban centre roughly in the same period.
4344:
2080:
1886:
1832:
1675:
According to one fringe theory, the Rus' khagan resided somewhere in Scandinavia or even as far west as
1529:
1349:
950:
498:
440:(anonymous late-10th-century Persian-language geography text) refers to the Rus' king as "Khāqān-i Rus".
252:
4158:
3454:
1649:
4503:, Anatoly Mikhailovich Khazanov and Andre Wink, eds. p. 76–102. Richmond, England: Curzon, 2001.
4709:
4673:
2547:
2351:
For a detailed analysis of recent archaeological investigations at Holmgard, see Duczko 2004 102–104.
2149:
1403:
719:
600:
333:
299:
1338:
298:
for a leader of some groups of Rus' people is mentioned in several historical sources. According to
4768:
2138:
2104:
2027:
1768:
1617:
1561:
1424:
1374:
1264:
1260:
1224:
1101:
938:Съвлѣче же ся убо каганъ нашь и съ ризами ветъхааго человѣка ("So our kagan cast off his clothing")
518:
263:
3726:
1663:
showed that trees used in construction at the site were felled between the years 889 and 948, and
1268:
4686:
4571:
4551:
4095:
3432:
2503:
1742:
1664:
1655:
1387:
604:
551:
470:
328:
230:
168:
2025:(first proposed by Siegfried Bayer in 1736), or that it was a Scandinavian proper name, namely
904:
198:
The fact that a few sparse contemporaneous sources appear to refer to the leader or leaders of
4728:
4504:
4464:
4428:
4400:
4375:
4314:
4260:
4232:
4177:
3772:
3412:
2618:
2589:
2491:
2481:
2130:
1962:
1931:
1621:
1147:
1019:
1014:
955:
942:
731:
653:
645:
597:
480:
436:
410:
870–880, which was reused by a number of Arabic and Persian writers, including the following:
383:
is a title used amongst the Avars, Khazars and Normans; Louis replies he has heard of an Avar
322:
all appear to follow a single common chain of tradition tracing back to the "Anonymous Note".
241:
69:
4729:
Waugh, Daniel C. "Suggested Chronology of Events in the Pre-Kievan and Early Kievan Periods".
4121:
3844:
3329:
2258:
of the Arab sources, and the name of the first state of the eastern Slavs, the Kievan State."
1667:
of charcoal samples collected from a ditch at the site of "Holmgard" trace back to 880(±20).
4589:
4563:
4542:Новосельцев (Novoselʹcev) А.П. "К вопросу об одном из древнейших титулов русского князя". .
4492:
4304:
4222:
3766:
3324:
2586:
Rus' in the 9th–10th Centuries. From the Invitation of the Varangians to the Choice of Faith
2108:
1958:
1927:
1863:
1836:
1680:
1660:
1600:, has raised the possibility that this polity was based on a group of settlements along the
1597:
1517:
1513:
1493:
1460:
1440:
1432:
1407:
1364:
1323:
1301:
1050:
838:
748:
736:
708:
590:
574:
526:
456:
413:
372:
217:
156:
4521:
Noonan, Thomas. "Fluctuations in Islamic Trade with Eastern Europe during the Viking Age".
1691:
and that the island described by Ibn Rustah was most likely situated in the estuary of the
4642:
4190:
3449:
2118:
1990:
1808:
1800:
1760:
1733:
1688:
1428:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1308:
1163:
1134:
1105:
1078:
671:
607:
355:
311:
55:
4069:
Ibn Fadlan's Journey to Russia: A Tenth-Century Traveler from Baghdad to the Volga River.
2369:
But see, e.g., Duczko 31–32, outlining theories that Rurik held the title of Khagan Rus'.
2180:
1207:
The location of the purported khaganate, more specifically the residence of the supposed
545:
The earliest claimed reference related to Rus' people ruled by a "khagan" comes from the
4700:
4282:
2588:] (in Russian). Форум : Неолит. pp. 118, 119, 129–131, 277, 288–289, 353.
4662:
4514:
Noonan, Thomas. "The First Major Silver Crisis in Russia and the Baltic, ca. 875–900".
4468:
3744:
2714:
2558:, 2007 (a 2005 conference materials); further elaboration of the 2000 Zuckerman's paper
1902:
1867:
1824:
1820:
1776:
1756:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1593:
1565:
1557:
1541:
1489:
1456:
1452:
1436:
1395:
1360:
1216:
1168:
989:
878:
808:
752:
712:
570:
497:
expresses a plea for divine deliverance for the (unnamed) "our kagan", possibly prince
226:
199:
188:
129:
59:
2944:
cagano veram non praelatum Avarum, non Gazanorum aut Nortmannorum nuncipari reperimus.
4737:
4575:
3807:, ed. by Stefan Brink and Neil Price (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), pp. 4–10 (pp. 6–7).
2709:
1915:
1816:
1696:
1601:
1533:
1466:
1240:
1069:
4071:
Frye, Richard Nelson, ed. and trans. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, 2005.
2298:
2218:
2088:
1113:
1074:
929:
925:
213:
4076:
al-Alaq al-nafisah: Maruf bih Ibn Rustah. Tarjamah va taliq-i Husayn Qarah'chanlu.
3858:
4611:
4422:
4308:
4254:
4226:
4171:
3803:
3436:
811:
and other Arab authors often confused the terms Rus and Saqaliba when describing
780:
889–890), also has a relevant passage. In a legendary story about a siege of the
4649:
1970:
1871:
1692:
1537:
1481:
1356:
1334:
1330:
1319:
1293:
1244:
1155:(Baltic Finns) against the Varangians, who had to withdraw overseas in 862. The
763:
and Gardizi all copied their information from the same late 9th-century source.
342:
4567:
4290:. University of Toronto (SLA 218 Ukrainian Literature and Culture). p. 30
2705:"Introduction to the full text in original, and in modern Russian translation"
2126:
1966:
1844:
1804:
1446:
1297:
1138:
1054:
767:
593:
582:
187:
suggested to have existed during a poorly documented period in the history of
17:
4637:
Theophanes Continuatus, Ioannes Cameniata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus
4228:
The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus
2495:
4618:
The Volga route and the ancient Rus'. Essays on Rus' history VI-IX centuries
4479:
2277:
2276:
A minority of scholars believe that the reference was to a king bearing the
2112:
2096:
2083:(1982) rejected the idea that the Rus' could have appropriated the title of
1894:
1840:
1788:
1676:
1637:
1625:
1282:
1179:
611:
533:
is referring to a specific ruler or just to a time when there were khagans.'
359:
4231:. Pearson education print on demand edition. London: Longman. p. 187.
3696:
1755:), and thus that there was Rus' khaganate, and that these Rus' people were
1496:(1996, one of 4 options), Ildar Garipzanov (2006, it was an (East) Swedish
743:
982–983), refers to the Rus' king as "Khāqān-i Rus". The unknown author of
4372:
Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History
2079:, there is considerable dispute over the circumstances of this borrowing.
1648:
was invited to come to rule the region in the 860s. This account prompted
718:, wrote that the Rus' khagan ("khāqān rus") lived on an island in a lake.
387:, but never of Khazar or Norman ones: "But we have found that the leader (
4601:
The Origins of the Old Rus' Weights and Monetary Systems. Cambridge, MA:
2325:
2165:
2068:
1974:
1954:
1906:
1683:
believed that the khagan had his headquarters in the eastern part of the
1609:
1569:
1502:
1196:
1192:
1129:
1065:, even though it does say that 'the king of the Khazars called a Qagan'.
799:
785:
724:
556:
4528:
Noonan, Thomas. "The Monetary System of Kiev in the Pre-Mongol Period".
4451:
L'Armenie entre Byzance et l'Islam depuis la conquete arabe jusqu'en 886
3818:
3882:
2226:
2209:
2153:
2100:
1946:
1812:
1796:
1784:
1633:
1629:
1613:
1605:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1188:
1125:
1121:
971:
781:
687:
679:
649:
586:
443:
376:
4256:
Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe
4112:"Prevye Stranisky Russkoy Istorii ve Archeologicheskom Osveshchenii."
1463:(1996, one of 4 options), Lawrence N. Langer (2021, one of 3 options).
1443:(1996, one of 4 options), Lawrence N. Langer (2021, one of 3 options).
4667:Денежно-весовые системы русского средневековья. Домонгольский период.
2551:
2214:
2122:
2021:
1875:
1684:
1506:
who may have operated in North Rus', but without permanent residence)
1152:
1109:
1087:
578:
546:
379:, in which Basil (in a letter now lost) appears to have claimed that
208:
184:
4495:. "The Khazar Qaghanate and Its Impact On the Early Rus' State: The
4357:
Golden, Peter Benjamin (1982). "The Question of the Rus' Qaganate".
2015:
has had two sides: it must either be understood as the title of the
4657:
A Source Book for Russian History from Early Times to 1917, Vol. 1.
3748:
2145:
2134:
1950:
1828:
1645:
1485:
1183:
662:
619:
424:
920) in an Arabic-language book that the Rus' had a prince called
3527:
From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology
2091:
would have had to voluntarily appoint a Rus' leader as a vassal
2066:, and concluding that the word most likely was the Swedish name
1475:
1220:
1167:
attributes the banishment of the Varangians from the country to
657:
229:
state commonly attested in later sources, whose princes such as
4281:
Franklin, Simon (1991). "Ilarion's "Sermon on Law and Grace"".
3489:
3487:
3385:
3383:
3381:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
622:
word for "khagan" or a deformation of Scandinavian proper name
4676:(2000). "Deux étapes de la formation de l'ancien état russe".
4537:
et al. Древнерусское государство и его международное значение.
3013:
3011:
3009:
1823:. The region's population at that time was composed of Slavs,
1540:, advanced Kiev as the residence of the khagan, assuming that
1030:
anywhere, for example in the three Rus'-Byzantine treaties of
821:
does not mention the title of "khagan" for the ruler of Rus'.
183:
is a name applied by some modern historians to a hypothetical
2734:
2732:
1905:, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of
912:
3622:
3620:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2668:
2666:
2208:"At the far southeastern end of the European continent, the
2043:
interpretation again, arguing that one cannot just turn the
1901:) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of
1847:, eastern Scandinavian adventurers, merchants, and pirates.
945:, who reigned in Kiev at the time and was Hilarion's patron.
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3141:
3139:
3137:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
1799:
master. Still others presume a Rus' khagan reigning over a
4446:(first published 1968, second edition 1984, reissued 2001)
2870:
2868:
2055:, adding that 'many Germanic names starting with phonetic
1255:
being Slavic), Alexander V. Riasanovsky (1962, the Kievan
3076:
3074:
2774:
2772:
2770:
4000:
3998:
3037:
3035:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2254:
Duczko (2004): "The word Rhos-Ros is equal to the term
755:
Muslim geographer, mentioned "khāqān-i rus" in his work
747:
relied on several 9th-century and 10th-century sources.
626:), that they lived far to the north, and that they were
4639:. Ed. I. Becker. Bonnae, 1838 (CSHB), pp. 342–343.
4216:
Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des ostromischen Reiches. I
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2394:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 61–62.
1783:
were an indigenous people living near the mouth of the
1695:. Neither of these theories has won many adherents, as
2582:Русь в IX—X веках. От призвания варягов до выбора веры
2478:
Russian Khaganate: without the Khazars and the Normans
581:, which would leave them vulnerable to attacks by the
4338:
The Annals of St. Bertin and the Chacanus of the Rhos
1747:
839 were Swedes in the diplomatic service of a Rusʹ (
1449:: Iurii Vladimirovich Got'e (1915), Imre Boba (1968).
1377:(2010), Lawrence N. Langer (2021, one of 3 options).
27:
Hypothetical 8th–9th century polity in Eastern Europe
2217:, fled northward to the Varangian Rusʹ in the upper
1112:, fled northward to the Varangian Rus' in the upper
815:
in the 9th and 10th centuries. But Ibn Khordādbeh's
3411:. Rowman & Littlefield Publisher. p. 154.
2288:, including Garipzanov (2006) and Ostrowski (2018).
1807:, set up by Rus' people somewhere in what is today
1736:(1876) was the first historian to suggest that the
803:)", which Zuckerman connected with a supposed Rus'
644:Thirty years later, in spring 871, the eastern and
92:
79:
65:
51:
32:
4716:(in French). Athens: National Research Foundation.
3887:Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia
3817:
310:880 (which he labelled "1a, 1b, 1c"), while three
4749:States and territories disestablished in the 890s
4332:(2014 Routledge reprint of 1996 Longman original)
3591:A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
1858:and the other sources possibly mentioning a Rus'
1659:for the hill-fort's establishment decades later:
4596:Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.
4485:"Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Epistolae VII".
4480:§ 44. Discourse on the Rūs Country and its Towns
4427:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 504.
4393:The Rise and Demise of the Myth of the Rus' Land
1993:, which does not identify a point of departure.
1843:. The region was also a place of operations for
1128:. The presence of Kabar political refugees from
577:, around 839. Fearful of returning home via the
566:qui se, id est gentem suam, Rhos vocari dicebant
450:(11th century), also referred to "Khāqān-i Rus".
332:or "Annals of St. Bertin" (this part written by
4458:Археологическое исследование Новгородской земли
4207:A History of Russia, Mongolia and Central Asia.
4037:
3914:
3671:
3659:
3233:
2710:Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House)
2072:, an explanation accepted by Ostrowski (2018).
2003:Since the 18th century, the debate on the word
1009:) used by others such as Ibn Rusta and Gardizi.
4744:States and territories established in the 830s
4145:(in Russian). Kiev: Naukova dumka. p. 183
2075:Assuming it reflects the Khazar-derived title
1878:. According to the prevalent theory, the name
1592:A number of historians, the first of whom was
1151:describes the uprising of the pagan Slavs and
1057:' around 922) calls the monarch of the Rus' a
935:каганъ нашь Влодимеръ ("Volodimer, our kagan")
917:) throughout the text, a total of five times.
336:, who died in 861) mention certain men called
3402:
3400:
3398:
3221:Noonan, "Fluctuations in Islamic Trade" 1992
3183:
3181:
3168:
3166:
2474:Русскиĭ каганат : без кхазар и норманнов
1919:, as it was known in earlier times. The name
1866:, the modern scholarly consensus is that the
1124:, who formerly had been loyal vassals of the
1053:(written in Arabic, documenting his visit to
614:, they stated that their leader was known as
406:(1c) The Arabic "Anonymous Note" dating from
8:
4399:. Leeds: Arc Humanities Press. p. 107.
3200:
2392:A History of Ukraine: A Land and Its Peoples
1580:departed for the west in 889 did the middle
471:Volodimir I (Vladimir/Volodymyr "the Great")
4131:Braychevskiy, Mykhailo Yulianovych (1989).
3638:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
788:in 854, mention is made of "the overlords (
564:
206:, which might be derived from the title of
4691:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4165:. Translated by Kalle Skov. Penguin Books.
4100:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3801:Stefan Brink, "Who were the Vikings?", in
3626:
3455:Full course of lectures on Russian history
2886:
2508:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2213:the internal political struggle, known as
2137:faction in the Norse-Slavic settlement of
2059:were transcribed in Frankish sources with
1949:began to rule the area under their leader
1137:noted that the leader of those Kabars was
479:), and his son Georgij, baptismal name of
29:
3962:
3926:
3771:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
3683:
3602:
3560:
3505:
3493:
3478:
3466:
3389:
3341:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3128:
2988:
2976:
2955:
2907:
2847:
2797:
2672:
2472:Galkina, E. S. (Elena Sergeevna) (2012).
2459:
2156:rulers, if any, is unknown at this time.
735:, an anonymous geography text written in
3409:Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3017:
3000:
2874:
2778:
2761:
2738:
2552:"Перестройка древнейшей русской истории"
2534:
2338:and does not consider the Rus' to be an
2148:, or seal, by later Rus' rulers such as
1544:were the only khagans recorded by name.
493:(2b) A short inscription on the wall of
4648:. Vol. 1. Yale University Press, 1943 (
4193:. "The Khazar Origin of Ancient Kiev."
4176:. Rowman and Littlefield. p. 352.
3797:
3795:
2522:
2382:
2192:
1926:would then have the same origin as the
1584:region start to progress economically.
885:, which was definitely not Christian."
4684:
4476:. London: Luzac & Co. p. 546.
4093:
4025:
3950:
3938:
3614:Мачинский 5–25; see also Duczko 31–32.
3245:
3157:
3145:
2835:
2637:
2567:
2501:
1815:as a chronological predecessor to the
4139:Establishment of Christianity in Rus'
4004:
2919:
2859:
2814:
2099:to fend off recurring attacks of the
1285:: Vasilii G. Vasil’evskii (1915; the
962:Absence in other contemporary sources
796:), of the Khazars, and of the Slavs (
91:
78:
74:
7:
4603:Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
4173:The Jews of Khazaria. Second Edition
3845:participating institution membership
3437:"Древнейшие судьбы русского племени"
2580:Петрухин (Petrukhin), В. Я. (2014).
1644:describes unrest in Novgorod before
1026:1110) does not mention the title of
928:of old, and the son of the glorious
4714:Byzantium at War (9th–12th Century)
4284:Sermons and Rhetoric of Kievan Rus'
2556:У истоков русской государственности
988:870) written by Persian geographer
585:, these Rhos travelled through the
4659:New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1972.
3212:Noonan, "Silver Crisis" 1985 41–50
2609:Толочко (Tolochko), А. П. (2015).
1779:. Vasil’evskii (1915) thought the
1725:Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia
1640:as "the river-island castle". The
273:) were occasionally identified as
221:Rus' political entity headed by a
25:
4196:Slavonic and East European Review
2035:is a Latin form of the Turk word
391:) of the Avars is called Khagan (
4313:. London: Longman. p. 472.
4134:Утверждение христианства на Руси
4116:. Vol 3, 1990. pp. 271–290.
3992:Noonan, "Khazar" 2001 87–89, 94.
2171:Rus' invasion of Byzantium (860)
958:, the son to Volodimer, Amen.")
670:is used by the overlords of the
632:comperit eos gentis esse sueonum
134:
4701:2003 Russian translation online
4556:Canadian-American Slavic Studie
4535:Новосельцев (Novoselʹcev) А.П.
4090:]. St. Petersburg-Kishinev.
4078:Tehran, Iran: Amir Kabir, 1986.
3755:, cit. Montgomery, p. 24).
2176:Caspian expeditions of the Rusʹ
2129:Dyggvi, exiled after losing an
1763:(1877) instead concluded "that
1081:in 945, it does not call her a
813:Caspian expeditions of the Rusʹ
618:(hypothesized to be either the
503:
485:
474:
268:
257:
246:
235:
4259:. Leiden: Brill. p. 290.
2323:was the Swedish personal name
739:during the late 10th century (
469:five times, and applies it to
1:
4622:Ukrainian Academy of Sciences
4501:Nomads in the Sedentary World
4390:Halperin, Charles J. (2022).
4370:Halperin, Charles J. (1987).
4310:The Emergence of Rus 750–1200
3368:Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich,
2390:Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010).
2087:from the Khazars; the ruling
1740:ambassadors mentioned in the
1278:, Charles J. Halperin (1987).
1172:
1023:
985:
777:
766:Zuckerman (2000) argued that
740:
656:, quarrelled over control of
421:
417:
407:
307:
303:
281:until the late 12th century.
192:
98:
85:
44:
40:
4620:] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv:
4359:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
4016:Noonan, "Khazar" 2001 87–94.
3407:Langer, Lawrence N. (2021).
2713:(in Russian). Archived from
2617:] (in Russian). Лаурус.
1945:Around 860, a group of Rus'
1897:term for "the men who row" (
1661:dendrochronological analysis
1412:Elena Alexandrovna Melnikova
1326:basin: E. S. Galkina (2002).
913:
849:Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv
555:, which refer to a group of
495:Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv
354:, visiting Frankish emperor
4764:Medieval history of Ukraine
4449:Laurent, J. and M. Canard.
4223:Dolukhanov, Pavel Markovich
4074:Ahmad ibn Umar ibn Rustah.
4038:Franklin & Shepard 2014
3915:Franklin & Shepard 2014
3863:Online Etymology Dictionary
3768:The Varangians of Byzantium
3672:Franklin & Shepard 2014
3660:Franklin & Shepard 2014
3549:The Monetary System of Kiev
3373:// Otechestvennaya istoriya
3234:Franklin & Shepard 2014
3131:, p. 297–298, 310–311.
1281:The Lower Dnieper near the
1061:(Arabic for "king"), not a
877:all apply to "the ruler of
875:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
867:Annales Bertiniani sub anno
858:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
539:Annales Bertiniani sub anno
514:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
202:at this time with the word
4785:
4759:Medieval history of Russia
4754:History of the Rus' people
4550:Ostrowski, Donald (2018).
4336:Garipzanov, Ildar (2006).
4253:Duczko, Władysław (2004).
4170:Brook, Kevin Alan (2006).
4120:Waitz, Georg, ed. (1883),
4082:Александров, А.А. (1997).
3702:World History Encyclopedia
3375:. - № 4. - 1998. - P.3-15.
3371:Russian kaganat IX century
2319:Ostrowski summarised that
1714:
1671:Islands in fringe theories
1572:on the Khazar border with
1367:(1996, one of 4 options).
1239:being Varangian-Swedish),
1077:'s reception at the court
981:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
903:
818:Book of Roads and Kingdoms
807:. According to Zuckerman,
776:("The Book of Countries",
279:Old East Slavic literature
4568:10.1163/22102396-05202009
4530:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
4523:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
4489:. Berlin: W. Henze, 1928.
4487:Epistolae Karolini aevi V
3983:Новосельцев (Novoselʹcev)
3825:Oxford English Dictionary
3747:. In 1043, the Rus' were
603:. When questioned by the
172:
160:
109:
105:
75:
39:
4552:"The Return of the Rhos"
4532:, 1987, No.11. Page 396.
4424:A History of the Vikings
4114:Sovietskaya Arkheologica
3974:Golden 77–99; Duczko 30.
3765:Blöndal, Sigfús (1978).
1642:First Novgorod Chronicle
1576:and that only after the
1564:– the backbone of later
1158:Novgorod First Chronicle
212:as used by groupings of
4610:Smirnov, Pavlo (1928).
4340:. University of Bergen.
3830:Oxford University Press
3743:"in 839, the Rus' were
3357:Тайны Русского каганата
3174:Origin of Rus', passim.
3029:Laurent and Canard 490.
2958:, p. 305, 310–311.
2225:, and southward to the
1957:warlords, known to the
1616:, and Holmgard (modern
1337:to the Middle Dnieper:
1120:, and southward to the
891:Sermon on Law and Grace
847:, and the 11th-century
844:Sermon on Law and Grace
831:Old East Slavic sources
825:Old East Slavic sources
462:Sermon on Law and Grace
4650:Russian version online
4350:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4345:Golden, Peter Benjamin
3753:The Vikings in History
3751:." (F. Donald Logan,
2967:Dolger T. 59, No. 487.
1893:), is derived from an
1329:The interfluve of the
704:Arabic-Persian sources
697:Chronicon Salernitanum
639:Chronicon Salernitanum
565:
559:who called themselves
465:mentions the title of
375:and Byzantine emperor
368:Chronicon Salernitanum
94:• Disestablished
4710:Zuckerman, Constantin
4674:Zuckerman, Constantin
4655:Vernadsky, G.V., ed.
3727:"The Vikings at home"
2611:Очерки начальной Руси
2081:Peter Benjamin Golden
1679:. In stark contrast,
1530:Soviet historiography
1478:: Ernst Kunik (1844).
1350:Peter Benjamin Golden
792:) of the Byzantines (
517:(12th century) calls
499:Sviatoslav II of Kiev
285:Mentions in documents
253:Sviatoslav II of Kiev
52:Common languages
4499:from Itil to Kiev."
4421:Jones, Gwyn (2001).
3572:Новосельцев 397–408.
2615:Essays on Early Rus'
2548:Constantin Zuckerman
2150:Sviatoslav I of Kiev
1604:, including Ladoga,
1556:is to "the ruler of
1552:reference to a Rus'
1532:, as represented by
1404:Constantin Zuckerman
1384:Volkhov river region
1178:After this economic
1091:(Greek for "ruler").
720:Constantin Zuckerman
399:) the leader of the
334:Prudentius of Troyes
300:Constantin Zuckerman
4646:A History of Russia
4594:The Origin of Rus'.
4518:, 11 (1985): 41–50.
4159:Brøndsted, Johannes
3828:(Online ed.).
3344:, p. 292, 298.
2932:Monumenta Germaniae
2850:, p. 305, 310.
2133:, settled with his
2105:Anatoly Novoseltsev
1854:) mentioned in the
1777:Rus' prince of Kiev
1769:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
1703:Etymological issues
1628:, possibly through
1618:Rurikovo Gorodische
1588:Volkhov river sites
1562:Dnieper trade route
1425:Rurikovo Gorodische
1375:Paul Robert Magocsi
1265:Aleksandr Nazarenko
1261:Anatoly Novoseltsev
1225:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
1133:prior to the 830s.
1102:Paul Robert Magocsi
966:The absence of any
519:Oleg I of Chernigov
264:Oleg I of Chernigov
81:• Established
4599:Pritsak, Omeljan.
4497:translatio imperii
4465:Minorsky, Vladimir
4460:. Leningrad, 1984.
4123:Annales Bertiniani
4067:Ahmed ibn Fadlan.
4040:, p. 120–121.
3965:, p. 305–306.
3686:, p. 292–303.
3641:, p. 222–224.
3517:Artamonov 271–290.
3508:, p. 297–298.
3496:, p. 306–307.
3481:, p. 294–295.
3433:Aleksey Shakhmatov
3392:, p. 296–297.
3303:, p. 292–293.
3020:, p. xiv–xix.
2979:, p. 267–268.
2910:, p. 310–311.
2817:, p. 249–250.
2331:Annales Bertiniani
2329:and thus that the
2121:speculated that a
2013:Annales Bertiniani
1934:names for Sweden:
1856:Annales Bertiniani
1803:, or a cluster of
1759:. Danish linguist
1743:Annales Bertiniani
1665:radiocarbon dating
1656:terminus post quem
1650:Johannes Brøndsted
1624:to trade with the
1550:Annales Bertiniani
1388:Aleksey Shakhmatov
1251:(1940, the Kievan
1235:(1946, the Kievan
1233:Alexander Vasiliev
1227:(1904, the Kievan
1203:Possible locations
997:If the Rus' had a
894:mentions the word
855:(the 12th-century
759:. Ibn Rustah, the
751:, an 11th-century
552:Annales Bertiniani
529:(2018), 'the word
329:Annales Bertiniani
231:Vladimir the Great
195:830 and the 890s.
4546:– 1982. – Вып. 4.
4305:Shepard, Jonathan
4303:Franklin, Simon;
3843:(Subscription or
3236:, p. 91–111.
3201:Braychevskiy 1989
3148:, p. 87, 97.
2741:, p. 23, 26.
2047:in the middle of
1979:Primary Chronicle
1963:Volga trade route
1889:name for Sweden (
1546:Mikhail Artamonov
1307:"Southern Rus'":
1249:Mikhail Artamonov
1148:Primary Chronicle
1015:Primary Chronicle
943:Yaroslav the Wise
911:
716:Muslim geographer
711:, a 10th-century
654:Louis II of Italy
598:Byzantine Emperor
573:, capital of the
481:Yaroslav the Wise
444:Abu Saʿīd Gardīzī
242:Yaroslav the Wise
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
70:Early Middle Ages
16:(Redirected from
4776:
4717:
4696:
4690:
4682:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4590:Pritsak, Omeljan
4586:
4584:
4582:
4562:(2–3): 290–311.
4477:
4475:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4398:
4385:
4366:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4209:Blackwell, 1999.
4203:Christian, David
4191:Brutzkus, Julius
4187:
4166:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4144:
4127:
4105:
4099:
4091:
4054:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3941:, p. 24–25.
3936:
3930:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3821:
3814:
3808:
3804:The Viking World
3799:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3762:
3756:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3674:, p. 33–36.
3669:
3663:
3662:, p. 27–50.
3657:
3651:
3650:Vernadsky VII-4.
3648:
3642:
3639:Александров 1997
3636:
3630:
3624:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3605:, p. 67–68.
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3563:, p. 65–66.
3558:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3404:
3393:
3387:
3376:
3366:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3325:George Vernadsky
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3203:, p. 54–55.
3198:
3192:
3189:Origins of Rus'
3185:
3176:
3170:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2929:
2923:
2922:, p. 19–20.
2917:
2911:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2782:
2776:
2765:
2764:, p. 26–27.
2759:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2701:
2676:
2670:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2230:
2206:
2143:stylized trident
2065:
1924:
1883:
1681:George Vernadsky
1598:Dmitry Machinsky
1518:Donald Ostrowski
1514:Oleksiy Tolochko
1494:Jonathan Shepard
1474:The land of the
1461:Jonathan Shepard
1455:(Aldeigjuborg):
1441:Jonathan Shepard
1433:Jonathan Shepard
1427:(Holmgard) near
1420:
1408:Dmitry Machinsky
1365:Jonathan Shepard
1347:
1324:Siverskyi Donets
1302:George Vernadsky
1277:
1219:including Kiev (
1174:
1051:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
1025:
987:
916:
910:romanized:
909:
907:
869:839, Hilarion's
851:inscription) or
841:'s 11th-century
839:Hilarion of Kiev
829:The three later
779:
749:Abu Said Gardizi
742:
709:Ahmad ibn Rustah
648:Roman Emperors,
587:Frankish kingdom
575:Byzantine Empire
568:
527:Donald Ostrowski
507:
506: 1073–1076
505:
489:
488: 1019–1054
487:
478:
476:
459:'s 11th-century
457:Hilarion of Kiev
423:
419:
414:Ahmad ibn Rustah
409:
373:Louis the German
309:
305:
272:
271: 1097–1115
270:
261:
260: 1073–1076
259:
250:
249: 1019–1054
248:
239:
237:
194:
174:
162:
138:
137:
126:
125:
111:
110:
100:
87:
46:
42:
30:
21:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4720:
4708:
4683:
4672:
4669:. Moscow, 1956.
4663:Yanin, Valentin
4643:Vernadsky, G.V.
4627:
4625:
4609:
4580:
4578:
4549:
4539:. Moscow, 1965.
4473:
4463:
4453:. Lisbon, 1980.
4439:
4437:
4435:
4420:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4374:. p. 222.
4369:
4356:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4302:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4252:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4221:
4218:. Berlin, 1924.
4184:
4169:
4157:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4130:
4119:
4110:Artamanov, M.I.
4092:
4088:The Rus' Island
4081:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3937:
3933:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3891:
3889:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3867:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3800:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3742:
3738:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3707:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3627:Dolukhanov 1996
3625:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3585:
3581:Мачинский 5–25.
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3450:Sergey Platonov
3448:
3444:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3406:
3405:
3396:
3388:
3379:
3367:
3363:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3283:
3275:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3191:1:28, 171, 182.
3186:
3179:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3119:, p. xvii.
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3056:, p. 3–30.
3052:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2893:
2889:, p. 8–11.
2887:Garipzanov 2006
2885:
2881:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2796:
2785:
2777:
2768:
2760:
2745:
2737:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2702:
2679:
2671:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2500:
2488:
2480:]. Moscow.
2471:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2233:
2210:Khazar Kaganate
2207:
2194:
2189:
2162:
2131:internecine war
2119:Omeljan Pritsak
2063:
2001:
1991:George the Monk
1922:
1881:
1809:European Russia
1791:, and that the
1761:Vilhelm Thomsen
1734:Stepan Gedeonov
1727:
1713:
1705:
1689:Taman Peninsula
1673:
1590:
1527:
1429:Veliky Novgorod
1414:
1400:Omeljan Pritsak
1392:Sergey Platonov
1341:
1309:Julius Brutzkus
1271:
1259:being Slavic),
1231:being Slavic),
1205:
1164:Nikon Chronicle
1135:Omeljan Pritsak
1106:Omeljan Pritsak
1098:
1079:Constantine VII
964:
900:Old East Slavic
827:
773:Kitab al-Buldan
706:
642:
608:Louis the Pious
591:Byzantine Greek
589:accompanied by
543:
525:. According to
502:
484:
477: 980–1015
473:
365:(1b) The Latin
356:Louis the Pious
326:(1a) The Latin
312:Old East Slavic
292:
287:
267:
256:
251:), and perhaps
245:
238: 980–1015
234:
181:kaganate of Rus
173:Руський каганат
165:Russkiy kaganat
161:Русский каганат
135:
95:
82:
56:Old East Slavic
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4782:
4780:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4723:External links
4721:
4719:
4718:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4670:
4660:
4653:
4640:
4634:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4525:, 1992, No.16.
4519:
4512:
4493:Noonan, Thomas
4490:
4483:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4433:
4418:
4405:
4387:
4380:
4367:
4354:
4342:
4333:
4319:
4300:
4278:
4265:
4250:
4237:
4219:
4210:
4200:
4188:
4182:
4167:
4155:
4128:
4117:
4107:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4042:
4030:
4018:
4009:
4007:, p. 154.
3994:
3985:
3976:
3967:
3963:Ostrowski 2018
3955:
3943:
3931:
3929:, p. 303.
3927:Ostrowski 2018
3919:
3907:
3898:
3874:
3850:
3809:
3791:
3777:
3757:
3736:
3718:
3688:
3684:Ostrowski 2018
3676:
3664:
3652:
3643:
3631:
3629:, p. 187.
3616:
3607:
3603:Brøndsted 1965
3595:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3561:Zuckerman 1997
3553:
3540:
3538:Yanin 105–106.
3531:
3519:
3510:
3506:Ostrowski 2018
3498:
3494:Ostrowski 2018
3483:
3479:Ostrowski 2018
3471:
3469:, p. 295.
3467:Ostrowski 2018
3459:
3442:
3424:
3417:
3394:
3390:Ostrowski 2018
3377:
3361:
3346:
3342:Ostrowski 2018
3334:
3317:
3315:, p. 294.
3313:Ostrowski 2018
3305:
3301:Ostrowski 2018
3293:
3291:, p. 293.
3289:Ostrowski 2018
3281:
3279:, p. 292.
3277:Ostrowski 2018
3250:
3238:
3226:
3214:
3205:
3193:
3177:
3162:
3150:
3133:
3129:Ostrowski 2018
3121:
3109:
3097:
3085:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3031:
3022:
3005:
3003:, p. vii.
2993:
2989:Zuckerman 2000
2981:
2977:Brøndsted 1965
2969:
2960:
2956:Ostrowski 2018
2948:
2936:
2924:
2912:
2908:Ostrowski 2018
2891:
2879:
2877:, p. 159.
2864:
2862:, p. 250.
2852:
2848:Ostrowski 2018
2840:
2819:
2802:
2800:, p. 311.
2798:Ostrowski 2018
2783:
2766:
2743:
2728:
2717:on 26 May 2011
2677:
2675:, p. 310.
2673:Ostrowski 2018
2642:
2630:
2623:
2601:
2594:
2572:
2560:
2539:
2537:, p. 427.
2527:
2525:, p. 118.
2515:
2486:
2464:
2460:Zuckerman 2000
2397:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2312:
2303:
2290:
2269:
2260:
2247:
2231:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2000:
1995:
1903:Eastern Europe
1870:originated in
1731:anti-Normanist
1721:Anti-Normanism
1712:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:archaeologists
1672:
1669:
1594:Vasily Bartold
1589:
1586:
1542:Askold and Dir
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1507:
1490:Simon Franklin
1479:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1457:Simon Franklin
1453:Staraya Ladoga
1450:
1444:
1437:Simon Franklin
1396:Vasily Bartold
1380:
1379:
1378:
1361:Simon Franklin
1353:
1339:Valentin Sedov
1327:
1316:
1315:being Khazar).
1305:
1290:
1289:being Khazar).
1279:
1217:Middle Dnieper
1204:
1201:
1195:, near modern
1169:Vadim the Bold
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1066:
1043:
1020:Rus' chronicle
1018:(an anonymous
1010:
990:Ibn Khordadbeh
963:
960:
947:
946:
939:
936:
933:
922:
826:
823:
809:Ibn Khordadbeh
757:Zayn al-Akhbār
732:Hudud al-'Alam
705:
702:
641:
636:
571:Constantinople
569:) and visited
542:
536:
535:
534:
509:
491:
453:
452:
451:
448:Zayn al-Akhbār
441:
437:Hudud al-'Alam
433:
404:
363:
346:) they called
340:, whose king (
291:
288:
286:
283:
189:Eastern Europe
177:Ruśkyj kahanat
153:Rusʹ Khaganate
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
132:
123:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
103:
102:
96:
93:
90:
89:
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
72:
67:
66:Historical era
63:
62:
60:Old East Norse
53:
49:
48:
37:
36:
34:Rus' Khaganate
33:
26:
24:
18:Rusʹ Khaganate
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4781:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4688:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4624:. p. 228
4623:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4545:
4544:История СССР.
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:0-7007-1370-0
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4436:
4434:9780192801340
4430:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4408:
4406:9781802700565
4402:
4395:
4394:
4388:
4383:
4381:9781850430575
4377:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4322:
4320:9781317872245
4316:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4286:
4285:
4279:
4268:
4266:9789004138742
4262:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4240:
4238:9780582236189
4234:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4183:9781442203020
4179:
4175:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4106:(Aleksandrov)
4103:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4084:Остров руссов
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4028:, p. 31.
4027:
4022:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3953:, p. 24.
3952:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3917:, p. 53.
3916:
3911:
3908:
3905:Brutzkus 120.
3902:
3899:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3780:
3778:9780521035521
3774:
3770:
3769:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3551:1987, p. 396.
3550:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3418:9781538119426
3414:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3365:
3362:
3359:. — М., 2002.
3358:
3355:
3354:Галкина Е. С.
3350:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3248:, p. 81.
3247:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:, p. 27.
3159:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:Franklin 1991
3113:
3110:
3107:, p. 23.
3106:
3105:Franklin 1991
3101:
3098:
3095:, p. 26.
3094:
3093:Franklin 1991
3089:
3086:
3083:, p. 18.
3082:
3081:Franklin 1991
3077:
3075:
3071:
3068:, p. 17.
3067:
3066:Franklin 1991
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:Franklin 1991
3050:
3047:
3043:
3042:Franklin 1991
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:Minorsky 1937
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
3001:Minorsky 1937
2997:
2994:
2991:, p. 96.
2990:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:Minorsky 1937
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2841:
2838:, p. 25.
2837:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2781:, p. 19.
2780:
2779:Halperin 2022
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2762:Halperin 1987
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:Franklin 1991
2735:
2733:
2729:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:, p. 23.
2639:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2624:9785990558304
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2595:9785911346911
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2570:, p. 29.
2569:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:К. Цукерман (
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:Minorsky 1937
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2487:9785443801643
2483:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:khagan named
2124:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:Thomas Noonan
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1953:. Gradually,
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:Norse peoples
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:Rurik dynasty
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:Volkhov River
1599:
1595:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:Boris Rybakov
1531:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1467:Staraya Russa
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:Boris Rybakov
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:De Ceremoniis
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
983:
982:
977:
976:
975:
973:
969:
961:
959:
957:
952:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
927:
923:
920:
919:
918:
915:
906:
901:
897:
893:
892:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:
854:
850:
846:
845:
840:
836:
833:mentioning a
832:
824:
822:
820:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:
795:
791:
787:
783:
775:
774:
769:
764:
762:
761:Hudud al-Alam
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:Hudud al-Alam
738:
734:
733:
728:
726:
721:
717:
714:
710:
703:
701:
699:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
651:
647:
640:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:
605:Frankish king
602:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
562:
558:
554:
553:
548:
540:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
500:
496:
492:
482:
472:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
449:
446:(died 1061),
445:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
427:
415:
412:
411:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
339:
335:
331:
330:
325:
324:
323:
321:
317:
313:
301:
297:
289:
284:
282:
280:
276:
265:
254:
243:
232:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
196:
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
166:
158:
154:
133:
131:
128:
127:
124:
122:
121:
118:
115:
113:
112:
108:
104:
97:
84:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
38:
31:
19:
4713:
4677:
4666:
4656:
4645:
4636:
4626:. Retrieved
4617:
4612:
4600:
4593:
4579:. Retrieved
4559:
4555:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4469:
4457:
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4423:
4410:. Retrieved
4392:
4371:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4337:
4324:. Retrieved
4309:
4292:. Retrieved
4283:
4270:. Retrieved
4255:
4242:. Retrieved
4227:
4215:
4206:
4199:, 22 (1944).
4194:
4172:
4162:
4147:. Retrieved
4138:
4133:
4122:
4113:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4068:
4061:Bibliography
4050:
4045:
4033:
4021:
4012:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3922:
3910:
3901:
3890:. Retrieved
3886:
3877:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:
3853:
3833:. Retrieved
3823:
3812:
3802:
3782:. Retrieved
3767:
3760:
3752:
3739:
3731:HistoryExtra
3730:
3721:
3713:
3706:. Retrieved
3700:
3697:"Kievan Rus"
3691:
3679:
3667:
3655:
3646:
3634:
3610:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3556:
3548:
3543:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3501:
3474:
3462:
3453:
3445:
3427:
3408:
3369:
3364:
3353:
3349:
3337:
3328:
3320:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3241:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3208:
3196:
3188:
3173:
3153:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3061:
3049:
3044:, p. 3.
3025:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2963:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2915:
2882:
2855:
2843:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:the original
2708:
2633:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2563:
2555:
2542:
2530:
2523:Smirnov 1928
2518:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2391:
2385:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2306:
2299:Avar Khanate
2293:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2219:Volga region
2117:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1986:
1983:Continuation
1982:
1978:
1965:linking the
1944:
1939:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1898:
1890:
1887:Proto-Finnic
1879:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1792:
1780:
1772:
1771:(1904), the
1764:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1729:The Russian
1728:
1708:
1674:
1654:
1591:
1553:
1549:
1528:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1312:
1286:
1269:Anton Gorsky
1256:
1252:
1236:
1228:
1208:
1206:
1177:
1162:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1114:Volga region
1099:
1086:
1082:
1075:Olga of Kiev
1068:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1027:
1013:
1002:
998:
994:
979:
967:
965:
954:pious kagan
948:
895:
889:
887:
882:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
852:
842:
834:
828:
816:
804:
797:
793:
789:
771:
765:
760:
756:
744:
730:
729:
707:
695:
691:
683:
675:
667:
661:
643:
638:
631:
623:
615:
560:
550:
544:
538:
530:
522:
512:
466:
460:
447:
435:
429:
425:
420:903–913 (or
400:
396:
395:), but not (
392:
388:
384:
380:
366:
351:
347:
341:
337:
327:
320:Khāqān-i Rus
319:
315:
295:
293:
274:
222:
207:
203:
197:
180:
176:
164:
152:
151:
117:Succeeded by
116:
4628:23 February
4581:22 February
4440:19 February
4326:19 February
4294:23 February
4272:19 February
4163:The Vikings
4149:21 February
4026:Duczko 2004
3951:Duczko 2004
3939:Duczko 2004
3708:19 February
3246:Duczko 2004
3158:Duczko 2004
3146:Golden 1982
2836:Duczko 2004
2721:23 February
2638:Duczko 2004
2568:Duczko 2004
2089:Ashina clan
1971:Caspian Sea
1885:, like the
1874:, possibly
1872:Scandinavia
1868:Rus' people
1821:Kievan Rusʹ
1805:city-states
1717:Rus' people
1693:Kuban River
1622:Volga route
1566:Kievan Rus'
1538:Lev Gumilev
1482:East Sweden
1415: [
1357:Upper Volga
1342: [
1311:(1935, the
1294:Sea of Azov
1272: [
1245:Lev Gumilev
888:Hilarion's
594:ambassadors
227:Kievan Rus'
200:Rus' people
130:Kievan Rusʹ
4769:Varangians
4738:Categories
4412:1 February
4005:Brook 2006
3892:2012-08-15
3868:2012-08-15
3847:required.)
3784:2 February
2946:Duczko 25.
2920:Waitz 1883
2860:Jones 2001
2815:Jones 2001
2377:References
2127:Khan-Tuvan
1967:Baltic Sea
1845:Varangians
1795:was their
1751:) khagan (
1715:See also:
1687:or in the
1447:Lake Ilmen
1331:Middle Don
1320:Middle Don
1298:Tmutarakan
1180:depression
1139:Khan-Tuvan
1055:Kievan Rus
1022:completed
930:Svjatoslav
601:Theophilus
430:Khaqan-Rus
426:khāqān rus
316:khāqān rus
4687:cite book
4576:195449155
4386:(e-book).
4347:. "Rus."
4213:Dolger F.
4096:cite book
4049:Pritsak,
3187:Pritsak,
3172:Pritsak,
2504:cite book
2496:826862812
2278:Old Norse
2181:Garðaríki
2113:High King
2097:Oka River
2019:, namely
1987:Chronicle
1969:with the
1895:Old Norse
1837:Hungarian
1789:Black Sea
1787:into the
1677:Walcheren
1638:Old Norse
1626:Near East
1335:upper Oka
1283:Black Sea
1085:, but an
972:khaganate
873:, and in
727:and Rus.
692:Nortmanni
612:Ingelheim
596:from the
389:praelatus
360:Ingelheim
294:The word
225:with the
169:Ukrainian
4681:. Paris.
4467:(1937).
4365:: 77–97.
4307:(2014).
4225:(1996).
4161:(1965).
3859:"Russia"
3547:Noonan,
3435:(1919).
3330:Old Rus'
2934:385–394.
2321:Chacanus
2166:Arthania
2160:See also
2049:chacanus
2033:chacanus
2009:Chacanus
2005:chacanus
1998:Chacanus
1975:Serkland
1932:Estonian
1907:Roslagen
1753:chacanus
1745:sub anno
1711:and Rus'
1610:Duboviki
1570:fortress
1554:chacanus
1516:(2015),
1435:(1995),
1359:region:
1333:and the
1322:and the
1197:Smolensk
1193:Gnezdovo
1130:Khazaria
995:khaqans.
956:Jaroslav
951:colophon
800:Saqaliba
786:Caucasus
725:Khazaria
688:Northmen
686:), and "
668:chaganus
616:chacanus
557:Norsemen
547:Frankish
393:chaganum
381:chaganus
352:Chacanus
348:chacanus
290:Overview
223:chacanus
218:Germanic
204:chacanus
191:between
4605:, 1998.
4051:Weights
3835:25 July
2227:Magyars
2221:, near
2154:Rurikid
2101:Magyars
2051:into a
2011:in the
1985:of the
1947:Vikings
1928:Finnish
1911:Rus-law
1891:*Ruotsi
1813:Ukraine
1785:Dnieper
1614:Alaborg
1606:Lyubsha
1582:Dnieper
1578:Magyars
1574:Levedia
1520:(2018).
1510:Nowhere
1304:(1940).
1189:Dnieper
1126:Khazars
1122:Magyars
1116:, near
1007:Jayhani
865:in the
784:in the
782:Tsanars
768:Ya'qubi
753:Persian
737:Persian
713:Persian
680:Khazars
650:Basil I
646:western
583:Magyars
579:steppes
385:caganum
377:Basil I
362:in 839.
306:839 to
214:Asiatic
157:Russian
4574:
4516:Hikuin
4507:
4431:
4403:
4378:
4317:
4263:
4244:13 May
4235:
4180:
4141:]
4053:78–79.
3819:"Russ"
3775:
3745:Swedes
3415:
3223:passim
2621:
2592:
2554:, In:
2494:
2484:
2340:ethnos
2336:khaqan
2286:Haakon
2256:ar-Rus
2223:Rostov
2215:Kabars
2139:Rostov
2123:Khazar
2077:khagan
2041:khagan
2037:khagan
2022:khagan
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