868:
668:
353:
808:, covering both singular and plural nouns. Some of the classes are used exclusively for particular types of noun; for example classes 1 and 2 are for nouns related to people, singular and plural respectively, classes 7, 8 and 11 refer to big versions of nouns in other classes, and class 14 is for abstract nouns. Adjectives applied to nouns generally take a prefix matching the prefix of the noun. For example, the word
639:, which began within a few hours. Over the course of approximately 100 days, between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Tutsi and non-compliant Hutu were killed in well-planned attacks on the orders of the interim government. Many Twa were also killed, despite not being directly targeted. The RPF restarted their offensive, and took control of the country methodically, gaining control of the whole country by mid-July.
521:. The plateau, which reached an altitude of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), could not support large-scale agriculture, but allowed cattle grazing. Over time, the Banyamulenge identified less as Banyarwanda and more as Congolese. Having settled in the country before the colonial era, they were later treated as a native ethnic minority within the Congo, rather than as migrants or refugees.
588:(cockroaches), who launched attacks into Rwanda; these were largely unsuccessful, and led to further reprisal killings of Tutsi and further Tutsi exiles. By 1964, more than 300,000 Tutsi had fled, and were forced to remain in exile for the next three decades. Pro-Hutu discrimination continued in Rwanda itself, although the violence against the Tutsi did reduce somewhat following
509:
cite two major reasons for the migration; the first is that the migrants were composed of Tutsi trying to avoid the increasingly high taxes imposed by
Rwabugiri, while the second is that the group was fleeing the violent war of succession that erupted after the death of Rwabugiri in 1895. This group was mostly Tutsi and their Hutu
852:), who recited Kinyarwanda verse covering topics such as the royal lineage, as well as religion and warfare. History and moral values were also passed down through the generations by word of mouth, and the oral tradition was used as a form of entertainment in precolonial days. The most famous Rwandan literary figure was
847:
The
Banyarwanda do not have a long history of written literature, and very little historical texts exist in the Kinyarwanda language. Writing was introduced during the colonial era, but most Rwandan authors of that time wrote in French. There is, however, a strong tradition of oral literature amongst
508:
casts some doubt on this hypothesis, stating that Kagame had "a tendency to exaggerate the power of the old Rwanda kingdom." International historians believe the first significant influx of
Banyarwanda into South Kivu occurred in the 1880s, although some Congolese intellectuals contest this. Scholars
254:
In the 1930s the
Belgian colonial authorities, who controlled both Congo, Rwanda and Burundi at the time, implemented programs to encourage large numbers of Banyarwanda to emigrate to the Belgian Congo from Rwanda and Burundi. The population of Banyarwanda has increased later by large numbers fleeing
719:
kingdom. The dung is mixed with natural soils of various colours and painted into patterned ridges to form geometric shapes. Other crafts include pottery and wood carving. Traditional housing styles make use of locally available materials; circular or rectangular mud homes with grass-thatched roofs
646:, and were effectively controlled by the army and government of the former Hutu regime, including many leaders of the genocide. This regime was determined to return to power in Rwanda and began rearming, killing Tutsi residing in Zaire and launching cross-border incursions in conjunction with the
571:
in Rwanda. Hutu activists began killing Tutsi, overturning the centuries-old Tutsi dominance amongst the
Banyarwanda. The Belgians suddenly changed allegiance, becoming pro-Hutu, and the Rwandan monarchy was abolished in 1962 following a referendum. Rwanda then gained independence as a republic,
546:
while downplaying the
Rwandan ethnicity. In 1935, Belgium introduced identity cards labelling each individual as either Tutsi, Hutu, Twa or Naturalised. While it had previously been possible for particularly wealthy Hutu to become honorary Tutsi, the identity cards prevented any further movement
395:
Some state that the forest-dwelling Twa lost much of their habitat and moved to the slopes of mountains. Others argue the Twa came to exist as a group who were in a close client relationship with the farmer populations, and that perceived physical distinctions are not from separate
Origins, but
698:. Traditionally, music is transmitted orally, with styles varying between the Hutu, Tutsi and Twa. Drums are of great importance; the royal drummers enjoyed high status within the court of the king. Drummers play together in groups of varying sizes, usually between seven and nine in number.
781:, although the timescale and nature of this migration is not known conclusively. It is likely that these migrations caused Kinyarwanda to replace the native tongue of the Twa, and the Tutsi may also have originally spoken a separate language, under the hypothesis that they migrated from
654:
to launch a counteroffensive. The
Rwandan army joined forces with Zairian Tutsi groups, including the Banyamulenge and Banyamasisi, attacking the refugee camps. Many refugees returned to Rwanda, while others ventured further west into Zaire. A Hutu extremist group known as the
475:
system in which Hutu were forced to work for Tutsi chiefs. Rwabugiri's changes caused a rift to grow between the Hutu and Tutsi populations. The Twa were better off than in pre-Kingdom days, with some becoming dancers in the royal court, but their numbers continued to decline.
411:
origin. An alternative theory is that the migration was slow and steady, with incoming groups integrating into rather than conquering the existing society. Under this theory, the Hutu and Tutsi distinction arose later and was a class distinction rather than a racial one.
529:
crossed Rwanda from the south-east to Lake Kivu and met the king. The
Germans did not significantly alter the social structure of the country, but exerted influence by supporting the king and the existing hierarchy and delegating power to local chiefs.
396:
caused by the advantages of small stature in forest hunting leading to more opportunities to have children and to those of higher stature leaving the group. The removal of taller women from the marginalized class group may have also played a role.
584:. These exiles, unlike the Banyarwanda who migrated during the pre-colonial and colonial era, were regarded as refugees in their host countries, and began almost immediately to agitate for a return to Rwanda. They formed armed groups, known as
547:
between the classes. The period of
Belgian rule marked the second major exodus of Banyarwanda, this time predominantly the Hutu; a 1926 change in labour laws by the Belgians allowed Rwandans to seek employment abroad, and many moved to
524:
At the end of the nineteenth century, the territory of Rwanda was assigned to Germany, marking the beginning of the colonial era. The first major contact between the Banyarwanda and the Europeans occurred in 1894 when explorer
773:. With more than 10 million Kinyarwanda speakers, and around 20 million for Rwanda-Rundi as a whole, it is one of the largest of the Bantu languages. The language was likely to have been introduced to the area from
681:
Music and dance are an integral part of Banyarwanda ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings and storytelling. The most famous traditional dance is a highly choreographed routine consisting of three components: the
708:
A considerable amount of traditional arts and crafts is produced by the Banyarwanda, although most originated as functional items rather than purely for decoration. Woven baskets and bowls are especially common.
745:(also sometimes known as Rwanda language) is the native language of the Banyarwanda, and is spoken as a mother tongue by most Banyarwanda in Rwanda as well as those in the Congo and Uganda. Kinyarwanda is a
423:). The clans were not limited to genealogical lineages or geographical area, and most included Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. From the 14th or 15th centuries, the clans began to coalesce into kingdoms, of which the
632:
619:, but simultaneously began planning an invasion of Rwanda through a covert network within the army's ranks. In 1990, the soldiers broke ranks and launched an invasion of northern Rwanda as the
455:. As the kingdom expanded, the people in conquered areas became part of the Banyarwanda identity. The kingdom reached its greatest extent during the nineteenth century under the reign of King
559:
colonies. A major famine in the 1940s, as well as Belgium's desire for labourers in North Kivu, accelerated this process. The migrant Rwandans in North Kivu became known as the Banyamasisi.
427:
was one. The first Banyarwanda were the people of this kingdom. According to oral history, Rwanda was founded on the shores of Lake Muhazi in the Buganza area, close to the modern city of
592:. The Twa, the minority class of the Banyarwanda, remained marginalised, and by 1990 were almost entirely forced out of the forests by the government; many became beggars.
642:
The victory of the Tutsi-led rebels led to a fresh Banyarwanda exodus, this time of Hutu who feared reprisals following the genocide. The largest refugee camps formed in
2807:
Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe: Congo, the Rwandan genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
572:
under Hutu leadership. As the revolution progressed, Tutsi began leaving the country to escape the Hutu purges, settling in the four neighbouring countries Burundi,
1072:
656:
364:
The Banyarwanda are descended from a diverse group of people, who settled in the area through a series of migrations. The earliest known inhabitants of the
1046:
465:, in which Tutsi patrons ceded cattle, and therefore privileged status, to Hutu or Tutsi clients in exchange for economic and personal service, and
542:, and ruled the country much more directly. Both the Germans and the Belgians promoted Tutsi supremacy, considering the Hutu and Tutsi different
2815:
2794:
2686:
2647:
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2600:
2513:
2447:
2428:
2405:
2340:
2303:
2282:
543:
715:, a unique cow dung art, is produced in the southeast of Rwanda, with a history dating back to when the region was part of the independent
2658:
2716:
724:) are the most common. The government has initiated a programme to replace these with more modern materials such as corrugated iron.
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2705:
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2537:
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2361:
1991:
1964:
915:
2639:
221:
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1419:
302:
589:
399:
Historians have several theories regarding the nature of the Bantu migrations; one theory is that the first settlers were
431:. At that time it was a small state in a loose confederation with the larger and more powerful neighbouring kingdoms,
314:
650:
paramilitary group. By late 1996, the Hutu militants represented a serious threat to the new Rwandan regime, causing
2869:
2844:
2478:
526:
694:, or dance of heroes, performed by men; and the drumming, also traditionally performed by men, on drums known as
2762:
600:
35:
627:; neither side was able to gain a decisive advantage, and in 1993 the Rwandan government and the RPF signed a
856:(1912–1981), who carried out and published research into oral traditions as well as writing his own poetry.
628:
620:
531:
243:
used solely in Rwanda since the 1990s in order to mitigate ethnic division within the country following the
659:, which seeks to restore the Hutu state in Rwanda, remains active in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
2721:
2524:
793:
750:
556:
31:
1654:
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210:
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196:
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around 1600, and the kings forced to flee westward, but the kingdom survived and a new dynasty, the
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616:
456:
448:
432:
365:
291:
684:
352:
789:
737:
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near Kigali Airport, killing him. The shooting down of the plane served as the catalyst for the
2548:
2811:
2790:
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2701:
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2617:
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2575:
2533:
2509:
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2443:
2424:
2401:
2380:
2357:
2336:
2299:
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1987:
1960:
766:
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517:(turned Tutsi), which negated interethnic tension. They settled above the Ruzizi Plain on the
505:
424:
342:
244:
380:
and iron tools. According to some theories these early inhabitants were the ancestors of the
376:. They were followed by a larger population of early Iron Age settlers, who produced dimpled
317:. This classification groups the Banyarwanda with nineteen other ethnic groups including the
1981:
1956:
716:
701:
Traditionally, Rwandan women of marriageable age and high-status Rwandan men would wear the
636:
604:
459:. Rwabugiri initiated several administrative reforms in Banyarwanda culture; these included
436:
263:
248:
2726:
484:
The first exodus of ethnic Banyarwanda from the jurisdiction of the Rwanda kingdom was the
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381:
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hunter-gatherers who remain in the area today. Between 700 BC and 1500 AD, a number of
287:
213:
2314:
1187:
2911:
2417:
1949:
873:
853:
596:
497:
493:
392:
groups migrated into the territory, and began to clear forest land for agriculture.
389:
385:
283:
131:
1171:
667:
2852:
881:
770:
765:, a language of western Tanzania; together, these languages form part of the wider
615:. These soldiers remained in the Ugandan army following Museveni's inauguration as
612:
485:
110:
567:
In 1959, following a decade of increasing tension between the Tutsi and the Hutu,
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742:
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360:
were the earliest of the Banyarwanda groups to settle in the territory of Rwanda
271:
267:
98:
282:
The Banyarwanda, through their language of Kinyarwanda, form a subgroup of the
2678:
When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda
863:
805:
548:
489:
322:
17:
797:
428:
373:
240:
30:"Rwandans" redirects here. For information on the population of Rwanda, see
472:
900:
2663:
1073:"Are Banyarwanda Uganda's biggest tribe? Look around, they could well be"
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711:
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577:
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306:
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86:
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We Wish To Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families
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violence in those two countries especially in the 1960s and the 1990s.
217:
78:
1894:
1892:
1112:
Roger Blench. "Are the African Pygmies an ethnographic fiction". 1996
690:
673:
573:
552:
286:, who inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from
259:
235:
Although the ethnic make-up of Burundi is similar to that of Rwanda,
225:
82:
74:
1258:
1256:
595:
In the 1980s, a group of 500 Banyarwanda refugees in Uganda, led by
2892:
2460:
The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History
2875:. National Unity and Reconciliation Commission, Republic of Rwanda
666:
643:
581:
404:
351:
118:
114:
2888:
1951:
Surviving the slaughter the ordeal of a Rwandan refugee in Zaire
801:
400:
407:
migrated later and formed a distinct racial group, possibly of
2613:
A Thousand Hills: Rwanda's Rebirth and the Man Who Dreamed it
2419:
Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda
1402:
1400:
415:
The earliest form of social organisation in the area was the
2870:"The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies"
2616:(Hardcover ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
1047:"The question of Banyarwanda citizenship in the Great Lakes"
1598:
1596:
916:"National Population and Housing Census 2014 - Main Report"
1637:
1635:
1285:
1283:
2298:(illustrated ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2234:
2232:
2230:
2149:
2147:
800:, including a prefix, a stem, and sometimes a preprefix.
2696:
Munyakazi, Augustine; Ntagaramba, Johnson Funga (2005).
2397:
The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History
2086:
2084:
1955:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. p.
1351:
1349:
1324:
1322:
2717:"Minister Irked By Big Number of Grass-Thatched Houses"
2176:
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1013:
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hairstyle, with the hair styled into elaborate crests.
2789:(2nd ed.). Kampala: Fountain Publishers Limited.
2217:
2215:
2213:
1898:
1831:
1829:
901:"Kinyarwanda language resources | Joshua Project"
2889:
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
2508:(Reprint ed.). London; New York, N.Y.: Picador.
2315:"Hutus 'killed Rwanda President Juvenal Habyarimana'"
1420:"No place to call home for the Banyarwanda of Uganda"
1188:"Banyarwanda in the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
1096:
1094:
216:. The Banyarwanda are also minorities in neighboring
2574:. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
2463:. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
2659:"Virunga National Park Ranger Killed in DRC Ambush"
1262:
179:
168:
157:
146:
141:
124:
104:
92:
68:
58:
51:
2416:
2372:
1948:
1655:"THE BANYARWANDA/BAFUMBIRA | Uganda Travel Guide"
848:the Banyarwanda. The royal court included poets (
204:
824:(two) to that noun, it takes the class 2 prefix
788:Like most other Bantu languages, Kinyarwanda is
2742:Nurse, Derek; Philippson, GĂ©rard, eds. (2003).
2681:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
2487:. Chicago, Ill.: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2457:Ehret, Christopher; Posnansky, Merrick (1982).
968:
945:"AFRICA | 101 Last Tribes - Banyarwanda people"
551:in the Belgian Congo as well as to the British
2353:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
2114:
657:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
262:, where they live in the west of the country;
2532:(2nd ed.). GEM Resources International.
2335:(3rd ed.). London: Bradt Travel Guides.
1173:The history of Banyarwanda refugees in Uganda
8:
2292:Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis (2010).
2165:
504:settled in the Congo in the 1700s, although
46:
2250:
2030:
2018:
1491:
633:President Habyarimana's plane was shot down
451:, which started expanding from its base in
2700:(in French). Oxford: Macmillan Education.
2636:The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa
1539:
1503:
1379:
812:(people) is a class 2 noun with preprefix
45:
2375:The Greenwood Dictionary of World History
258:An estimated 524,098 Banyarwanda live in
2786:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
2238:
2192:
2054:
2042:
2006:
1934:
1922:
1784:
1772:
1748:
1479:
1443:
1289:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1145:
1033:
1004:
980:
688:, or cow dance, performed by women; the
488:, who crossed the Rusizi river into the
2153:
2138:
2126:
2090:
2066:
1986:. Troubador Publishing Ltd. p. 7.
1871:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1820:
1808:
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1736:
1724:
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1614:
1602:
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1515:
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1455:
1406:
1391:
1367:
1355:
1340:
1328:
1313:
1274:
1133:
1121:
1021:
892:
836:(things) is a class 4 noun with prefix
796:: most words are formed as a series of
500:wrote in 1972 that soldiers under King
2826:Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA)
2329:Briggs, Philip; Booth, Janice (2006).
1760:
1712:
1700:
1301:
1247:
992:
138:
27:Ethnolinguistic group native to Rwanda
2350:Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2010).
2180:
1883:
7:
2849:"National Ballet – Urukerereza"
2526:A Comprehensive Guide to Kinyarwanda
2332:Rwanda – The Bradt Travel Guide
2221:
2204:
1677:"Who are the Banyarwanda of Uganda?"
1641:
1170:Mugisha, Charles B. (October 2001).
1100:
931:
266:and Kitara are the centres of their
69:Regions with significant populations
2810:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2595:. New York, N.Y.: Benchmark Books.
2571:A Relational Grammar of Kinyarwanda
2442:. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press.
2715:Ntambara, Paul (9 December 2009).
1157:
840:, thus "two things" translates as
631:. This ended on 6 April 1994 when
534:forces took control of Rwanda and
52:
25:
480:Migrations and colonial influence
439:. The kingdom was invaded by the
2640:University of Pennsylvania Press
2295:Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1
1947:Umutesi, Marie BĂ©atrice (2004).
1910:
866:
828:, so "two people" translates as
313:, placed Kinyarwanda within the
2547:Henley, Jon (31 October 2007).
2484:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
2440:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
2400:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
1980:Bamurangirwa, Patricia (2014).
1263:Munyakazi & Ntagaramba 2005
2763:"Rwandans Led Revolt in Congo"
2657:Lewis, Kim (21 January 2014).
2592:Rwanda (Cultures of the World)
2394:Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003).
2379:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
983:, Appendix: Group J Languages.
820:; when applying the adjective
569:a social revolution took place
309:, building on earlier work by
303:Royal Museum of Central Africa
1:
2761:Pomfret, John (9 July 1997).
2270:Culture and customs of Rwanda
914:Uganda Bureau of Statistics.
2313:BBC News (12 January 2010).
2103:Encyclopædia Britannica 2008
368:area were a sparse group of
2568:Kimenyi, Alexandre (1980).
2502:Gourevitch, Philip (2000).
969:Nurse & Philippson 2003
315:Great Lakes Bantu languages
2934:
2845:Rwanda Development Gateway
2115:Ehret & Posnansky 1982
1899:Rwanda Development Gateway
757:, an official language of
731:
340:
29:
2523:Hands, Arthur L. (2013).
2438:Dorsey, Learthen (1994).
2267:Adekunle, Julius (2007).
804:are divided into sixteen
129:
109:
97:
73:
63:
2804:Prunier, GĂ©rard (2009).
2783:Prunier, GĂ©rard (1999).
2725:. Kigali. Archived from
2610:Kinzer, Stephen (2008).
2415:Dallaire, Roméo (2005).
2166:Brown & Ogilvie 2010
601:National Resistance Army
599:, fought with the rebel
384:, a group of aboriginal
372:, who lived in the late
209:, singular) are a Bantu
2589:King, David C. (2007).
2479:Encyclopædia Britannica
2356:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
2251:Briggs & Booth 2006
2031:Briggs & Booth 2006
2019:Briggs & Booth 2006
1492:Appiah & Gates 2010
728:Language and literature
621:Rwandan Patriotic Front
527:Gustav Adolf von Götzen
2371:Butt, John J. (2006).
678:
623:(RPF), initiating the
361:
205:
200:
34:. For other uses, see
32:Demographics of Rwanda
2746:. London: Routledge.
1424:The Africa Report.com
1192:Minority Rights Group
949:www.101lasttribes.com
751:mutually intelligible
670:
355:
249:1994 Rwandan genocide
125:Related ethnic groups
2078:Ethnologue, 15th ed.
671:Traditional Rwandan
496:. Rwandan historian
2768:The Washington Post
2744:The Bantu languages
2273:. Westport, Conn.:
1925:, pp. 135–136.
1874:, pp. 122–123.
1862:, pp. 384–385.
1823:, pp. 381–382.
1811:, pp. 313–314.
1739:, pp. 190–191.
1578:, pp. 160–161.
1409:, pp. 248–249.
1053:. 20 September 2020
513:(clients) had been
366:African Great Lakes
292:African Great Lakes
48:
2868:Shyaka, Anastase.
2855:on 29 October 2012
2729:on 7 November 2013
2021:, p. 243–244.
1983:My Mother's Dreams
785:speaking regions.
738:Rwandan literature
679:
362:
301:Scholars from the
2891:(25 March 2008).
2817:978-0-19-970583-2
2796:978-9970-02-089-8
2688:978-0-691-10280-1
2649:978-0-8122-4120-4
2623:978-0-470-12015-6
2602:978-0-7614-2333-1
2515:978-0-330-37120-9
2449:978-0-8108-2820-9
2430:978-0-09-947893-5
2423:. London: Arrow.
2407:978-1-890951-34-4
2342:978-1-84162-180-7
2305:978-0-19-533770-9
2284:978-0-313-33177-0
2195:, pp. 50 51.
2069:, pp. 50 51.
2009:, pp. 68–70.
1715:, pp. 51–52.
1629:, pp. 74–76.
1605:, pp. 55–56.
1590:, pp. 63–64.
1542:, pp. 58–59.
1506:, pp. 56–57.
1316:, pp. 13–14.
1226:, pp. 88–89.
1160:, pp. 10–11.
767:dialect continuum
625:Rwandan Civil War
617:Ugandan president
425:Kingdom of Rwanda
343:History of Rwanda
245:Rwandan Civil War
189:
188:
137:
136:
16:(Redirected from
2925:
2903:
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2851:. Archived from
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2711:
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2673:Mamdani, Mahmood
2668:
2653:
2638:. Philadelphia:
2632:Lemarchand, René
2627:
2606:
2585:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2498:
2474:
2453:
2434:
2422:
2411:
2390:
2378:
2367:
2346:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2309:
2288:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1176:(Thesis thesis).
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1077:The East African
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
941:
935:
929:
923:
922:
920:
911:
905:
904:
897:
876:
871:
870:
869:
637:Rwandan genocide
605:Ugandan Bush War
492:province of the
457:Kigeli Rwabugiri
370:hunter gatherers
208:
139:
119:Rwandan religion
59:Total population
49:
21:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2858:
2856:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2760:
2754:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2714:
2708:
2698:Atlas of Rwanda
2695:
2689:
2671:
2656:
2650:
2630:
2624:
2609:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2540:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2477:
2471:
2456:
2450:
2437:
2431:
2414:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2370:
2364:
2349:
2343:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2275:Greenwood Press
2266:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2228:
2220:
2211:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2156:, pp. 2 4.
2152:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1657:. 7 August 2014
1653:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1540:Gourevitch 2000
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1504:Gourevitch 2000
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1380:Lemarchand 2009
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
953:
951:
943:
942:
938:
930:
926:
918:
913:
912:
908:
899:
898:
894:
890:
872:
867:
865:
862:
779:Bantu expansion
740:
732:Main articles:
730:
665:
609:Yoweri Museveni
565:
519:Itombwe Plateau
482:
447:, was built by
350:
345:
339:
311:Malcolm Guthrie
296:Southern Africa
294:region down to
280:
239:is a political
211:ethnolinguistic
54:
44:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2931:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2885:
2865:
2841:
2822:
2816:
2801:
2795:
2780:
2758:
2752:
2739:
2712:
2706:
2693:
2687:
2669:
2654:
2648:
2628:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2586:
2580:
2565:
2544:
2538:
2520:
2514:
2499:
2493:
2475:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2435:
2429:
2412:
2406:
2391:
2385:
2368:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2326:
2310:
2304:
2289:
2283:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2226:
2224:, p. 105.
2209:
2207:, p. 207.
2197:
2185:
2183:, p. 107.
2170:
2168:, p. 607.
2158:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2105:, p. 163.
2095:
2080:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1992:
1972:
1965:
1939:
1937:, p. 139.
1927:
1915:
1903:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1850:, p. 382.
1840:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1799:, p. 312.
1789:
1787:, p. 299.
1777:
1775:, p. 386.
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1668:
1646:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1530:, p. 241.
1520:
1518:, p. 240.
1508:
1496:
1494:, p. 450.
1484:
1482:, p. 260.
1472:
1460:
1448:
1446:, p. 217.
1436:
1411:
1396:
1394:, p. 247.
1384:
1372:
1370:, p. 381.
1360:
1345:
1333:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1292:, p. 158.
1279:
1267:
1252:
1240:
1238:, p. 141.
1228:
1216:
1204:
1179:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1114:
1105:
1090:
1079:. 24 July 2020
1064:
1038:
1026:
1009:
997:
985:
973:
971:, p. 645.
961:
936:
924:
906:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
878:
877:
861:
858:
747:Bantu language
729:
726:
664:
661:
590:a coup in 1973
564:
563:Recent history
561:
506:GĂ©rard Prunier
481:
478:
349:
346:
338:
335:
288:Central Africa
279:
278:Classification
276:
214:supraethnicity
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
170:
166:
165:
159:
155:
154:
148:
144:
143:
135:
134:
127:
126:
122:
121:
107:
106:
102:
101:
95:
94:
90:
89:
71:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
42:
26:
24:
18:Rwandan people
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2930:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2871:
2866:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2753:9780700711345
2749:
2745:
2740:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2722:The New Times
2718:
2713:
2709:
2707:0-333-95451-3
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2581:9780520095984
2577:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2554:
2550:
2549:"Scar tissue"
2545:
2541:
2539:9780578088358
2535:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2494:9781593394929
2490:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2470:9780520045934
2466:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2388:
2386:9780313327650
2382:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2363:9780080877754
2359:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2253:, p. 29.
2252:
2247:
2244:
2241:, p. 51.
2240:
2239:Adekunle 2007
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2193:Adekunle 2007
2189:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2117:, p. 59.
2116:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2093:, p. 52.
2092:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2057:, p. 75.
2056:
2055:Adekunle 2007
2051:
2048:
2044:
2043:Ntambara 2009
2039:
2036:
2033:, p. 31.
2032:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:Adekunle 2007
2003:
2000:
1995:
1993:9781784626693
1989:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1966:9780299204938
1962:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1935:Adekunle 2007
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:Adekunle 2007
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:Dallaire 2005
1781:
1778:
1774:
1773:Dallaire 2005
1769:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:BBC News 2010
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1727:, p. 93.
1726:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1703:, p. 47.
1702:
1697:
1694:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1617:, p. 62.
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1566:, p. 53.
1565:
1560:
1557:
1554:, p. 51.
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1480:Chrétien 2003
1476:
1473:
1470:, p. 25.
1469:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:Chrétien 2003
1440:
1437:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1382:, p. 10.
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1358:, p. 51.
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1331:, p. 69.
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1304:, p. 39.
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:Chrétien 2003
1286:
1284:
1280:
1277:, p. 18.
1276:
1271:
1268:
1265:, p. 18.
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:, p. 37.
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1236:Chrétien 2003
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:Chrétien 2003
1220:
1217:
1214:, p. 88.
1213:
1212:Chrétien 2003
1208:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1148:, p. 69.
1147:
1146:Chrétien 2003
1142:
1139:
1136:, p. 58.
1135:
1130:
1127:
1124:, p. 16.
1123:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1103:, p. 75.
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1036:, p. 58.
1035:
1034:Chrétien 2003
1030:
1027:
1024:, p. 61.
1023:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:, p. 45.
1006:
1005:Chrétien 2003
1001:
998:
995:, p. 36.
994:
989:
986:
982:
981:Chrétien 2003
977:
974:
970:
965:
962:
950:
946:
940:
937:
934:, p. 39.
933:
928:
925:
917:
910:
907:
902:
896:
893:
887:
883:
880:
879:
875:
874:Africa portal
864:
859:
857:
855:
854:Alexis Kagame
851:
845:
843:
842:ibintu bibiri
839:
835:
831:
830:abantu babiri
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:agglutinative
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
727:
725:
723:
718:
714:
713:
706:
704:
699:
697:
693:
692:
687:
686:
676:
675:
669:
662:
660:
658:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
603:(NRA) in the
602:
598:
597:Fred Rwigyema
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
503:
499:
498:Alexis Kagame
495:
494:Belgian Congo
491:
487:
479:
477:
474:
470:
469:
464:
463:
458:
454:
450:
449:Ruganzu Ndori
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
359:
354:
347:
344:
336:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Bantu peoples
277:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
207:
202:
198:
194:
185:
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2896:. Retrieved
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2318:. Retrieved
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2154:Kimenyi 1980
2141:, p. 2.
2139:Kimenyi 1980
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2129:, p. 1.
2127:Kimenyi 1980
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2091:Mamdani 2002
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1872:Prunier 2009
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1821:Prunier 1999
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1809:Prunier 1999
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1627:Prunier 1999
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1468:Prunier 1999
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1458:, p. 9.
1456:Prunier 1999
1451:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:
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1407:Mamdani 2002
1392:Mamdani 2002
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1375:
1368:Prunier 2009
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1356:Prunier 2009
1343:, p. 6.
1341:Prunier 1999
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1329:Mamdani 2002
1314:Prunier 1999
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1275:Prunier 1999
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1195:. Retrieved
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613:Milton Obote
607:, which saw
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403:, while the
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206:Umunyarwanda
201:Abanyarwanda
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111:Christianity
53:AbanyaRwanda
43:Ethnic group
40:
2918:Banyarwanda
2898:16 February
2879:16 February
2859:16 February
2835:16 February
2733:16 February
2559:16 February
2320:16 February
1761:Henley 2007
1713:Kinzer 2008
1701:Kinzer 2008
1302:Dorsey 1994
1248:Dorsey 1994
993:Dorsey 1994
816:and prefix
777:during the
743:Kinyarwanda
734:Kinyarwanda
652:Paul Kagame
648:Interahamwe
540:World War I
290:across the
237:Banyarwanda
197:Kinyarwanda
193:Banyarwanda
99:Kinyarwanda
47:Banyarwanda
2774:16 October
2260:References
2181:Hands 2013
1884:Lewis 2014
1686:8 February
1681:New Vision
1661:8 February
1644:, History.
1429:8 February
1197:8 February
1083:8 February
1057:8 February
954:8 February
720:(known as
629:cease-fire
611:overthrow
557:Tanganyika
549:North Kivu
515:icyihuture
490:South Kivu
341:See also:
323:Banyankore
203:, plural;
64:16,044,000
2222:King 2007
2205:King 2007
1642:UNPO 2008
1101:King 2007
932:Butt 2006
798:morphemes
792:and also
769:known as
749:, and is
511:abagaragu
502:Kigeli II
429:Rwamagana
374:Stone Age
241:neologism
175:nyaRwanda
164:nyaRwanda
153:nyaRwanda
93:Languages
2912:Category
2830:"Ingoma"
2675:(2002).
2664:VOA News
2634:(2009).
2555:. London
2481:(2008).
860:See also
775:Cameroon
722:nyakatsi
712:Imigongo
703:Amasunzu
578:Tanzania
468:uburetwa
445:Nyiginya
433:Bugesera
409:Cushitic
307:Tervuren
268:pastoral
247:and the
230:Tanzania
222:DR Congo
169:Language
105:Religion
87:DR Congo
85:and the
2893:"Batwa"
1051:Monitor
850:abasizi
806:classes
783:Nilotic
759:Burundi
755:Kirundi
677:dancers
663:Culture
586:inyenzi
538:during
536:Burundi
532:Belgian
462:ubuhake
441:Banyoro
378:pottery
348:Origins
337:History
331:Bahunde
327:Baganda
319:Barundi
274:areas.
264:Umutara
218:Burundi
180:Country
79:Burundi
36:Rwandan
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1990:
1963:
1158:Shyaka
834:ibintu
810:abantu
717:Gisaka
696:ingoma
691:intore
674:intore
574:Uganda
553:Uganda
473:corvée
453:Nyanza
437:Gisaka
421:ubwoko
260:Uganda
226:Uganda
184:Rwanda
158:People
147:Person
142:Rwanda
130:Other
83:Uganda
75:Rwanda
2873:(PDF)
2530:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
888:Notes
822:-biri
802:Nouns
790:tonal
753:with
644:Zaire
582:Zaire
544:races
405:Tutsi
390:Bantu
386:pygmy
115:Islam
2900:2012
2881:2012
2861:2012
2837:2012
2812:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2776:2012
2748:ISBN
2735:2012
2702:ISBN
2683:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2618:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2576:ISBN
2561:2012
2534:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2489:ISBN
2465:ISBN
2444:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2402:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2322:2012
2300:ISBN
2279:ISBN
1988:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1911:RMCA
1688:2024
1663:2024
1431:2024
1199:2024
1085:2024
1059:2024
956:2024
761:and
736:and
580:and
555:and
471:, a
435:and
417:clan
401:Hutu
356:The
329:and
270:and
191:The
117:and
838:bi-
826:ba-
818:ba-
382:Twa
358:Twa
305:in
298:.
173:Iki
162:Aba
151:Umu
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