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Both colonial periods left lasting legacies of social stratification and economic exploitation. Indigenous
Filipinos often found themselves disenfranchised and denied equal opportunities, while Europeans and Americans wielded disproportionate power and privilege. The exploitation of natural resources
383:
The rights of the
Philippines highland groups are legally protected under Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act (IPRA) which is cited as the first of its kind in Southeast Asia. The law enabled them to acquire titles to their ancestral domains. However the highlanders continue to experience some degree of
127:
Following the
Spanish colonial rule, the American colonial period (1898–1946) introduced new dynamics of racial discrimination, influenced by American cultural hegemony. This era witnessed various forms of racism, including economic exploitation, social hierarchy, and segregation. American colonial
374:
to the society's dominant cultures. Due to these fears and concerns, some
Filipinos without Chinese descent who wish to enter into the Chinese Filipino community is said to have to "climb the Great Wall" in order to cross this social barrier and so, feel diminished and excluded from these barriers
123:
Racial discrimination in the
Philippines has a historical foundation dating back to the Spanish colonial era (1565-1898), characterized by the implementation of a social hierarchy known as the "casta". This system favored individuals of Spanish descent, such as the "criollos" or "insulares", while
131:
Despite enduring racism and oppression, Filipinos exhibited resilience and resistance, actively advocating for their rights and independence. This period of struggle culminated in the eventual end of
American colonial rule and the establishment of the Philippine Republic in 1946, marking a
227:. However, these measures to attain racial control were seen to be difficult to achieve. As a result, four massacres, the first happening in 1603, and expulsions ensued against unconverted Sangleys. Other ethnic-motivated incidents were during the massacre of Sangleys as a retaliation to
124:
relegating native
Filipinos to the lowest rungs of society. The hierarchical structure entrenched during this period had enduring effects on societal dynamics, shaping power relations and perpetuating disparities based on racial heritage.
384:
discrimination and are described by cultural anthropologist Nestor Castro that "They still cannot identify with the so-called mainstream society or culture." Highlanders particularly experience marginalization in urban areas such as in
361:
to describe the social barriers used to prevent outside forces from entering and supplanting the culture. In this case, it is used to prevent
Filipinos without Chinese descent from entering the Chinese Filipino family through
290:
into mainstream
Philippine society and to encourage them to take up farming. The Chinese were viewed as an economic, political and socio-religious threat to the small Spaniard colonial population in Spanish Philippines.
1103:
353:, wherein some would refuse to marry Filipinos without Chinese descent. For younger generations in the Philippines, this phenomenon is called "The Great Wall" in reference to the
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policies reinforced notions of superiority, contributing to the marginalization of indigenous
Filipinos and the consolidation of power among American elites.
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during 1662. This resulted in a failed invasion. It was said that although the ethnic Chinese in the island themselves distanced from the military leader,
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and the utilization of cheap labor further exacerbated socioeconomic inequalities, perpetuating a cycle of marginalization and subjugation.
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473:"The Center-Periphery Notion of Nation-Building – Franchised Violence and the Bangsamoro Question in the Philippines - Request PDF"
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The Spanish colonial government imposed legislation on the ethnic Chinese, which were viewed unfavorably. Such laws were meant to
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whereas its leader Paduka Batara, granted the only foreign monument in China, was sent with his sons to pay tribute to
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was also enforced by the governor-general Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas in the late 16th century. Only Catholic Sangleys,
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509:"(Page 30 of 37) - Demographic Indicators of Ethno-religious Minority Recognition authored by Penetrante, Ariel"
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After the destructive raids of various ports and towns including the newly Spanish-established
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that prevent the dominant culture from completely subsuming the Chinese Filipino community.
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in the colony by ethnic segregation and immigration control. Assimilation by conversion to
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192:. Despite years of contact, the rift between the two groups emerged at the height of the
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579:"The massacre of 1603: Chinese perception of the Spaniards in the Philippines"
207:, the colonial government saw the Chinese as a threat and decided to curb the
173:. Strong ties through trade and commerce sustained ancient states such as the
170:
166:
149:
Polls have shown that some Filipinos hold negative views directed against the
528:
Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms
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significant milestone in the nation's journey towards self-determination.
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45:, institutions and territories coinciding to that of the present-day
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began from the conception of a Philippine state notably during the
22:
Map of the ethnic groups of the Philippines by province. Shade per
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232:
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828:
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Weightman, George (1967). "Anti-Sinicism in the Philippines".
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Contact between the indigenous peoples of the islands and the
56:
1104:
Philippine campaign against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front
461:
Amina Rasul: Radicalisation of Muslims in the Philippines
1867:
325:
is also present stemming from concerns of protecting and
444:"Philippine Daily Inquirer - Google News Archive Search"
223:
children were granted land such as in ParĂan and nearby
37:
is multifarious and emerged in various portions of the
169:
began hundreds of years ago, predating the arrival of
729:"Y-speak: Racism in the Philippines: Does it exist?"
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2016:
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530:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 403.
251:. As the Spanish, who regained control of invaded
2586:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
704:"We Need to Talk About Racism in the Philippines"
491:"The Bias Against Muslims: a Creeping Perception"
407:the said Commonwealth government established the
680:. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
1350:2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro
632:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp.
2692:
1883:
1476:
779:
401:In order to actualize the dream of a unified
239:among locals grew and led to killings in the
8:
181:also has significant relationship with the
91:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1890:
1876:
1868:
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1344:2012 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro
953:
872:
786:
772:
764:
379:Against and between highland ethnic groups
2556:Interminority racism in the United States
715:Quezon, Manuel L. Jr. (August 27, 2006).
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1120:Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines
17:
435:
3104:Human rights abuses in the Philippines
2628:Sociology of race and ethnic relations
243:area. Another event is after the 1762
7:
2651:
1410:Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
89:adding citations to reliable sources
2041:Discrimination based on nationality
924:Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
753:"Discrimination in the Philippines"
674:"Still strangers in their own land"
275:were imprisoned for supporting the
14:
1307:Mindanao State University bombing
3109:Social issues in the Philippines
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3058:
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2660:
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2641:
2640:
1851:
1842:
1841:
672:Fajardo, Rojie (July 25, 2007).
259:, many non-natives specifically
61:
2661:
397:Commonwealth of the Philippines
345:to prevent and resist complete
30:occupies the most in population
3025:British Indian Ocean Territory
2546:Go back to where you came from
1809:British Indian Ocean Territory
1379:Eastern Sabah Security Command
883:Moro National Liberation Front
629:The Chinese in Philippine life
409:Institute of National Language
1:
1430:Cross border attacks in Sabah
1394:Joint Peace and Security Team
1389:International Monitoring Team
1301:Datu Paglas market occupation
889:Moro Islamic Liberation Front
294:As part of the phenomenon of
286:the ethnic Chinese, aid them
231:'s raids of several towns in
1420:Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
1374:AFP Eastern Mindanao Command
1369:AFP Western Mindanao Command
957:Pro-autonomy or independence
895:MNLF Executive Council of 15
876:Pro-autonomy or independence
577:Borao, José Eugenio (1998).
337:of the group as part of its
255:and nearby port province of
245:British occupation of Manila
1384:Eastern Sabah Security Zone
741:"Racism In The Philippines"
3125:
1338:1996 Final Peace Agreement
1126:Basilan beheading incident
930:Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
526:Junker, Laura Lee (2000).
3053:
2636:
1837:
1259:Central Mindanao bombings
918:Ansar Khalifa Philippines
598:10.1017/S0165115300012407
417:Surian ng Wikang Pambansâ
35:Racism in the Philippines
2774:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1558:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
626:Wickberg, Edgar (1965).
551:Singkit (June 5, 2005).
513:citation.allacademic.com
423:as the baseline for the
3035:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2576:Psychometrics of racism
2026:Anti-miscegenation laws
1819:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1289:Jolo Cathedral bombings
1247:Zamboanga City bombings
1108:Battle of Camp Abubakar
237:anti-Chinese sentiments
26:is determined by which
2541:Ethnic plastic surgery
2036:Biological determinism
1492:Ethnic groups in Asia
1415:Bangsamoro Organic Law
1326:1976 Tripoli Agreement
1235:Dos Palmas kidnappings
161:Against ethnic Chinese
153:people due to alleged
31:
2461:In Jewish communities
2439:Hispanic & Latino
1253:SuperFerry 14 bombing
1144:Zamboanga City crisis
1041:Hamsiraji Marusi Sali
1029:Jainal Antel Sali Jr.
735:. September 10, 2016.
368:complete assimilation
347:cultural assimilation
343:cultural conservatism
21:
2949:United Arab Emirates
2551:Herrenvolk democracy
1733:United Arab Emirates
1445:Proclamation No. 216
1362:and peace monitoring
1277:Bukidnon bus bombing
1271:Maguindanao massacre
1217:Ozamiz Ferry Bombing
1192:Ungkaya Pukan clash
1092:Pata Island massacre
391:Ethnic divide among
364:interethnic marriage
194:Spanish colonization
85:improve this section
2976:limited recognition
2571:Perpetual foreigner
1760:limited recognition
1425:Bangsamoro Republik
1223:Sipadan kidnappings
1202:Incidents involving
1168:Battle of Tipo-Tipo
1150:Operation Darkhorse
1138:Lahad Datu standoff
717:"Philippine racism"
708:Esquire Philippines
557:The Philippine Star
553:"The return voyage"
403:Philippine identity
355:Great Wall of China
2601:Racial integration
2581:Race and sexuality
2386:Japanese Americans
2106:Racial segregation
2096:Racial nationalism
1332:1987 Jeddah Accord
1283:Davao City bombing
1229:Rizal Day bombings
999:Khadaffy Janjalani
859:Palimbang massacre
710:. October 9, 2009.
425:national language.
315:Philippine society
221:Mestizo de Sangley
203:by Chinese pirate
32:
3099:Racism by country
3081:
3080:
3018:other territories
2674:
2673:
2422:African Americans
2369:Chinese Americans
2066:Ethnic stereotype
1865:
1864:
1802:other territories
1458:
1457:
1265:Mindanao bombings
1211:Lahad Datu ambush
1156:Battle of Basilan
1132:Cotabato conflict
1114:Misuari rebellion
1062:
1061:
1005:Ameril Umbra Kato
945:
944:
757:Pinoyexchange.com
745:pinoyexchange.com
537:978-971-550-347-1
372:cultural identity
335:cultural heritage
331:cultural identity
179:Sultanate of Sulu
155:Islamic terrorism
121:
120:
113:
3116:
3094:Ethnic conflicts
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3030:Christmas Island
2716:Sovereign states
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2653:
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2643:
2498:Racial supremacy
2456:Jewish Americans
2434:Native Americans
2403:Zainichi Koreans
2391:Japanese Koreans
2374:Zainichi Chinese
2347:Racism by target
2124:Global apartheid
2116:Racism by region
2101:Racial profiling
2091:Racial hierarchy
1892:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1855:
1845:
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1814:Christmas Island
1500:Sovereign states
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1471:
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1403:Related articles
1241:Siege of Lamitan
1162:Mamasapano clash
1086:Patikul massacre
1074:Battle off Mukah
1023:Radullan Sahiron
954:
873:
841:Jabidah massacre
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759:. November 1999.
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747:. November 2008.
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419:) which adopted
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370:of the family's
366:due to fears of
341:on the basis of
323:self-segregation
317:, some level of
306:community as an
304:Chinese Filipino
296:transculturation
249:Seven Years' War
219:wives and their
175:Kingdom of Tondo
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2708:Racism in Asia
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2611:Racism in sport
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2503:White supremacy
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2046:Ethnic conflict
2018:
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1906:Types of racism
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1011:Albader Parad
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976:Murad Ebrahim
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795:Moro conflict
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659:Asian Studies
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643:971-550-352-7
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300:acculturation
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145:Against Moros
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79:
75:
70:This section
68:
64:
59:
58:
52:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
25:
20:
16:
3014:Dependencies
2944:Turkmenistan
2909:Saudi Arabia
2893:
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2606:Racial quota
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2061:Ethnic slurs
2056:Ethnic jokes
1958:Internalized
1798:Dependencies
1728:Turkmenistan
1693:Saudi Arabia
1035:Ahmed Santos
972:(MNLF EC-15)
897:(MNLF EC-15)
869:Rebel groups
823:
814:Gun cultures
756:
744:
732:
720:
707:
684:December 26,
682:. Retrieved
677:
667:
658:
652:
628:
621:
611:September 8,
609:. Retrieved
592:(1): 22–39.
589:
585:
572:
562:September 8,
560:. Retrieved
556:
546:
527:
521:
512:
503:
494:
485:
477:ResearchGate
476:
467:
456:
447:
438:
416:
390:
382:
293:
284:Christianize
281:
198:
183:Ming dynasty
164:
148:
134:
130:
126:
122:
107:
98:
83:Please help
71:
34:
33:
15:
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2003:Symbolic
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1513:Armenia
950:Leaders
819:Poverty
802:Prelude
733:SunStar
678:iReport
421:Tagalog
357:, as a
277:British
273:Indians
269:Chinese
261:Spanish
229:Koxinga
225:Binondo
209:Sangley
190:Yung Lo
187:Emperor
93:removed
78:sources
53:History
39:history
3004:Taiwan
2939:Turkey
2904:Russia
2839:Kuwait
2819:Jordan
2809:Israel
2769:Cyprus
2754:Brunei
2749:Bhutan
2488:Slavic
2483:Romani
2478:Muslim
2451:Jewish
2398:Korean
2359:Asians
2331:Brazil
2314:Mexico
2304:Canada
2292:Turkey
2282:Israel
2245:Russia
2235:Poland
2220:France
2210:Europe
2129:Africa
1963:Patent
1943:Formal
1923:Covert
1899:Racism
1788:Taiwan
1723:Turkey
1688:Russia
1623:Kuwait
1603:Jordan
1593:Israel
1553:Cyprus
1538:Brunei
1533:Bhutan
1352:(MILF)
1346:(MILF)
1340:(MNLF)
1334:(MNLF)
1328:(MNLF)
1309:(2023)
1303:(2021)
1297:(2020)
1291:(2019)
1285:(2016)
1279:(2014)
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1164:(2015)
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1134:(2008)
1128:(2007)
1116:(2001)
1110:(2000)
1100:(1995)
1094:(1981)
1088:(1977)
1082:(1974)
1076:(1862)
1007:(BIFF)
978:(MILF)
966:(MNLF)
926:(BIFF)
891:(MILF)
885:(MNLF)
861:(1974)
855:(1971)
849:(1971)
843:(1968)
836:Piracy
824:Racism
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386:Manila
271:, and
257:Cavite
253:Manila
241:Manila
201:Manila
177:. The
140:Causes
43:people
3045:Macau
2964:Yemen
2924:Syria
2899:Qatar
2879:Nepal
2814:Japan
2789:India
2779:Egypt
2764:China
2666:Index
2427:Women
2417:Black
2336:Chile
2255:Spain
2230:Italy
2198:Sudan
2188:Libya
2156:Japan
2151:China
1933:Cyber
1829:Macau
1748:Yemen
1708:Syria
1683:Qatar
1663:Nepal
1598:Japan
1573:India
1563:Egypt
1548:China
1435:Ilaga
1043:(ASG)
1037:(RSM)
1031:(ASG)
1025:(ASG)
1019:(ASG)
1013:(ASG)
1001:(ASG)
995:(ASG)
932:(KIM)
920:(AKP)
914:(ASG)
602:S2CID
582:(PDF)
495:Issuu
233:Luzon
217:Indio
28:group
2884:Oman
2849:Laos
2804:Iraq
2799:Iran
2468:LGBT
2354:Arab
2277:Iran
2146:Asia
1668:Oman
1633:Laos
1588:Iraq
1583:Iran
1055:(MG)
1049:(MG)
938:(MG)
829:Rido
686:2014
638:ISBN
613:2012
564:2012
532:ISBN
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