174:
206:, immobilization in a sling for a few days and followed by early range of motion exercises. If range of motion is still limited after joint aspiration it may indicate a mechanical block which is treated surgically. Stable type 2 radial head fractures may be treated as a type 1 if the displacement is minimal. Unstable type 2 - 4 fractures generally warrant surgery. Surgical correction can include fracture fragment excision, radial head reconstruction,
186:
29:
100:
treated according to the severity of the injury and its Mason-Johnston classification. Treatment may be surgical or nonsurgical. Stable isolated fractures typically have excellent outcomes. Unstable fractures with other associated injuries have varying outcomes. Common adverse outcomes include stiffness, pain,
226:
Stable type 1 and 2 radial head fractures often have good outcomes with most cases regaining complete range of motion and having minimal residual stiffness or pain. Outcomes for unstable type 2-4 radial head fractures vary greatly depending on the severity of the injury and the surgical intervention.
201:
Radial head fracture treatment is informed by the Mason-Johnston classification, patient symptoms, and fracture stability. An unstable fracture will involve fracture displacement, fractures to adjacent structures and injury to other associated soft tissues. A stable type 1 radial head fracture is
112:
Radial head fractures are diagnosed from a clinical assessment and diagnostic imaging. Clinical assessment may include pain or tenderness at the radial head, bruising, swelling, and a limited range of motion of the injured elbow. Diagnostic imaging may include ultrasound, plain radiography (x-ray
99:
that typically occurs after a fall on an outstretched arm. They account for approximately one third of all elbow fractures and are frequently associated with other injuries of the elbow. Radial head fractures are diagnosed by a clinical assessment and medical imaging. A radial head fracture is
217:
Rehabilitation exercises are recommended and tailored to fracture and treatment type. It is recommended to wait 6 weeks before resuming load bearing with a stable type 1 fracture and 10-12 weeks following surgery for unstable type 2-4 fractures.
587:
572:
86:
Varies according to severity of injury but may include: immobilization followed by range of motion exercises; joint aspiration with mobilization; surgical correction
736:
641:
1129:
173:
185:
885:
804:
890:
779:
654:
1114:
880:
784:
731:
602:
1254:
960:
945:
634:
930:
774:
711:
37:
1138:
1073:
994:
789:
506:
Hackl, Michael; Leschinger, Tim; Uschok, Stephan; MĂĽller, Lars Peter; Wegmann, Kilian (December 2017).
412:
1143:
1109:
955:
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950:
940:
794:
721:
688:
678:
673:
591:
1228:
1218:
914:
799:
627:
535:
468:
364:
322:
280:
55:
1148:
1119:
1068:
1027:
984:
935:
852:
847:
839:
759:
668:
527:
488:
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432:
384:
342:
300:
211:
207:
73:
45:
1177:
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1100:
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989:
900:
871:
829:
716:
519:
480:
424:
376:
334:
292:
227:
Some of the more common complications of unstable radial head fractures includes stiffness,
120:
A diagnosed radial head fracture can be classified according to the Mason-Johnston system.
1208:
1063:
1058:
1032:
1019:
926:
769:
751:
741:
693:
214:. Associated structures that were damaged during the injury may also need to be repaired.
249:
1223:
1213:
1078:
1049:
1004:
764:
726:
321:
Kaas, Laurens; van Riet, Roger P.; Vroemen, Jos P.A.M.; Eygendaal, Denise (June 2010).
203:
96:
296:
1248:
1200:
1158:
1009:
976:
919:
909:
683:
650:
507:
60:
Pain or tenderness over the radial head; bruising; swelling; limited range of motion.
607:
596:
539:
1186:
862:
824:
114:
619:
428:
380:
113:
imaging), Computed tomography scan (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A
1233:
703:
581:
523:
484:
338:
117:
may be present on diagnostic imaging and may indicate a radial head fracture.
28:
531:
436:
492:
444:
388:
346:
304:
228:
101:
564:
467:
Rosenblatt, Yishai; Athwal, George S.; Faber, Kenneth J. (April 2008).
576:
469:"Current Recommendations for the Treatment of Radial Head Fractures"
363:
Pavić, Roman; Margetić, Petra; Hnatešen, Dijana (November 2015).
623:
816:
365:"Diagnosis of occult radial head and neck fracture in adults"
148:
Minimal displacement with angulation or impression (>2mm)
36:
Radial head fracture (red arrow) with posterior and anterior
411:
Duckworth, A. D.; McQueen, M. M.; Ring, D. (February 2013).
202:
typically managed with conservative measures including
124:
554:
508:"Rehabilitation of elbow fractures and dislocations"
1199:
1176:
1157:
1128:
1099:
1048:
1041:
1018:
975:
899:
870:
861:
838:
815:
750:
702:
661:
558:
164:Radial head fracture with dislocation of the elbow
82:
72:
64:
54:
44:
21:
281:"Radial head fractures: Diagnosis and management"
191:Radial head fracture seen on 3D CT reconstruction
78:Based on of clinical symptoms and medical imaging
635:
231:, nerve damage, and pain/prominent hardware.
8:
323:"The epidemiology of radial head fractures"
1045:
867:
642:
628:
620:
555:
27:
18:
122:
240:
169:
179:CT scan showing a radial head fracture
327:Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
285:Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
156:Comminuted fracture with dislocation
7:
737:Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
358:
356:
316:
314:
279:Bennett, James B. (September 1993).
274:
272:
270:
268:
266:
208:open reduction and internal fixation
473:Orthopedic Clinics of North America
1130:Combined tibia and fibula fracture
14:
210:, and radial head excision with
184:
172:
805:Vertebral compression fracture
413:"Fractures of the radial head"
104:, and hardware complications.
1:
297:10.1016/S1058-2746(09)80088-8
429:10.1302/0301-620X.95B2.29877
417:The Bone & Joint Journal
381:10.1016/j.injury.2015.10.050
108:Diagnosis and classification
222:Prognosis and Complications
68:Fall on an outstretched arm
1271:
780:Craniocervical instability
1115:Le Fort fracture of ankle
785:Flexion teardrop fracture
732:Le Fort fracture of skull
524:10.1007/s11678-017-0425-1
485:10.1016/j.ocl.2007.12.008
339:10.1016/j.jse.2009.10.015
35:
26:
961:Essex-Lopresti fracture
891:Holstein–Lewis fracture
140:Non-displaced fracture
775:Clay-shoveler fracture
712:Basilar skull fracture
212:artificial replacement
1139:Trimalleolar fracture
95:are a common type of
93:Radial head fractures
1144:Bimalleolar fracture
1110:Maisonneuve fracture
248:Daniel K Nishijima.
22:Radial head fracture
795:Holdsworth fracture
722:Mandibular fracture
689:Pathologic fracture
679:Greenstick fracture
674:Chalkstick fracture
125:
1074:Toddler's fracture
915:Monteggia fracture
800:Jefferson fracture
790:Hangman's fracture
123:
1242:
1241:
1195:
1194:
1120:Bosworth fracture
1069:Gosselin fracture
1028:Duverney fracture
971:
970:
840:Shoulder fracture
760:Cervical fracture
669:Avulsion fracture
617:
616:
229:poor bone healing
168:
167:
102:poor bone healing
90:
89:
74:Diagnostic method
16:Medical condition
1262:
1178:Femoral fracture
1168:Patella fracture
1101:Fibular fracture
1091:Tillaux fracture
1084:Plafond fracture
1046:
901:Forearm fracture
872:Humerus fracture
868:
830:Sternal fracture
717:Blowout fracture
655:cartilage damage
644:
637:
630:
621:
556:
544:
543:
512:Obere Extremität
503:
497:
496:
464:
449:
448:
408:
393:
392:
360:
351:
350:
318:
309:
308:
276:
261:
260:
258:
256:
250:"Elbow Fracture"
245:
204:joint aspiration
188:
176:
126:
31:
19:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1191:
1172:
1153:
1149:Pott's fracture
1124:
1095:
1064:Segond fracture
1059:Bumper fracture
1037:
1033:Pipkin fracture
1020:Pelvic fracture
1014:
967:
927:Radius fracture
895:
857:
834:
811:
770:Chance fracture
752:Spinal fracture
746:
742:Zygoma fracture
698:
694:Spiral fracture
657:
648:
618:
613:
612:
567:
553:
548:
547:
505:
504:
500:
466:
465:
452:
410:
409:
396:
362:
361:
354:
320:
319:
312:
278:
277:
264:
254:
252:
247:
246:
242:
237:
224:
199:
192:
189:
180:
177:
110:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1255:Bone fractures
1247:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1164:
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1151:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1079:Pilon fracture
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1050:Tibia fracture
1043:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
981:
979:
973:
972:
969:
968:
966:
965:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
924:
923:
922:
917:
906:
904:
897:
896:
894:
893:
888:
883:
877:
875:
865:
859:
858:
856:
855:
850:
844:
842:
836:
835:
833:
832:
827:
821:
819:
813:
812:
810:
809:
808:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
765:Burst fracture
756:
754:
748:
747:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
727:Nasal fracture
724:
719:
714:
708:
706:
700:
699:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
665:
663:
659:
658:
649:
647:
646:
639:
632:
624:
615:
614:
611:
610:
599:
584:
568:
563:
562:
560:
559:Classification
552:
551:External links
549:
546:
545:
518:(4): 201–207.
498:
479:(2): 173–185.
450:
423:(2): 151–159.
394:
352:
333:(4): 520–523.
310:
291:(5): 264–273.
262:
239:
238:
236:
233:
223:
220:
198:
195:
194:
193:
190:
183:
181:
178:
171:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
109:
106:
97:elbow fracture
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
76:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
52:
51:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1267:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1201:Foot fracture
1198:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:Crus fracture
1156:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1010:Broken finger
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
980:
978:
977:Hand fracture
974:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:Distal radius
928:
925:
921:
920:Hume fracture
918:
916:
913:
912:
911:
910:Ulna fracture
908:
907:
905:
902:
898:
892:
889:
887:
886:Supracondylar
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
873:
869:
866:
864:
860:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
843:
841:
837:
831:
828:
826:
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820:
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791:
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783:
781:
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776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
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762:
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758:
757:
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753:
749:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
707:
705:
701:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:Open fracture
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
645:
640:
638:
633:
631:
626:
625:
622:
609:
605:
604:
600:
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594:
593:
589:
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579:
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569:
566:
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541:
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529:
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521:
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486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
463:
461:
459:
457:
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426:
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386:
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378:
375:: S119–S124.
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332:
328:
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317:
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85:
81:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
57:
53:
49:
47:
43:
40:(blue arrows)
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1187:Hip fracture
863:Arm fracture
825:Rib fracture
601:
586:
571:
515:
511:
501:
476:
472:
420:
416:
372:
368:
330:
326:
288:
284:
253:. Retrieved
243:
225:
216:
200:
132:Description
119:
115:fat pad sign
111:
92:
91:
946:Chauffeur's
1234:Broken toe
608:D000092467
255:9 December
235:References
50:Orthopedic
1229:Calcaneal
1219:Cuneiform
995:Bennett's
651:Fractures
532:1862-6599
437:2049-4394
197:Treatment
83:Treatment
46:Specialty
38:sail sign
1249:Category
1209:Lisfranc
985:Scaphoid
956:Barton's
936:Galeazzi
881:Proximal
853:Scapular
848:Clavicle
540:79629978
493:18374808
445:23365021
389:26584731
347:20149972
305:22959508
56:Symptoms
1005:Busch's
1000:Boxer's
990:Rolando
951:Smith's
941:Colles'
662:General
538:
530:
491:
443:
435:
387:
369:Injury
345:
303:
65:Causes
1224:March
1214:Jones
582:Xxx.x
536:S2CID
129:Type
817:Ribs
704:Head
653:and
603:MeSH
592:9-CM
528:ISSN
489:PMID
441:PMID
433:ISSN
421:95-B
385:PMID
343:PMID
301:PMID
257:2014
1042:Leg
597:xxx
588:ICD
573:ICD
520:doi
481:doi
425:doi
377:doi
335:doi
293:doi
1251::
606::
595::
580::
577:10
534:.
526:.
516:12
514:.
510:.
487:.
477:39
475:.
471:.
453:^
439:.
431:.
419:.
415:.
397:^
383:.
373:46
371:.
367:.
355:^
341:.
331:19
329:.
325:.
313:^
299:.
287:.
283:.
265:^
161:4
153:3
145:2
137:1
1180::
1161::
1132::
1103::
1052::
929:/
903::
874::
643:e
636:t
629:v
590:-
575:-
565:D
542:.
522::
495:.
483::
447:.
427::
391:.
379::
349:.
337::
307:.
295::
289:2
259:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
