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671:, namely tactical and activist media, it differs from conventional mass media in terms of its ideological and behavioural practices, making radical media significant in terms of its amplification of social movements. Downing describes Radical Media as being "generally small-scale and in many different forms, that express an alternative vision to hegemonic policies, and perspectives." Hence, the term categorizes various forms of alternative media that are progressive, reformist and
938:“within the walls of mainstreams” through hosting servers and when reaching out to wider audiences. Further, radical media mainly take place in wealthy regions as the access is granted through possession of sudden info-communication technologies which are ‘taken-for-granted.’ Likewise, the physicality of facilitating extensive reciprocal communication and the limitation of accessing institutional information due to political stance can be other obstacles to radical media.
592:
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941:“Perishability”, on the other hand, is a persistent issue raised by both proponents and dissenters. “Cultural contexts and meanings” change rapidly, accommodating the democratic needs and movement the public is demanding. Although the Internet has significantly contributed, independence of “idea circulation” is not guaranteed, as it lacks “reliable” sources of funding and technologies.
929:
media is extended in order to critically illustrate opposing ideas of corporatism, institutionalism, and regulations. To criticize the mainstream culture and politics, radical media employs situationist detournement that remixes and alters the existing mainstream media contents such as political campaign, commercial entertainment, and popular culture.
863:
Radical media is, however, not limited in technological means of communication. Downing argues that “the full spectrum of radical media in modern cultures includes a huge gamut of activities, from street theatre and murals to dance and song.” While audiences in conventional modes of media are perhaps
928:
The political agenda that the media hold is often seen to be rooted in the early 20th century anarchistic political art movement, Dadaism, which rejects logical reasoning, forces irrationality and intuition. While the early social movements focused on anti-war politics, the use of
Dadaism in radical
803:
Television as a means of communication has a significant role in effectively disseminating messages to a wide audiences. While many television broadcasts are privately owned and operated, governments around the world have legislated to foster democratized public-access television for non-commercial,
655:
content, reformist culture, and democratic process of production and distribution. Advocates support its alternative and oppositional view of mass media, arguing that conventional outlets are politically biased through their production and distribution. However, there are some critics that exist in
937:
While this idealized view may interpret radical media as sole utopian liberators, a bottom-up reversed hierarchy exists which excludes some—reflective to conventional media. In addition, dependency on existing power structures is inevitable, as the technological production (i.e. hosting servers) is
948:
Downing argues that radical media are politically “prefigurative,” openly displaying ideologies in a “populist manner” as an “activist tool.” Thus, reliability is compromised by a subjective interpretation of ‘ordinary.’ Atton and
Couldry explore the matter in comparison to its counterpart. While
846:
The
Internet allows for much faster and wider communication between media producers and their audience. The nature of this mode urges the appearance of an alternative and radical media ecology that reforms previously monopolized public media. This politically “pre-figurative” and action oriented
794:
has been employed by radical media groups for easier access and participation by the wider public and to broadcast their alternative voices in one of the most traditional mass media. Similar to community access television, this mode of media serves geographically oriented communities and their
739:
One way of investigating radical alternative media is through ‘active citizenship.’ Downing argues that its collective ownership, goals, and participation empower the media's political stance. While mass media lessens wider participation due to costly production, radical media provides a more
949:
mass media establishes symbolic powers based on professionalism and its receptive-spectatorship, radical alternative media's reliability comes from audience's active engagement, ‘participatory-editorship,’ where audiences take part in shaping the story through interaction with the authors.
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localized interests. However, radio often attracts smaller or newer radical media groups than television, as the entrance barrier is a lot lower. Accessibility of the
Internet also allows them to set up their broadcast more easily and broadens locality by serving a more global audience.
944:
Silverstone underlines the need to “understand how meanings emerge” in media and their interference through mediation. Along with the problems mentioned above, we tend to overlook the contextual reliability issues when focusing on its political significance.
755:. Like Downing, most who focus on its participatory discourse link disintermediation to “direct democracy." Radical self-reliant meaning-making will transform the representational politics’ distance from conventional powers.
843:, encouraged denaturalization of the conventional media ecology that used to be driven by media conglomerates, while allowing independent media producers to connect with the public as widely as their contestants.
777:” that transforms audiences to investigative “citizen-jurors." Downing explains the discourse with a “prefigurative politic” where media expression reflects their socio-political practice— “Committed speech."
854:
Online media also works as a great advantage to radical media groups for their financial, organizational, and community sustainability as it allows for broader access to lobbyists, members, and individuals.
744:, collective participation through the reconstruction of media-ecology empowers “citizenship” and the community. In this discourse, political cognition occurs naturally through self-education.
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democratic means of two-way communication. Rodriguez’ phrase—“citizens’ media” further explains the development of empowered citizens through self-motivated participation. In her model, like
839:
With the diffusion of
Internet access and affordable technologies, radical media has grown rapidly in the past decade. The democratic and instantaneous nature of the Internet, particularly
703:. Groups that fall under radical media emphasize egalitarian channels characterized by inclusive, action-driven, prefigurative, and marginal practices that challenge conventional media.
902:. While there are a number of political art movements that were employed by radical media, many art historians and cultural analysts associate their artistic styles largely with
1071:
1443:
1392:
Holmes, Brian; Sholette, Gregory (September 2005). "Civil
Disobedience as Art Art as Civil Disobedience: A Conversation Between Brian Holmes and Gregory Sholette".
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in his 1984 study of rebellious communication and social movements emphasizing alternative media's political and goal-oriented activism. Radical media manifests
851:. During the protests, social media was effectively used to communicate, organize, and stay connected with one another to stand against government repressions.
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more personalized, or domesticated, radical media often take form in cultural activisms in a public sphere, fostering a more active and independent audience.
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627:
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To address these contrasting arguments it is crucial to examine how these media develop ideologically and circulate. Radical alternative media manifests by
884:
Radical media contents rely largely on graphic design and artistic visual communication mechanisms that were used in 1960s underground publications, like,
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values, which in turn frees collective creation and “rebellious expression” leading to a more democratic means of communication when compared with
973:
667:' individualistic, and humanistic socio-political model of disintermediation. While the coverage of this term coincides with other branches of
758:
However, neutral democratic mediation is arguably impossible: When examining the political significance, Lievrouw explores collisions between ‘
656:
terms of validating the authenticity of the content, its political ideology, long-term perishability, and the social actions led by the media.
773:’ individualistic, and humanistic socio-political model of disintermediation. In politics, collaborative journalism investigation enforces a “
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utilizing existing communication infrastructures and its supportive users. These types of media are differentiated from conventional
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Power to the people : the graphic design of the radical press and the rise of the counter-culture, 1964-1974
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Indymedia collective at Mato Grosso
Federal University in Cuiabá, Brazil hosting a free radio broadcast in 2004.
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Occupy the Dáil - We are the 99 per cent. Protesters outside the
Oireachtas in Dublin, Republic of Ireland.
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participatory media activity on the
Internet is evident in the revolutionary wave of civil riots in the
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This non-hierarchical and self-reliant development of political consciousness exemplifies its
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675:. Some media that are categorized by radical media include, but are not restricted to,
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Deuze, M. (1 August 2006). "Ethnic media, community media and participatory culture".
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The VideoVoice
Collective does research and evaluation on participatory video.
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Citizens' media against armed conflict : disrupting violence in Colombia
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Radical Documentary and Global Crises: Militant Evidence in the Digital Age
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1371:. Power to the People - The Graphic Design: University of Chicago Press.
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Contesting media power : alternative media in a networked world
1268:"The Idea of Radical Media :: Peović Vuković & Pasquinelli"
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Radical media : rebellious communication and social movements
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16:
Journalistic media that disperse action-oriented political agendas
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1181:(New ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
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alternative, and community oriented content productions.
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are communication outlets that disperse action-oriented
1217:(Repr. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
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Downing, John D. H.; Gil, Genève; Stein, Laura (2001).
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1422:(1st publ. ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE.
1072:
List of independent television stations in the U.S.
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1293:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
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1407:
1343:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
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1442:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
659:The term "radical media" was introduced by
1594:
1580:
1572:
628:
614:
29:
19:For Alternative press disambiguation, see
1500:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
1414:Atton, James L. Hamilton; Chris (2008).
979:Alternative media (U.S. political right)
1156:
974:Alternative media (U.S. political left)
530:
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411:
220:
124:
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1316:"The Perils of the Permanent Campaign"
1245:(Reprinted. ed.). London: SAGE.
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1215:Alternative and activist new media
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829:Community Television Interactive
590:
40:
2238:Party platforms (or manifestos)
1544:Center for Media and Democracy
1:
1567:Freedom of Expression, UNESCO
1289:Rodríguez, Clemencia (2011).
710:A 2010 protests as a part of
579:Pundit / commentator
23:. For the media company, see
2326:Rally 'round the flag effect
1104:Independent World Television
880:Graphics and visual rhetoric
117:Index of journalism articles
1099:Community Media Association
814:Dublin Community Television
799:Community access television
2622:
1213:Lievrouw, Leah A. (2009).
18:
1667:Manipulation (psychology)
893:Black Panther Party Paper
602:Category: Journalism
1845:Criticism of advertising
1471:10.1177/1464884906065512
1109:Independent Media Center
1060:Independent Media Center
809:Public access television
760:Collaborative Behavioral
2507:Promotional merchandise
2218:Character assassination
2155:Narcotizing dysfunction
2029:Photograph manipulation
1742:Guerrilla communication
1539:Media Democracy Project
887:The Whole Earth Catalog
539:Journalists (reporters)
2490:Product demonstrations
1919:Historical negationism
1492:Couldry, Nick (2003).
1418:Alternative journalism
1047:Radical media channels
731:
723:
715:
701:alternative journalism
107:Editorial independence
2422:Reputation management
2341:Psychological warfare
2190:Political campaigning
1999:Firehose of falsehood
1337:Watson, Ryan (2021).
1241:Atton, Chris (2002).
764:Resource Mobilization
729:
721:
709:
693:social movement media
597:Journalism portal
460:Pink-slime journalism
445:Horse race journalism
2457:Corporate propaganda
1077:New Internationalist
874:InSTEDD iLab América
859:Other cultural modes
824:Community television
771:New Social Movements
665:new social movements
435:Freedom of the press
2601:Types of journalism
2545:Media concentration
2417:Non-apology apology
2407:Cult of personality
2135:Emotive conjugation
1889:Burying of scholars
1534:Media Democracy Day
1394:Art Papers Magazine
786:Participatory radio
735:Prefigurative media
649:mass communications
497:Newspaper of record
2528:Influence-for-hire
2321:National mythology
2291:Crowd manipulation
2180:Tabloid journalism
2049:Video manipulation
1994:Fictitious entries
1717:Civil disobedience
1603:Media manipulation
1549:Demosphere Project
1367:Allen, G. (2013).
984:Citizen journalism
775:permanent campaign
732:
724:
716:
673:post-materialistic
661:John D. H. Downing
2596:Alternative media
2583:
2582:
2349:Airborne leaflets
2228:Election promises
2082:Product placement
1957:Alternative facts
1697:Alternative media
1243:Alternative media
1148:
1147:
1117:Related academics
1087:Project Chanology
1034:Pirate television
999:Independent media
969:Alternative media
819:Cork Community TV
712:Project Chanology
689:subcultural media
669:alternative media
645:political agendas
638:
637:
523:Alternative media
475:Yellow journalism
112:Journalism school
21:Alternative press
2613:
2575:Media proprietor
2399:Public relations
2379:Public diplomacy
2364:Information (IT)
2243:Name recognition
1868:Media regulation
1850:Annoyance factor
1707:Call-out culture
1622:Crowd psychology
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1561:Wikinews article
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1024:Open publishing
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1465:(3): 262–280.
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1054:Democracy Now!
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1039:Tactical media
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1004:Media activism
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685:tactical media
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71:code of ethics
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25:@radical.media
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2538:United States
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2301:Fearmongering
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2141:
2140:False balance
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2128:
2126:
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2113:
2112:
2110:
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2098:
2097:Word of mouth
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2015:
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1884:Broadcast law
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1732:Deplatforming
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1637:False balance
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1128:Rodney Benson
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1093:Positive News
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1014:Media justice
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681:student media
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641:Radical media
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564:Meteorologist
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454:False balance
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425:Fourth Estate
423:
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412:Social impact
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57:Writing style
55:
53:
50:
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43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
26:
22:
2560:Media ethics
2480:Door-to-door
2475:Cold calling
2452:Weasel words
2359:Fifth column
2253:Push polling
2203:Astroturfing
2165:Pseudo-event
2145:Infotainment
2120:Broadcasting
2039:Urban legend
1962:April Fools'
1835:Testimonials
1805:Infomercials
1632:Dumbing down
1495:
1487:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1417:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1368:
1339:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1314:Klein, Joe.
1309:
1290:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1266:Medak, Tom.
1261:
1242:
1214:
1178:
1142:
1138:Jean Burgess
1116:
1115:
1091:
1064:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1029:Pirate radio
962:
961:
947:
943:
940:
936:
927:
919:détournement
898:
892:
885:
883:
862:
853:
845:
838:
835:Online media
802:
789:
768:
757:
746:
738:
658:
651:through its
640:
639:
574:Photographer
508:TV and radio
440:Infotainment
430:Fifth Estate
329:Interpretive
279:Comics-based
2432:Sound bites
2412:Doublespeak
2263:Wedge issue
2223:Dog whistle
2198:Advertising
2024:Lying press
2009:Gaslighting
1787:Advertising
1762:Occupations
1652:Obfuscation
1642:Half-truths
1559:software. (
1557:interactive
1553:open source
1322:13 February
1274:12 February
1123:Chris Atton
849:Arab Spring
749:anarchistic
653:progressive
559:Copy editor
389:Underground
304:Explanatory
229:Adversarial
198:Video games
153:Environment
92:Attribution
87:News values
82:Objectivity
2606:Mass media
2590:Categories
2533:Media bias
2389:Subversion
2354:False flag
2331:Techniques
2273:Propaganda
2233:Lawn signs
2213:Canvassing
2107:News media
1863:Censorship
1795:Billboards
1747:Hacktivism
1737:Grassroots
1662:Persuasion
1507:0742523845
1459:Journalism
1252:0761967710
1188:0803956991
1019:Mass media
914:, and the
912:surrealism
869:CrowdVoice
753:mass media
493:Newspapers
484:News media
450:Media bias
354:Non-profit
339:Multimedia
259:Churnalism
188:Technology
97:Defamation
34:Journalism
2495:Promotion
2374:Political
2281:Bandwagon
2208:Attack ad
2087:Publicity
2059:Marketing
1972:Fake news
1934:Religious
1929:Political
1909:Euphemism
1904:Cover-ups
1899:Corporate
1767:Petitions
1657:Orwellian
1627:Deception
1479:145288412
1438:cite book
1270:. YouTube
963:Read more
933:Criticism
742:Indymedia
544:Columnist
503:Magazines
420:Fake news
344:Narrative
324:Immersion
284:Community
254:Broadcast
2442:Transfer
2384:Sedition
2248:Negative
2160:Newspeak
2150:Managing
2092:Research
2067:Branding
2019:Literary
1984:Fakelore
1977:websites
1967:Deepfake
1924:Internet
1815:Modeling
1772:Protests
1752:Internet
1685:Advocacy
1677:Activism
1400:(5): 28.
1082:OhmyNews
1066:InfoWars
953:See also
513:Internet
404:Watchdog
294:Database
249:Blogging
244:Analytic
234:Advocacy
173:Politics
163:Medicine
138:Business
2521:Related
2500:Spaving
2485:Pricing
2427:Slogans
2369:Lawfare
2306:Framing
2286:Big lie
2077:Product
2072:Loyalty
2004:Forgery
1949:Hoaxing
1830:Slogans
1810:Mobiles
1702:Boycott
1610:Context
908:dadaism
841:Web 2.0
549:Blogger
384:Tabloid
359:Opinion
264:Citizen
208:Weather
193:Traffic
178:Science
158:Fashion
77:Culture
61:Five Ws
2125:Circus
2034:Racial
1529:TNKRTV
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399:Visual
379:Sensor
221:Genres
183:Sports
67:Ethics
2467:Sales
2170:Scrum
2130:Cycle
2044:Virus
1914:Films
1879:Books
1820:Radio
1800:False
1777:Youth
1757:Media
1690:group
1647:Media
1475:S2CID
781:Modes
531:Roles
394:Video
364:Peace
314:Gonzo
269:Civic
213:World
168:Music
125:Areas
2437:Spin
2014:List
1939:Self
1617:Bias
1555:and
1502:ISBN
1444:link
1424:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1324:2014
1295:ISBN
1276:2014
1247:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1183:ISBN
289:Data
143:Data
133:Arts
52:News
1825:Sex
1467:doi
203:War
2592::
1840:TV
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
