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historically there has been occasional use of sea vessels—fitting the most common perception of a pirate—as broadcasting bases. Rules and regulations vary largely from country to country, but often the term pirate radio describes the unlicensed broadcast of FM radio, AM radio, or shortwave signals over a wide range. In some places, radio stations are legal where the signal is transmitted, but illegal where the signals are received—especially when the signals cross a national boundary. In other cases, a broadcast may be considered "pirate" due to the type of content, its transmission format, or the transmitting power (wattage) of the station, even if the transmission is not technically illegal (such as a webcast or an amateur radio transmission). Pirate radio stations are sometimes referred to as bootleg radio or clandestine stations.
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of a given FM signal was much shorter; thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime. All FM broadcast transmissions are line-of-sight, and ionospheric bounce is not viable. The much larger bandwidths, compared to AM and SSB, are more susceptible to phase dispersion. Propagation speeds are fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency. The celerity difference between the highest and lowest sidebands is quite apparent to the listener. Such distortion occurs up to frequencies of approximately 50 MHz. Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere, nor from storm clouds. Moon reflections have been used in some experiments, but require impractical power levels.
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this provided adequate fidelity for existing microphones, 78 rpm recordings, and loudspeakers. The fidelity of sound equipment subsequently improved considerably, but the receivers did not. Reducing the bandwidth of the receivers reduces the cost of manufacturing and makes them less prone to interference. AM stations are never assigned adjacent channels in the same service area. This prevents the sideband power generated by two stations from interfering with each other.
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803:. Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939 but did not pose a significant threat to the AM broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver. The frequencies used, 42 to 50 MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current frequencies, 88 to 108 MHz, began after the end of
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AM radio transmitters can transmit audio frequencies up to 15 kHz (now limited to 10 kHz in the US due to FCC rules designed to reduce interference), but most receivers are only capable of reproducing frequencies up to 5 kHz or less. At the time that AM broadcasting began in the 1920s,
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Radio in education soon followed, and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry
College in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs.
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The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power, the range
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spectrum. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries, greater spacing is sometimes mandatory, such as in New
Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing (previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available
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Pirate radio is illegal or non-regulated radio transmission. It is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes. Sometimes it is used for illegal two-way radio operation. Its history can be traced back to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but
1005:
Broadcasters in one country have several reasons to reach out to an audience in other countries. Commercial broadcasters may simply see a business opportunity to sell advertising or subscriptions to a broader audience. This is more efficient than broadcasting to a single country, because domestic
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FM radio on the new band had to begin from the ground floor. As a commercial venture, it remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until the 1960s. The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM
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of the ionosphere. In a crowded channel environment, this means that the power of regional channels which share a frequency must be reduced at night or directionally beamed in order to avoid interference, which reduces the potential nighttime audience. Some stations have frequencies unshared with
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is not needed to accommodate an audio signal — 20 kHz to 30 kHz is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth allowed room for ±75 kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency, plus guard bands to reduce or eliminate adjacent channel
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on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on
November 19, 1923. The delay was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment, and cultural fare for several decades.
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reasons. Many government-owned stations portray their nation in a positive, non-threatening way. This could be to encourage business investment in or tourism to the nation. Another reason is to combat a negative image produced by other nations or internal dissidents, or insurgents.
560:-based company that reports on radio audiences, defines a "radio station" as a government-licensed AM or FM station; an HD Radio (primary or multicast) station; an internet stream of an existing government-licensed station; one of the satellite radio channels from
664:. Many of them can be heard across much of the country at night. During the night, absorption largely disappears and permits signals to travel to much more distant locations via ionospheric reflections. However, fading of the signal can be severe at night.
815:"). The FCC limited this practice in the 1960s. By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became the dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater range, AM remained more common in rural environments.
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stations without objectionable interference. After several years, the tuner was discontinued. Bob Carver had left the company and the Carver
Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely.
594:, a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the
248:) when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the reverse direction because the plate was not heated, and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons. Later known as the
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621:(EMI). One advantage of AM radio signal is that it can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered
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organizations. Shortwave transmissions can have international or inter-continental range depending on atmospheric conditions. Long-wave AM broadcasting occurs in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The
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A second reason is to advance a nation's foreign policy interests and agenda by disseminating its views on international affairs or on the events in particular parts of the world. During the
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propagation at these frequencies is little affected by daily changes in the ionosphere, so broadcasters need not reduce power at night to avoid interference with other transmitters.
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Besides ideological reasons, many stations are run by religious broadcasters and are used to provide religious education, religious music, or worship service programs. For example,
882:(Band III) system. DAB is used mainly in the UK and South Africa. Germany and the Netherlands use the DAB and DAB+ systems, and France uses the L-Band system of DAB Digital Radio.
1018:, the broadcasting arm of the apartheid South African government, is an example of this. A third reason is to promote the ideology of the broadcaster. For example, a program on
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In addition, formats change in popularity as time passes and technology improves. Early radio equipment only allowed program material to be broadcast in real time, known as
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By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting was quickly becoming viable. However, an early audio transmission that could be termed a
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in 1999), and later in the United States, France, the
Netherlands, South Africa, and many other countries worldwide. The simplest system is named DAB Digital Radio, for
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was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM.
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on June 15, 1920, where she sang two arias and her famous trill. She was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The
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780:—a piggyback signal that rides on the main signal. Additional unused capacity is used by some broadcasters to transmit utility functions such as background
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systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated.
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and was to some extent imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a potentially serious threat.
228:. He developed a device that he called an "oscillation valve," because it passes current in only one direction. The heated filament, or
763:(RFI), which plagued AM radio reception. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart in the
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have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and Asia. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity.
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of radio stations. Some stations now operate without direct human intervention by using entirely pre-recorded material sequenced by
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Governments typically have different motivations for funding international broadcasting. One clear reason is for ideological, or
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designates the 88–92 megahertz band in the U.S. for non-profit or educational programming, with advertising prohibited.
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entertainment programs and information gathered by domestic news staff can be cheaply repackaged for non-domestic audiences.
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devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences.
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did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the
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interference. The larger bandwidth allows for broadcasting a 15 kHz bandwidth audio signal plus a 38 kHz
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garage with the call letters 8XK. Later, the station was moved to the top of the
Westinghouse factory building in
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started broadcasting on
November 6, 1919, making it arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916,
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improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming used pre-recorded material. A current trend is the
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bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night). For example, the
1999:
1749:"How America Adopted Radio: Demographic Differences in Set Ownership Reported in the 1930–1950 U.S. Censuses"
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system that puts digital broadcasts at frequencies adjacent to the analog broadcast. HD Radio is owned by a
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287:. It was not put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers.
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that demonstrated that an AM broadcast can meet or exceed the 15 kHz baseband bandwidth allotted to
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2011:
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264:, which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called
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in Japan and the ROK were two unsuccessful satellite radio operators which have gone out of business.
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1355:
Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of vacuum tubes: Early devices and the rise of radio communications".
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225:
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1973:
1512:
Dawn of the
Electronic Age: Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World, 1914 to 1945
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began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time.
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318:, although this is disputed. While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to
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415:. A famous broadcast from Marconi's New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous
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on
November 2, 1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in the United States. The
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The enormous entry costs of space-based satellite transmitters and restrictions on available
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640:(known as the "standard broadcast band"). The band was expanded in the 1990s by adding nine
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bands. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or
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Radio program formats differ by country, regulation, and markets. For instance, the U.S.
1048:" that was otherwise being censored and promote dissent and occasionally, to disseminate
275:(mercury-vapor filled with a control grid) was created on March 4, 1906, by the Austrian
1566:
Guarnieri, M. (2012). "The age of vacuum tubes: the conquest of analog communications".
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in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became
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shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily.
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As well as on the medium wave bands, amplitude modulation (AM) is also used on the
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DRM system, which is used by a relatively small number of broadcasters worldwide.
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AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to
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2031:– 10.000+ radio stations worldwide with ratings, comments and listen live links
1177:, which was formed by the merger of XM and Sirius on July 29, 2008, whereas in
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The broadcasting regulators of the United States and Canada have chosen to use
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610:, though this never gained popularity and very few receivers were ever sold.
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2044:– The Web Radio Tuner has a comprehensive list of over 50.000 radio stations
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in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world, followed by
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from 1,605 to 1,705 kHz. Channels are spaced every 10 kHz in the
1927:
1087:, established in 1931, broadcasts such programs. Another station, such as
759:
invented wide-band FM radio in the early 1930s to overcome the problem of
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was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM broadcasting.
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In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the
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stations can be found throughout the world. Many stations broadcast on
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will carry brokered programming from evangelists. In the case of the
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1996:
201:, announcing PCGG's debut broadcast scheduled for the next evening.
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2021:
2018:"The SWDXER" – with general SWL information and radio antenna tips
1625:"Broadcasting's Oldest Stations: An Examination of Four Claimants"
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781:
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Radio
Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the
103:
in Earth orbit. To receive the content the listener must have a
2083:– has a directory with thousands of Latin America Radio Stations
1983:
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847:
338:
128:
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159:. Newer, digital radio stations transmit in several different
1458:"US841387A - Device for amplifying feeble electrical currents"
920:
772:
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The signal is subject to interference from electrical storms (
568:; or, potentially, a station that is not government licensed.
428:
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station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922. The
424:
404:
299:
139:. Analog radio broadcasts use one of two types of radio wave
29:
Transmission by radio waves intended to reach a wide audience
2008:
39:
This article is about audio signals. For video signals, see
1099:, both governmental and religious programming is provided.
32:"Radio station" redirects here. For a broader concept, see
455:
By 1931, a majority of U.S. households owned at least one
1667:"CARS - Marconi Hall Street, New Street and 2MT callsign"
494:
Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include
1970:
1883:"John Shepard's FM Stations—America's first FM network."
1416:(ed.) "History of wireless", John Wiley and Sons, 2006.
1722:
1052:. Currently, the US operates similar services aimed at
602:
radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some
1957:
1107:
Extensions of traditional radio-wave broadcasting for
490:
Transmission diagram of sound broadcasting (AM and FM)
1097:
Broadcasting Services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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2057:– A general reference to radio spectrum allocations
1703:"Early History of Radio Broadcasting in Argentina."
1623:Baudino, Joseph E; John M. Kittross (Winter 1977).
131:of a radio broadcast depends on whether it uses an
795:The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the
660:other stations in North America; these are called
648:, and generally every 9 kHz everywhere else.
2070:– Search for radio stations throughout the Europe
1044:were founded to broadcast news from "behind the
224:, was invented in 1904 by the English physicist
197:Advertisement placed on November 5, 1919 in the
655:during the day due to strong absorption in the
598:band. In response to the growing popularity of
1754:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
89:the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based
4037:
3756:
3372:
2965:
2546:
2103:
1685:"BBC History – The BBC takes to the Airwaves"
788:auxiliary signals, or financial market data.
737:airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108
502:stations. There are several subtypes, namely
8:
4158:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1980:– Information about radio stations worldwide
268:. However, an amplifier was still required.
256:of alternating current, and as a radio wave
1537:"Mass consumption - The invention of radio"
955:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4044:
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4022:
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2096:
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1993:– Links to 13,000 radio stations worldwide
3772:List of radio stations in North America
1958:Federal Communications Commission website
1515:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 14–15.
975:Learn how and when to remove this message
439:and other European broadcasters in 1923.
357:. Westinghouse relaunched the station as
345:, an electrical engineer employed at the
111:). Stations are often affiliated with a
4053:List of radio stations in South America
1892:Boston Radio Archives (BostonRadio.org).
1392:Umleitung zur Homepage von H.-T. Schmidt
1189:remained separate companies until 2010.
992:
192:
1328:
1173:exist. Both XM and Sirius are owned by
651:AM transmissions cannot be ionospheric
431:was amalgamated in 1922 and received a
279:; independently, on October 25, 1906,
1813:The Concise Oxford English Dictionary
1811:Based on the "interference" entry of
1712:The Broadcast Archive (Oldradio.com).
294:Control room and radio studio of the
7:
1855:Grodkowski, Paul (August 24, 2015).
953:adding citations to reliable sources
897:of private companies that is called
236:of electrons that would flow to the
185:History of radio § Broadcasting
1858:Beginning Shortwave Radio Listening
1597:O'Neal, James (December 23, 2008).
859:broadcasting has emerged, first in
466:Use of a sound broadcasting station
99:the radio waves are broadcast by a
1157:licenses has restricted growth of
556:, formerly known as Arbitron, the
365:designation came from the type of
115:that provides content in a common
25:
3388:List of radio stations in Europe
2562:List of radio stations in Africa
1213:Federal Communications Commission
375:Harding/Cox Presidential Election
347:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
4172:Category:Lists of radio stations
3886:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3340:
3331:
3330:
2861:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2631:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2224:BitTorrent television and movies
1245:Broadcasting construction permit
1222:broadcasting. As technology for
1022:from the 1960s to the 1980s was
925:
636:frequency range of 525 to 1,705
586:AM broadcasting stations in 2006
69:(sound), sometimes with related
2981:List of radio stations in Asia
2480:Director of network programming
1832:. July 13, 2012. Archived from
1826:"Types of Technology, FM vs AM"
606:stations began broadcasting in
337:In The Hague, the Netherlands,
3298:British Indian Ocean Territory
2182:Digital terrestrial television
1907:The Archives @ BostonRadio.org
1599:"Fessenden — The Next Chapter"
1484:"US879532A - Space telegraphy"
349:, began broadcasting from his
87:terrestrial radio broadcasting
1:
2455:Television news screen layout
355:East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
4011:United States Virgin Islands
2422:Broadcast television systems
2328:Children's television series
1928:"FM Broadcasting Chronology"
1903:"The Yankee Network in 1936"
1771:10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_2
1336:"Vintage Radio Web: Philips"
761:radio-frequency interference
619:electromagnetic interference
260:. This greatly improved the
199:Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant
2324:Children's interest channel
283:patented his three-element
34:Radio communication station
4233:
2066:September 6, 2011, at the
2053:September 2, 2010, at the
1963:February 17, 2011, at the
1888:February 12, 2006, at the
1793:"What is a Radio Station?"
1509:Nebeker, Frederik (2009).
1266:International broadcasting
1204:
1161:broadcasts. In the US and
1146:
1062:People's Republic of China
989:International broadcasting
986:
917:International broadcasting
909:(DRM), has introduced the
873:Digital Audio Broadcasting
840:Digital audio broadcasting
837:
822:
749:. Russia, like the former
725:broadcast stations in 2006
711:
575:
508:non-commercial educational
182:
165:Digital Audio Broadcasting
38:
31:
3986:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3326:
2528:
2523:Links to related articles
2430:Digital on-screen graphic
2343:Movie television channels
2319:Adult television channels
2035:Online-Radio-Stations.org
2002:January 16, 2006, at the
1976:January 26, 2006, at the
1641:10.1080/08838157709363817
1436:History of Electron Tubes
1341:February 7, 2020, at the
1175:Sirius XM Satellite Radio
834:Terrestrial digital radio
389:on May 20, 1920, and the
351:Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania
4006:Turks and Caicos Islands
3047:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2616:Central African Republic
2394:Women's interest channel
2040:August 10, 2020, at the
1989:August 28, 2017, at the
1576:10.1109/MIE.2012.2193274
1365:10.1109/MIE.2012.2182822
1193:in Africa and Asia, and
1058:Radio y TelevisiĂłn MartĂ
326:started broadcasting in
252:, it could be used as a
163:standards, such as DAB (
105:broadcast radio receiver
3308:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2258:Multichannel television
2248:Commercial broadcasting
2219:Peer-to-peer television
1708:April 24, 2021, at the
1629:Journal of Broadcasting
1541:Making the Modern World
1276:Low power radio station
1261:History of broadcasting
628:AM broadcasts occur on
504:commercial broadcasting
402:Marconi Research Centre
363:commercial broadcasting
189:History of broadcasting
41:Over-the-air television
3936:British Virgin Islands
3437:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2338:Men's interest channel
2294:Religious broadcasting
2079:April 7, 2013, at the
2074:Radio Emisoras Latinas
2027:June 11, 2019, at the
2014:June 21, 2007, at the
1815:, 11th edition, online
1723:"Curry College - Home"
1568:IEEE Ind. Electron. M.
1386:Schmidt, Hans-Thomas.
1357:IEEE Ind. Electron. M.
1171:Sirius Satellite Radio
1002:
997:Worldwide presence of
907:Digital Radio Mondiale
852:Digital Radio Mondiale
757:Edwin Howard Armstrong
726:
698:religious broadcasting
662:clear-channel stations
623:crystal radio receiver
587:
566:Sirius Satellite Radio
491:
467:
303:
202:
173:Digital Radio Mondiale
81:belonging to a public
55:
50:Broadcasting tower in
4196:year of establishment
3876:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2776:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2636:Republic of the Congo
2048:UnwantedEmissions.com
1830:kwarner.bravehost.com
1747:Craig, Steve (2004).
1165:, just two services,
996:
721:
585:
518:varieties as well as
489:
472:ITU Radio Regulations
465:
387:broadcast programming
310:may have occurred on
298:broadcasting company
293:
196:
121:broadcast syndication
49:
3222:United Arab Emirates
2487:Outside broadcasting
2022:RadioStationZone.com
1997:BBC reception advice
1271:List of radio topics
949:improve this section
731:frequency modulation
592:amplitude modulation
476:broadcasting station
393:station that became
381:station that became
226:John Ambrose Fleming
153:frequency modulation
145:amplitude modulation
3891:Trinidad and Tobago
3786:Antigua and Barbuda
3653:States with limited
3249:limited recognition
2851:States with limited
2389:Sports broadcasting
2333:Documentary channel
2289:Public broadcasting
2196:Internet television
1439:, IOS Press, 1994,
1433:SĹŤgo Okamura (ed),
1117:television networks
1111:in general include
901:. An international
778:stereo "subcarrier"
512:public broadcasting
474:(article1.61) each
413:Chelmsford, England
302:(YLE) in the 1930s.
234:thermionic emission
4217:Radio broadcasting
3826:Dominican Republic
2502:Television licence
2470:Broadcast designer
2009:DXradio.50webs.com
1701:Atgelt, Carlos A.
1490:. January 29, 1907
1464:. October 25, 1906
1316:Television station
1311:Sports commentator
1167:XM Satellite Radio
1109:audio broadcasting
1024:What is Communism?
1003:
891:in-band on-channel
784:for public areas,
741:everywhere except
727:
588:
562:XM Satellite Radio
492:
468:
316:Reginald Fessenden
304:
203:
59:Radio broadcasting
56:
4204:
4203:
4167:
4166:
4139:other territories
4019:
4018:
3908:other territories
3738:
3737:
3354:
3353:
3291:other territories
2947:
2946:
2878:other territories
2651:Equatorial Guinea
2515:
2514:
2507:Television studio
2475:Broadcast license
2462:Network affiliate
2445:On-screen display
2412:Broadcast network
2382:Livestreamed news
2372:Business channels
2367:News broadcasting
2284:Pirate television
2275:News broadcasting
2155:Mobile television
1984:Radio-Locator.com
1932:Jeff Miller Pages
1881:Halper, Donna L.
1388:"Die Liebenröhre"
1345:(vintageradio.nl)
1301:Radio personality
1093:Trans World Radio
1040:and Indian Radio
1034:Radio Free Europe
985:
984:
977:
771:Bandwidth of 200
367:broadcast license
277:Robert von Lieben
232:, was capable of
16:(Redirected from
4224:
4159:
4147:Falkland Islands
4061:Sovereign states
4046:
4039:
4032:
4023:
3976:Saint Barthélemy
3906:Dependencies and
3779:Sovereign states
3765:
3758:
3751:
3742:
3691:Dependencies and
3395:Sovereign states
3381:
3374:
3367:
3358:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3303:Christmas Island
2989:Sovereign states
2974:
2967:
2960:
2951:
2939:
2938:(United Kingdom)
2934:Tristan da Cunha
2930:Ascension Island
2922:
2909:
2900:
2876:Dependencies and
2569:Sovereign states
2555:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2519:
2362:Shopping channel
2352:Music television
2112:
2105:
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2089:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
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1917:
1915:
1913:
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1879:
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1845:
1843:
1841:
1836:on July 13, 2012
1822:
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1675:
1674:
1671:www.g0mwt.org.uk
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1647:on March 6, 2008
1643:. Archived from
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1547:on April 5, 2017
1543:. Archived from
1533:
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980:
973:
969:
966:
960:
929:
921:
733:, and occurs on
676:tuner employing
632:airwaves in the
218:thermionic valve
127:, or both. The
21:
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3672:Northern Cyprus
3654:
3648:
3569:North Macedonia
3390:
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3355:
3350:
3322:
3290:
3281:
3262:Northern Cyprus
3248:
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2564:
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2524:
2516:
2511:
2404:
2398:
2310:
2303:
2253:Community radio
2235:
2229:
2209:Streaming media
2121:
2116:
2086:
2081:Wayback Machine
2068:Wayback Machine
2055:Wayback Machine
2042:Wayback Machine
2029:Wayback Machine
2016:Wayback Machine
2004:Wayback Machine
1991:Wayback Machine
1978:Wayback Machine
1965:Wayback Machine
1953:
1948:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1934:. June 23, 2017
1926:
1925:
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1911:
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1890:Wayback Machine
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1710:Wayback Machine
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1414:Tapan K. Sarkar
1412:
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1397:
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1380:
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1353:
1349:
1343:Wayback Machine
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1240:
1224:sound recording
1209:
1203:
1201:Program formats
1183:XM Radio Canada
1159:Satellite radio
1151:
1149:Satellite radio
1145:
1133:streaming media
1125:satellite radio
1105:
1078:Radio Free Asia
991:
981:
970:
964:
961:
946:
930:
919:
875:, and uses the
854:
838:Main articles:
836:
827:
821:
765:radio frequency
716:
714:FM broadcasting
710:
678:notch filtering
580:
578:AM broadcasting
574:
520:community radio
484:
324:Charles Herrold
211:radiotelegraphy
191:
181:
96:satellite radio
79:radio receivers
44:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
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3941:Cayman Islands
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3693:other entities
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3459:
3457:Czech Republic
3454:
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2887:Canary Islands
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1951:External links
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1050:disinformation
987:Main article:
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797:Yankee Network
712:Main article:
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604:North American
576:Main article:
573:
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548:Deutsche Welle
528:hospital radio
526:stations, and
522:, student-run
483:
480:
457:radio receiver
444:Teatro Coliseo
371:advertisements
320:radiotelephone
209:stations were
180:
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137:digital signal
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3705:Faroe Islands
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3677:South Ossetia
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3272:South Ossetia
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2691:Guinea-Bissau
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2136:
2135:Radio program
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2101:
2099:
2094:
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2082:
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2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:Radio stanice
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1868:9781468964240
1864:
1861:. Booktango.
1860:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1835:
1831:
1827:
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1805:
1800:
1799:
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1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
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1743:
1740:
1728:
1727:www.curry.edu
1724:
1718:
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1505:
1502:
1489:
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1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:90-5199-145-2
1442:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:0-471-71814-9
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
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1322:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:RF modulation
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Radio network
1294:
1292:
1291:Radio antenna
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
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1269:
1267:
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1262:
1259:
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1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Sirius Canada
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:, local wire
1114:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:Vatican Radio
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:Radio Liberty
1035:
1032:the American
1031:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
990:
979:
976:
968:
958:
954:
950:
944:
943:
939:
934:This section
932:
928:
923:
922:
916:
914:
912:
911:public domain
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
878:
877:public domain
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:Digital radio
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
831:
826:
818:
816:
814:
808:
806:
802:
799:, located in
798:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
769:
766:
762:
758:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:FM refers to
724:
720:
715:
707:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
665:
663:
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647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
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616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
584:
579:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
558:United States
555:
554:Nielsen Audio
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
464:
460:
458:
452:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
433:Royal Charter
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:Christmas Eve
309:
301:
297:
292:
288:
286:
282:
281:Lee De Forest
278:
274:
269:
267:
266:cat's whisker
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Fleming valve
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
205:The earliest
200:
195:
190:
186:
178:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:digital audio
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:radio network
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:
92:
91:radio station
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
48:
42:
35:
27:
19:
4135:Dependencies
4001:Sint Maarten
3981:Saint Martin
3682:Transnistria
3287:Dependencies
3217:Turkmenistan
3182:Saudi Arabia
2926:Saint Helena
2897:
2801:South Africa
2791:Sierra Leone
2596:Burkina Faso
2466:Occupations
2357:Quiz channel
2280:Pirate radio
2268:Pay-per-view
2243:Campus radio
2234:Broadcasting
2119:Broadcasting
1936:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1906:
1897:
1877:
1857:
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:the original
1829:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1801:. p. 6.
1796:
1787:
1758:
1752:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1632:
1628:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:
1592:
1567:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1545:the original
1540:
1531:
1511:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1487:
1478:
1466:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1434:
1429:
1409:
1396:. Retrieved
1391:
1381:
1356:
1350:
1331:
1219:
1217:
1210:
1207:Radio format
1152:
1106:
1082:
1046:Iron Curtain
1027:
1023:
1020:Radio Moscow
1008:
1004:
1001:broadcasters
971:
962:
947:Please help
935:
884:
867:in 1995 and
855:
828:
825:Pirate radio
819:Pirate radio
813:simulcasting
809:
805:World War II
794:
790:
770:
755:
751:Soviet Union
728:
687:
666:
650:
627:
617:) and other
612:
589:
552:
524:campus radio
493:
475:
469:
453:
448:Buenos Aires
441:
421:Nellie Melba
399:
343:Frank Conrad
336:
307:
305:
270:
243:
237:
220:, a kind of
215:
204:
198:
119:, either in
117:radio format
108:
94:
90:
86:
63:broadcasting
58:
57:
26:
3971:Puerto Rico
3881:Saint Lucia
3831:El Salvador
3720:Isle of Man
3655:recognition
3629:Switzerland
3564:Netherlands
3346:Asia portal
3247:States with
3167:Philippines
3107:South Korea
3102:North Korea
2997:Afghanistan
2853:recognition
2806:South Sudan
2696:Ivory Coast
2440:News ticker
2435:Lower third
2405:and funding
2348:Music radio
1798:Radio World
1765:: 179–195.
1651:January 18,
1603:Radio World
1394:(in German)
1255:Disc jockey
1113:cable radio
1074:North Korea
999:Radio Maria
905:consortium
801:New England
702:ground wave
672:created an
634:medium wave
470:In line to
437:Czech Radio
314:in 1906 by
262:crystal set
222:vacuum tube
93:, while in
75:radio waves
3966:Montserrat
3961:Martinique
3956:Guadeloupe
3811:Costa Rica
3599:San Marino
3559:Montenegro
3539:Luxembourg
3519:Kazakhstan
3422:Azerbaijan
3227:Uzbekistan
3202:Tajikistan
3117:Kyrgyzstan
3097:Kazakhstan
3017:Bangladesh
3007:Azerbaijan
2908:(Portugal)
2866:Somaliland
2786:Seychelles
2751:Mozambique
2736:Mauritania
2721:Madagascar
2676:The Gambia
2611:Cape Verde
2497:Press pool
2403:Production
2299:Talk radio
1971:DXing.info
1938:August 10,
1912:August 10,
1840:August 10,
1551:October 4,
1494:August 10,
1468:August 10,
1447:, page 20.
1404:DRP 179807
1398:August 10,
1323:References
1228:automation
1191:Worldspace
1103:Extensions
1060:) and the
1011:propaganda
903:non-profit
895:consortium
880:EUREKA 147
811:station ("
670:Bob Carver
653:propagated
516:non-profit
328:California
300:Yleisradio
183:See also:
171:, or DRM (
141:modulation
4124:Venezuela
4069:Argentina
3951:Greenland
3866:Nicaragua
3841:Guatemala
3710:Gibraltar
3534:Lithuania
3313:Hong Kong
3267:Palestine
3192:Sri Lanka
3187:Singapore
3067:Indonesia
2741:Mauritius
2492:Press box
2450:Score bug
2426:Graphics
2309:Specialty
2189:Satellite
2150:Satellite
1967:– fcc.gov
1779:145186571
1763:Routledge
1635:: 61–82.
1570:: 52–54.
1359:: 41–43.
1250:Call sign
1234:control.
1143:Satellite
1121:DTV radio
1016:Radio RSA
965:June 2021
936:does not
694:long wave
690:shortwave
674:AM stereo
615:lightning
608:AM stereo
600:FM stereo
596:long wave
532:shortwave
308:broadcast
254:rectifier
125:simulcast
101:satellite
52:Trondheim
4211:Category
4188:language
4114:Suriname
4104:Paraguay
4089:Colombia
3916:Anguilla
3851:Honduras
3821:Dominica
3796:Barbados
3730:Svalbard
3715:Guernsey
3662:Abkhazia
3614:Slovenia
3609:Slovakia
3584:Portugal
3442:Bulgaria
3336:Category
3257:Abkhazia
3207:Thailand
3162:Pakistan
3142:Mongolia
3137:Maldives
3132:Malaysia
3032:Cambodia
2932: /
2928: /
2921:(France)
2915: /
2893: /
2889: /
2841:Zimbabwe
2816:Tanzania
2666:Ethiopia
2661:Eswatini
2641:Djibouti
2606:Cameroon
2591:Botswana
2311:channels
2162:Teletext
2077:Archived
2064:Archived
2051:Archived
2038:Archived
2025:Archived
2012:Archived
2000:Archived
1987:Archived
1974:Archived
1961:Archived
1886:Archived
1732:July 13,
1706:Archived
1689:BBC News
1584:42357863
1373:23351454
1339:Archived
1238:See also
1232:computer
1137:Internet
1030:Cold War
899:iBiquity
887:HD radio
844:HD radio
723:FM radio
646:Americas
642:channels
379:Montreal
258:detector
169:HD radio
157:FM radio
149:AM radio
129:encoding
83:audience
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