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guidance system, they are usually subdivided into four groups: A particular type of command guidance and navigation where the missile is always commanded to lie on the line of sight (LOS) between the tracking unit and the aircraft is known as command to line of sight (CLOS) or three-point guidance. That is, the missile is controlled to stay as close as possible on the LOS to the target after missile capture is used to transmit guidance signals from a ground controller to the missile. More specifically, if the beam acceleration is taken into account and added to the nominal acceleration generated by the beam-rider equations, then CLOS guidance results. Thus, the beam rider acceleration command is modified to include an extra term. The beam-riding performance described above can thus be significantly improved by taking the beam motion into account. CLOS guidance is used mostly in shortrange air defense and antitank systems.
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both in space. This means that they will not rely on the angular coordinates like in CLOS systems. They will need another coordinate which is distance. To make it possible, both target and missile trackers have to be active. They are always automatic and the radar has been used as the only sensor in these systems. The SM-2MR Standard is inertially guided during its mid-course phase, but it is assisted by a COLOS system via radar link provided by the AN/SPY-1 radar installed in the launching platform.
212:(GOLIS) guidance systems. A GOT missile can target either a moving or fixed target, whereas a GOLIS weapon is limited to a stationary or near-stationary target. The trajectory that a missile takes while attacking a moving target is dependent upon the movement of the target. A moving target can be an immediate threat to the missile launcher. The target must be promptly eliminated in order to preserve the launcher. In GOLIS systems, the problem is simpler because the target is not moving.
697:
624:, typically black and white, to image a field of view in front of the missile, which is presented to the operator. When launched, the electronics in the missile look for the spot on the image where the contrast changes the fastest, both vertically and horizontally, and then attempts to keep that spot at a constant location in its view. Contrast seekers have been used for air-to-ground missiles, including the
589:
of view and the system's ability to maintain a lock-on while maneuvering. As most air-launched, laser-guided munitions are employed against surface targets the designator providing the guidance to the missile need not be the launching aircraft; designation can be provided by another aircraft or by a completely separate source (frequently troops on the ground equipped with the appropriate laser designator).
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43:
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consideration now that "all aspect" IR missiles are capable of "kills" from head on, something which did not prevail in the early days of guided missiles. For ships and mobile or fixed ground-based systems, this is irrelevant as the speed (and often size) of the launch platform precludes "running away" from the target or opening the range so as to make the enemy attack fail.
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accurate fix on location (when most airliners such as Boeing's 707 and 747 were designed, GPS was not the widely commercially available means of tracking that it is today). Today guided weapons can use a combination of INS, GPS and radar terrain mapping to achieve extremely high levels of accuracy such as that found in modern cruise missiles.
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Preset guidance is the simplest type of missile guidance. From the distance and direction of the target, the trajectory of the flight path is determined. Before firing, this information is programmed into the missile's guidance system, which, during flight, maneuvers the missile to follow that path.
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Whatever the mechanism used in a go-onto-location-in-space guidance system is, it must contain preset information about the target. These systems' main characteristic is the lack of a target tracker. The guidance computer and the missile tracker are located in the missile. The lack of target tracking
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The CLOS system uses only the angular coordinates between the missile and the target to ensure the collision. The missile is made to be in the line of sight between the launcher and the target (LOS), and any deviation of the missile from this line is corrected. Since so many types of missile use this
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Inertial guidance uses sensitive measurement devices to calculate the location of the missile due to the acceleration put on it after leaving a known position. Early mechanical systems were not very accurate, and required some sort of external adjustment to allow them to hit targets even the size of
588:
is similar to SARH but uses a laser as a signal. Another difference is that most laser-guided weapons employ turret-mounted laser designators which increase the launching aircraft's ability to maneuver after launch. How much maneuvering can be done by the guiding aircraft depends on the turret field
161:
These guidance technologies can generally be divided up into a number of categories, with the broadest categories being "active", "passive", and "preset" guidance. Missiles and guided bombs generally use similar types of guidance system, the difference between the two being that missiles are powered
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this was achieved by a single camera that was trained to spot just one star in its expected position (it is believed that the missiles from Soviet submarines would track two separate stars to achieve this), if it was not quite aligned to where it should be then this would indicate that the inertial
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found on the MX missile, allowing for an accuracy of less than 100 m at intercontinental ranges. Many civilian aircraft use inertial guidance using a ring laser gyroscope, which is less accurate than the mechanical systems found in ICBMs, but which provide an inexpensive means of attaining a fairly
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homing being used at the last moment for the actual strike. This gave the enemy pilot the least possible warning that his aircraft was being illuminated by missile guidance radar, as opposed to search radar. This is an important distinction, as the nature of the signal differs, and is used as a cue
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Target tracking is manual, but missile tracking and control is automatic. It is similar to MCLOS but some automatic systems position the missile in the line of sight while the operator simply tracks the target. SACLOS has the advantage of allowing the missile to start in a position invisible to the
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This guidance system was one of the first to be used and still is in service, mainly in anti-aircraft missiles. In this system, the target tracker and the missile tracker can be oriented in different directions. The guidance system ensures the interception of the target by the missile by locating
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Both target tracking and missile tracking and control are performed manually. The operator watches the missile flight, and uses a signaling system to command the missile back into the straight line between operator and target (the "line of sight"). This is typically useful only for slower targets,
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LOSBR suffers from the inherent weakness of inaccuracy with increasing range as the beam spreads out. Laser beam riders are more accurate in this regard, but they are all short-range, and even the laser can be degraded by bad weather. On the other hand, SARH becomes more accurate with decreasing
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Navigational guidance is any type of guidance executed by a system without a target tracker. The other two units are on board the missile. These systems are also known as self-contained guidance systems; however, they are not always entirely autonomous due to the missile trackers used. They are
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It has the disadvantage for air-launched systems that the launch aircraft must keep moving towards the target in order to maintain radar and guidance lock. This has the potential to bring the aircraft within range of shorter-ranged IR-guided (infrared-guided) missile systems. It is an important
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that "illuminates" the target. Since the missile is typically being launched after the target was detected using a powerful radar system, it makes sense to use that same radar system to track the target, thereby avoiding problems with resolution or power, and reducing the weight of the missile.
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It uses star positioning to fine-tune the accuracy of the inertial guidance system after launch. As the accuracy of a missile is dependent upon the guidance system knowing the exact position of the missile at any given moment during its flight, the fact that stars are a fixed
1007:. Stellar-inertial guidance is used to correct small position and velocity errors that result from launch condition uncertainties due to errors in the submarine navigation system and errors that may have accumulated in the guidance system during the flight due to imperfect
537:
Active homing uses a radar system on the missile to provide a guidance signal. Typically, electronics in the missile keep the radar pointed directly at the target, and the missile then looks at this "angle" of its own centerline to guide itself. Radar
364:(LOSBR) – The target tracker is on board the missile. The missile already has some orientation capability meant for flying inside the beam that the launching platform is using to illuminate the target. It can be manual or automatic.
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is based on the size of the antenna, so in a smaller missile these systems are useful for attacking only large targets, ships or large bombers for instance. Active radar systems remain in widespread use in anti-shipping missiles, and in
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These guidance systems usually need the use of radars and a radio or wired link between the control point and the missile; in other words, the trajectory is controlled with the information transmitted via radio or wire (see
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missile as used in
Vietnam – the radar beam was used to take the missile on a high arcing flight and then gradually brought down in the vertical plane of the target aircraft, the more accurate
1099:, digital scene-matching area correlator, which employs a camera to view an area of land, digitizes the view, and compares it to stored scenes in an onboard computer to guide the missile to its target.
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does not change. PN dictates that the missile velocity vector should rotate at a rate proportional to the rotation rate of the line of sight (line-Of-sight rate or LOS-rate) and in the same direction.
338: – The missile tracker is on the launching platform. These missiles are fully controlled by the launching platform that sends all control orders to the missile. The two variants are
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DSMAC is reputed to be so lacking in robustness that destruction of prominent buildings marked in the system's internal map (such as by a preceding cruise missile) upsets its navigation.
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to its intended target. The missile's target accuracy is a critical factor for its effectiveness. Guidance systems improve missile accuracy by improving its
Probability of Guidance (Pg).
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Guidance systems are divided into different categories according to whether they are designed to attack fixed or moving targets. The weapons can be divided into two broad categories:
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The concept of unmanned guidance originated at least as early as World War I, with the idea of remotely guiding an airplane bomb onto a target, such as the systems developed for the
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on board. More sophisticated TERCOM systems allow the missile to fly a complex route over a full 3D map, instead of flying directly to the target. TERCOM is the typical system for
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role to track the heat of jet engines, it has also been used in the anti-vehicle role with some success. This means of guidance is sometimes also referred to as "heat seeking".
662:. The missile picks up radiation broadcast by the tracking radar which bounces off the target and relays it to the tracking station, which relays commands back to the missile.
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628:, because most ground targets can be distinguished only by visual means. However they rely on there being strong contrast changes to track, and even traditional
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where significant "lead" is not required. MCLOS is a subtype of command guided systems. In the case of glide bombs or missiles against ships or the supersonic
900:) are contained within the missile, and no outside information (such as radio instructions) is used. An example of a missile using preset guidance is the
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user, as well as generally being considerably easier to operate. It is the most common form of guidance against ground targets such as tanks and bunkers.
1083:, for "terrain contour matching", uses altitude maps of the strip of land from the launch site to the target, and compares them with information from a
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that are accurate to within metres over ranges of 10,000 km, and no longer require additional inputs. Gyroscope development has culminated in the
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469:, but do not have to be; in other systems the beam is part of an automated radar tracking system. A case in point is the later versions of the
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Dependent on artificial sources – Navigational guidance systems where the missile tracker depends on an artificial external source:
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Entirely autonomous – Systems where the missile tracker does not depend on any external navigation source, and can be divided into:
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Dependent on natural sources – Navigational guidance systems where the missile tracker depends on a natural external source:
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578:(SARH) is by far the most common "all weather" guidance solution for anti-aircraft systems, both ground- and air-launched.
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The way these three subsystems are distributed between the missile and the launcher result in two different categories:
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The USAF sought a precision navigation system for maintaining route accuracy and target tracking at very high speeds.
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1003:, SLBMs are launched from moving submarines, which complicates the necessary navigational calculations and increases
950:. Additionally, the relatively low precision of this guidance method is less of an issue for large nuclear warheads.
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from which to calculate that position makes this a potentially very effective means of improving accuracy.
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305:: The guidance computer is on the launcher. The target tracker is also placed on the launching platform.
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bombers this system worked, but as speeds increased MCLOS was quickly rendered useless for most roles.
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The first U.S. ballistic missile with a highly accurate inertial guidance system was the short-range
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is a passive system that homes in on the heat generated by the target. Typically used in the
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Semi-active homing systems combine a passive radar receiver on the missile with a separate
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Inertial guidance is most favored for the initial guidance and reentry vehicles of
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1230:(6th ed.). Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
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In World War II, guided missiles were first developed, as part of the German
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Target tracking is automatic, while missile tracking and control is manual.
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to divert their course and line up exactly with the target's flight path.
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250: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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311:: The guidance computers are in the missile and in the target tracker.
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1301:"Russia is building an AI-powered missile that can think for itself"
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1327:"The US Army is developing AI missiles that find their own targets"
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system was not precisely on target and a correction would be made.
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Proportional navigation (also known as "PN" or "Pro-Nav") is a
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Fundamentals of
Strategic Weapons: Offense and Defense Systems
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distance to the target, so the two systems are complementary.
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Target tracking, missile tracking and control are automatic.
999:, whose launch point does not move and thus can serve as a
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subdivided by their missile tracker's function as follows:
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In every go-onto-target system there are three subsystems:
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All of the guidance components (including sensors such as
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announced that it was developing missiles that would use
510:) used in some form or another by most homing air target
1022:'s electronics development division, had developed an
1388:
Morrison, Bill, SR-71 contributors, Feedback column,
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in GOLIS necessarily implies navigational guidance.
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1639:
1574:
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
946:, because it has no external signal and cannot be
688:announced it was developing a similar technology.
1042:missile, the latter of which was adapted for the
1038:missile, and a separate system for the ill-fated
174:by Archibald Low (the father of radio guidance).
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8:
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922:Inspection of MM III missile guidance system
453:LOSBR uses a "beam" of some sort, typically
189:'s attempt to develop a pigeon-guided bomb.
150:refers to a variety of methods of guiding a
716:relative to the vehicle's motion, they use
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684:to choose their own targets. In 2019, the
547:" air-to-air missile systems such as the
266:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1403:"Trident II D-5 Fleet Ballistic Missile"
1176:Constant, James N. (27 September 1981).
695:
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1723:Semi-automatic command to line of sight
1353:"Israel upgrades its antimissile plans"
1228:Tactical and Strategic Missile Guidance
1168:
755:fluid-suspended gyrostabilized platform
417:Semi-automatic command to line of sight
411:Semi-automatic command to line-of-sight
143:A guided bomb strikes a practice target
27:Variety of methods of guiding a missile
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1219:
1217:
1215:
676:In 2017, Russian weapons manufacturer
1207:Missile Guidance and Control Systems.
1091:guidance, but is being supplanted by
993:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
632:can render them unable to "lock on".
7:
1547:Submarine-launched ballistic missile
1525:Intermediate-range ballistic missile
1358:Aviation Week & Space Technology
1288:. Federation of American Scientists.
852:Global navigation satellite system (
712:coverage. By measuring the seeker's
646:Retransmission homing, also called "
403:Semi-manual command to line-of-sight
248:adding citations to reliable sources
65:adding citations to reliable sources
997:intercontinental ballistic missiles
1729:Automatic command to line of sight
1519:Intercontinental ballistic missile
1390:Aviation Week and Space Technology
1286:"Chapter 15. Guidance and Control"
443:Line-of-sight beam riding guidance
426:Automatic command to line-of-sight
362:Line-of-sight beam riding guidance
25:
1553:Submarine-launched cruise missile
807:Photographic reconnaissance (Ex:
751:gimballed gyrostabilized platform
672:Artificial intelligence arms race
1426:
1024:astro-inertial navigation system
800:Topographic reconnaissance (Ex:
650:" or "TVM", is a hybrid between
224:
41:
1877:List of surface-to-air missiles
1717:Manual command to line of sight
1630:Man-portable air-defense system
1378:Chapter 15 Guidance and Control
1182:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
386:Manual command to line of sight
380:Manual command to line-of-sight
235:needs additional citations for
52:needs additional citations for
1485:Air-launched ballistic missile
1325:Hambling, David (2019-08-14).
200:Categories of guidance systems
1:
1531:Short-range ballistic missile
678:Tactical Missiles Corporation
1804:Automatic target recognition
991:. It is usually employed on
1857:List of missiles by country
1600:Anti-ship ballistic missile
1491:Air-launched cruise missile
1351:Eshel, David (2010-02-12).
1026:(ANS), which could correct
927:a city. Modern systems use
845:Global positioning system (
761:strapdown inertial guidance
1946:
1867:List of anti-tank missiles
1862:List of anti-ship missiles
1565:Surface-to-surface missile
1299:Galeon, Dom (2017-07-26).
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960:Inertial navigation system
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327:). These systems include:
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1766:Global Positioning System
1711:Command off line of sight
1142:Precision-guided munition
973:stellar-inertial guidance
714:line-of-sight propagation
434:Command off line-of-sight
352:Command off line-of-sight
210:go-onto-location-in-space
185:was American behaviorist
1847:List of military rockets
1705:Command to line-of-sight
1671:Semi-active radar homing
1258:January 9, 2007, at the
656:semi-active radar homing
576:Semi-active radar homing
565:Semi-active radar homing
371:Command to line-of-sight
346:Command to line-of-sight
1830:Predicted line of sight
1784:Astro-inertial guidance
1392:, 9 December 2013, p.10
1132:Magnetic proximity fuze
1005:circular error probable
969:Astro-inertial guidance
954:Astro-inertial guidance
790:Astro-inertial guidance
718:proportional navigation
682:artificial intelligence
498:Proportional navigation
492:Proportional navigation
318:Remote control guidance
303:Remote control guidance
1612:Anti-submarine missile
1588:Anti-radiation missile
1582:Anti-ballistic missile
1559:Surface-to-air missile
1537:Shoulder-fired missile
1503:Air-to-surface missile
1059:Trident missile system
1032:celestial observations
1009:instrument calibration
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603:anti-radiation missile
144:
18:Radio command guidance
1788:Terrestrial guidance
1594:Anti-satellite weapon
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863:Hyperbolic navigation
699:
636:Retransmission homing
142:
1435:at Wikimedia Commons
1270:Yanushevsky, page 3.
1226:Zarchan, P. (2012).
1066:Terrestrial guidance
995:. Unlike silo-based
989:celestial navigation
964:Celestial navigation
838:Satellite navigation
793:Terrestrial guidance
508:proportional control
479:for evasive action.
397:B-17 Flying Fortress
395:against slow-moving
244:improve this article
172:first powered drones
61:improve this article
1930:Targeting (warfare)
1665:Active radar homing
1624:Land-attack missile
1076:TERCOM § DSMAC
1028:inertial navigation
660:active radar homing
533:active radar homing
325:Wire-guided missile
1920:Missile technology
1761:Satellite guidance
1497:Air-to-air missile
1122:Electronic warfare
981:information fusion
944:strategic missiles
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787:Celestial guidance
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686:United States Army
559:Semi-active homing
504:guidance principle
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76:"Missile guidance"
1915:Missile operation
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1779:Inertial guidance
1746:Infrared guidance
1689:Track-via-missile
1618:Anti-tank missile
1606:Anti-ship missile
1509:Ballistic missile
1431:Media related to
1237:978-1-60086-894-8
1205:Siouris, George.
1157:Terminal guidance
1137:Precision bombing
985:inertial guidance
914:Inertial guidance
908:Inertial guidance
819:Magnetic guidance
742:Inertial guidance
648:track-via-missile
642:Track-via-missile
290:Guidance computer
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1810:Radio guidance
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1801:
1800:
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1776:
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1751:Laser guidance
1748:
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1695:Anti-radiation
1692:
1686:
1684:Passive homing
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1655:Radar guidance
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1575:By target type
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1421:External links
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1112:Artillery fuze
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1089:cruise missile
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1040:AGM-48 Skybolt
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912:Main article:
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640:Main article:
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549:AIM-120 AMRAAM
531:Main article:
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506:(analogous to
496:Main article:
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183:Project Pigeon
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1872:List of ICBMs
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977:sensor fusion
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692:GOLIS systems
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612:anti-aircraft
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599:passive radar
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546:
541:
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527:Active homing
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516:line-of-sight
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486:
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477:
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256:December 2016
249:
245:
239:
238:
233:This section
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175:
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131:
128:
120:
117:November 2007
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1887:
1641:
1406:. Retrieved
1397:
1384:
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1356:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1330:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1294:
1266:
1227:
1206:
1178:
1171:
1101:
1079:
1056:
1048:
1030:errors with
1013:
972:
968:
967:
941:
925:
890:
727:
723:
675:
645:
622:video camera
616:
606:
584:
580:
568:
536:
522:Radar homing
501:
481:
452:
437:
429:
420:
406:
389:
374:
361:
351:
345:
333:
321:
308:
302:
295:
277:
262:
253:
242:Please help
237:verification
234:
209:
205:
203:
191:
187:B.F. Skinner
176:
169:
160:
147:
146:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1815:TV guidance
1740:Beam riding
1478:By platform
1036:SM-62 Snark
929:solid state
710:hemispheric
708:seeker for
666:AI guidance
471:RIM-8 Talos
449:Beam riding
216:GOT systems
156:guided bomb
1904:Categories
1364:2010-02-13
1189:9024725453
1163:References
1034:, for the
1016:Nortronics
958:See also:
902:V-2 rocket
898:gyroscopes
630:camouflage
597:See also:
540:resolution
393:Wasserfall
208:(GOT) and
87:newspapers
1888:See also:
1632:(MANPADS)
1469:Types of
1001:reference
700:Israel's
181:program.
179:V-weapons
1925:Tracking
1725:(SACLOS)
1650:Unguided
1642:guidance
1408:June 23,
1336:2 August
1310:2 August
1256:Archived
1106:See also
1020:Northrop
706:gimbaled
512:missiles
1825:Compass
1772:GLONASS
1742:(LOSBR)
1731:(ACLOS)
1719:(MCLOS)
1713:(COLOS)
1471:missile
1057:In the
975:, is a
854:GLONASS
749:With a
702:Arrow 3
354:(COLOS)
166:History
152:missile
101:scholar
1832:(PLOS)
1792:TERCOM
1707:(CLOS)
1673:(SARH)
1620:(ATGM)
1614:(ASuM)
1608:(AShM)
1602:(ASBM)
1596:(ASAT)
1555:(SLCM)
1549:(SLBM)
1533:(SRBM)
1527:(IRBM)
1521:(ICBM)
1493:(ALCM)
1487:(ALBM)
1234:
1186:
1081:TERCOM
1072:TERCOM
948:jammed
802:TERCOM
620:use a
467:SACLOS
348:(CLOS)
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1840:Lists
1806:(ATR)
1797:DSMAC
1768:(GPS)
1691:(TVM)
1667:(ARH)
1626:(LAM)
1590:(ARM)
1584:(ABM)
1567:(SSM)
1561:(SAM)
1505:(ASM)
1499:(AAM)
1097:DSMAC
1044:SR-71
971:, or
874:LORAN
870:DECCA
809:DSMAC
759:With
463:laser
459:radar
455:radio
154:or a
108:JSTOR
94:books
1410:2014
1338:2022
1312:2022
1232:ISBN
1209:2004
1184:ISBN
1074:and
987:and
962:and
936:AIRS
658:and
601:and
586:SALH
553:R-77
551:and
476:SARH
80:news
1640:By
1093:GPS
983:of
896:or
847:GPS
753:or
461:or
246:by
63:by
1906::
1355:.
1329:.
1303:.
1275:^
1246:^
1214:^
1198:^
1046:.
1018:,
1011:.
904:.
654:,
555:.
457:,
196:.
1462:e
1455:t
1448:v
1412:.
1367:.
1340:.
1314:.
1240:.
1192:.
979:-
876:C
856:)
849:)
811:)
804:)
543:"
269:)
263:(
258:)
254:(
240:.
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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