588:, which was 50% Romansh and 50% German-speaking, became a part of Switzerland. The strength of the central government of Grisons, whose official language was German, began to impose on the Romansh-speaking people, which resulted in many Romansh speakers adopting German. With the 20th century came a rise in tourism, which took the focus away from the region's agricultural focus and resulted in German becoming the more practical language to learn. Many in the intellectual class found this to be beneficial to the local population as Romansh appeared to hinder their intellectual development. As Heinrich Bansi, a notable priest in 1897, noted:
630:. The transition from Vulgar Latin to Friulian occurred in the 6th century CE. The first official use of Friulian can be traced back to the 13th century and by the 15th century a majority of the population spoke the language, while the noble classes continued to use Latin or German. In 1420, the area of Friuli transitioned under Venetian rule, and the Venetian dialect became the dominant language. As the influence of Venetian and Italian increased over the years, the Friulian language waned. Accelerating this decline currently is the ongoing loss of Friulian language teaching in higher education.
930:
325:
384:, writing in 1873, found them to share a number of intricacies and believed they formed a linguistic group. The Rhaeto-Romance languages differ from Italian in their evolution from Latin by having passed through a stage with phonemic vowel length, undergone certain consonant developments, and possibly developed a pair of central rounded vowels (now lost everywhere). If the subfamily is genuine, three languages would belong to it:
703:
36:
755:
languages. National languages were largely symbolic while official languages (French, German, and
Italian) were used in an official capacity by the government. One notable disadvantage of being a national, rather than official language was that parents would have to register their children's names under one of the official languages.
633:
An exception to this decline occurred in the mid 20th century when an devastating earthquake struck the local region. In the aftermath, many found solace in sharing their local
Friulian language, thus renewing interest in it. The imprint of the language also remains on the local geography as many of
1058:
A phylogenetic classification using basic lexicon identifies a primary split between
Romansh in Switzerland and Ladin in Italy. One secondary split distinguishes Engadinic from the other Romansh varieties in Switzerland. In Italy, another secondary split is evidently caused by the Dolomite mountain
754:
The first Swiss constitution of 1848 along with its revision of 1872 neglected to mention the
Romansh language; however, it was translated into two Romansh dialects after the first revision. In 1938 Romansh became a national language, though a delineation was made between "national" and "official"
481:
This language shift was a long, drawn-out process, with larger, central towns adopting German first, while the more peripheral areas around them remained
Romansh-speaking longer. The shift to German was caused in particular by the influence of the local German-speaking elites and by German-speaking
517:
A number of lexical items are shared with Ibero-Romance due to the similar date of
Latinization for both regions, although it can also be explained by means of Bartoli's areal linguistics theory, Ibero-Romance being a peripheral area, as are Balkano-Romance, Southern-Italian and Rhaeto-Romance,
605:
was created to encompass all of the regional
Romansh-speaking societies. In addition, more schools began to teach Romansh by the mid-19th century. In 1860, Romansh became a subject in a teachers' college and an officially recognized language in 1880.
609:
Despite these efforts, with more and more of the surrounding area speaking German, the Lia
Rumantscha created Romansh-speaking daycare schools in the 1940s. Unfortunately, this effort failed to deliver, and the last school was closed by 1979.
572:
By the mid-9th century, Romansh was spoken over a far wider area. However, with the migration of many elite German land owners, Romansh dissipated across
Northern Italy. The oldest literary text in the Romansh language is the
592:
This viewpoint was countered with the belief that the
Romansh language was a hybrid of both Italian and German, allowing the Romansh speakers to have a moderate understanding of the other two more widely used languages.
596:
By the mid-19th century, amidst a dwindling Romansh-speaking population, a renaissance of sorts appeared. This culminated in the 1885 creation of an association of all Romansh regions known as
1380:"15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Rilevazione sulla consistenza e la dislocazione territoriale degli appartenenti alle popolazioni di lingua ladina, mòchena e cimbra (dati provvisori)"
478:, called "Lower Raetia" at that time, became German-speaking by the 12th century; and by the 15th century, the Rhine Valley of St. Gallen and the areas around the Walensee were entirely German-speaking.
761:
At this time the Canton of Grison is the only place where Romansh is the official language. This allows for any citizen to request official documents from the local government in the Romansh language.
518:
whereas Gallo-Romance and Italo-Romance are the central area. The Rhaeto-Romance languages were linked to other Romance languages that existed in bordering areas but have later disappeared, like the
681:
of the region which further dwindled the Ladin language user base. Despite the small number of Ladin speakers, in 1972 the Italian government afforded Ladin the status of a secondary language.
1062:
In this study, the divergence of the Rhaeto-Romance languages from their reconstructed lexical ancestor is about 7% on average. This would correspond to a time depth of about 500 years if the
431:
By the end of the Roman Empire, there was an unbroken region of distinctive Romance speech here, which was gradually fragmented into secluded areas in the high valleys by the encroachment of
1468:
758:
By 1996 Romansh was recognized as an official language beside French, German and Italian, and Rhaeto-Romansh is now the official correspondence used when communicating with Romansh people.
618:
Friulian traces its roots back to the Latin Aquileia. Prior to Roman contact in 181 BC the region of northeastern Italy was of Raetian, Italic and Celtic origins and used a form of either
770:
An official language of the autonomous region of Friuli, it has protected status, and is used in all forms of education in the region. Still used at popular levels for daily conversation.
1190:
Most words in Friulian are of the Romance variety due to its Latin roots; however, it still has many place names and flora that trace back to Raetic, Venetic and Celtic origins.
1066:
replacement rate of 14% per millennium for Romance were trustworthy. However, the earliest available Romance text from the Alpine area is somewhat older and dates to AD 1200.
779:
1131:
In Romansh word order directs the grammar rather than the noun being inflected. Additionally, similar to most other Romance languages there are two genders in addition to
1565:
1504:
Forster, Peter; Toth, Alfred; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen (1998). "Evolutionary Network Analysis of Word Lists: Visualising the Relationships Between Alpine Romance Languages".
642:
Ladin was initially a vulgar Latin language from the Alps of northern Italy. Beginning in the 6th century, the Ladin language began to shrink due to the encroachment of
3652:
1763:
53:
1487:
1558:
2214:
1481:
1379:
1235:
1407:
1888:
1776:
100:
72:
3680:
3003:
1551:
1451:
119:
3063:
694:
Spoken in the Swiss canton of Graubünden by 60,561 people – 0.83% of the Swiss population – but this number is rapidly dropping.
634:
the local towns and geographical landmarks (mountains, woods, animals, plants) were given Celtic names that survive to this day.
552:) and Celtic languages, the areas of Northeastern Italy that now speak Ladin initially spoke a non-Indo-European language called
79:
2351:
1956:
1756:
1059:
range that divides Ladin into a northern and a southern subbranch, with Friulian being grouped closest to the southern branch.
3151:
3052:
1438:. 25th International Congress of Romance linguistics and philology (in Italian). Vol. I–VII. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
971:. In Switzerland, Romansh is one of country's four national languages; however, its usage is rather limited to the canton of
57:
2959:
2637:
929:
86:
1085:
The Romansh language has up to 26 consonant phonemes. Word stress occurs either on the last or second to last syllable.
937:
The area where Rhaeto-Romance languages (also called Ladin languages in a wider sense, not to be confused with Ladino or
3086:
2489:
1703:
1693:
1166:
872:
796:
245:
3527:
2965:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1863:
1730:
1149:
Similar to Italian and Spanish, most Friulian nouns end in a vowel based on the gender, with feminine nouns ending in
68:
1434:
Iannàccaro, Gabriele; Dell’Aquila, Vittorio (29 October 2010). "Survey Ladins. Usi linguistici nelle valli ladine".
3248:
2820:
2255:
1813:
1749:
1713:
806:
2747:
2835:
2356:
2197:
2164:
1912:
1841:
1823:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1205:
198:
183:
396:
in Italy. Their combined number of speakers is about 660,000; the large majority of these (about 500,000) speak
3540:
2317:
2044:
1992:
2908:
2453:
2334:
2307:
2183:
2129:
1836:
1796:
1725:
590:
The biggest obstacle to the moral and economical improvement of these regions is the language of the people.
206:
193:
173:
46:
650:, surviving in only the isolated mountainous areas. In the early Middle Ages, the Ladin region came under
3626:
3022:
2842:
2260:
2206:
1858:
647:
436:
381:
265:
2926:
2339:
3658:
3603:
3409:
3404:
3057:
3035:
2854:
2677:
2146:
2102:
2049:
718:
707:
250:
3322:
2290:
1343:
93:
3608:
3392:
3382:
2998:
2971:
2897:
2805:
2757:
2556:
2484:
2436:
2430:
2393:
2376:
1873:
883:
451:
1182:
Many place names in Romansh date back before Roman contact stemming from Raetic and Celtic origins.
3356:
3093:
2985:
2953:
2947:
2789:
2568:
2528:
2494:
2398:
2322:
2265:
2086:
1202:, an unrelated language spoken in ancient times around the area where Rhaeto-Romance is now spoken.
1039:
778:
Ladin is recognized by both provincial and national law in Italy. In the early 1990s Italy signed
734:
730:
495:
463:
2464:
913:
3598:
3327:
3183:
3141:
3107:
3101:
2991:
2934:
2891:
2874:
2612:
2605:
2499:
2441:
2246:
2229:
2170:
2026:
2014:
1893:
1831:
1685:
1268:
1009:
909:
655:
349:
3376:
2504:
1868:
3555:
3534:
3454:
3414:
3397:
3273:
3201:
3195:
3119:
3011:
2921:
2862:
2774:
2732:
2533:
2479:
2366:
2344:
2285:
2270:
2241:
2224:
2134:
2097:
2066:
2054:
1973:
1961:
1878:
1853:
1847:
1772:
1582:
1477:
1447:
1231:
1199:
1144:
1094:
1047:
876:
828:
651:
643:
541:
523:
503:
397:
393:
353:
287:
188:
3508:
3498:
3483:
3471:
3387:
3336:
3300:
3278:
3265:
3259:
3233:
3188:
3177:
3081:
3046:
3030:
2879:
2867:
2800:
2764:
2752:
2720:
2645:
2617:
2590:
2420:
2415:
2403:
2383:
2371:
2312:
2219:
2176:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2071:
2002:
1986:
1883:
1698:
1674:
1642:
1513:
1439:
1260:
1225:
1126:
1080:
1063:
964:
811:
674:
627:
623:
619:
549:
545:
535:
511:
499:
447:
409:
385:
375:
301:
178:
1366:
3592:
3578:
3459:
3361:
3351:
3295:
3146:
3134:
3074:
3069:
2884:
2813:
2795:
2742:
2672:
2629:
2541:
2522:
2474:
2361:
2327:
2280:
2275:
1997:
1929:
1901:
1664:
1647:
1609:
1013:
519:
491:
471:
432:
413:
324:
168:
2595:
1532:
3643:
3550:
3545:
3466:
3346:
3308:
3040:
2689:
2600:
2546:
2516:
2408:
2092:
2020:
1966:
1619:
1105:
1027:
1021:
938:
678:
602:
389:
294:
482:
immigrants from the north, with the lower and rural classes retaining Romansh longer.
3674:
3585:
3488:
3476:
3208:
2916:
2573:
2511:
2007:
1741:
1652:
972:
673:
of the 20th century, Ladin was considered by many Italians to be an Italian dialect.
659:
3367:
3227:
2622:
865:
557:
417:
365:
260:
3283:
702:
372:. The question of whether these languages actually form a subfamily is called the
2769:
3429:
3422:
3159:
2725:
2694:
1035:
968:
960:
The Rhaeto-Romance languages can be distinguished into the following varieties:
950:
946:
942:
917:
905:
670:
666:
475:
443:
357:
161:
35:
1443:
1169:, however this can change at times where the verb can come before the subject.
2707:
2699:
2300:
2059:
1517:
901:
467:
17:
3503:
3341:
2683:
1978:
1436:
Actes du XXVe Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philologie Romanes
1004:
999:
816:
669:
Italy had annexed the region that encompassed the Ladin language. With the
578:
311:
255:
3129:
2667:
1543:
658:
rule. From these two influences, the Ladin area underwent the process of
3493:
3288:
3124:
2940:
2388:
2236:
1708:
1031:
994:
988:
954:
894:
801:
459:
455:
424:. The Rhaeto-Romance languages originated as a dialect of the provincial
421:
1012:, the standardized literary language, constructed by the Swiss linguist
782:
which is meant to protect and promote minority languages such as Ladin.
3112:
2977:
2737:
2715:
2655:
2650:
2139:
2124:
845:
585:
507:
1272:
3314:
2660:
2583:
2563:
2295:
1051:
890:
838:
738:
561:
553:
369:
1264:
2578:
2551:
1415:
Declaration of language group affiliation – Population Census 2011
982:
928:
714:
701:
425:
361:
157:
1470:
Rätoromanische Bibliographie / Bibliografia retoromanza 1729–2010
1251:
Leonard, Clifford S. (1964). "Proto-Rhaeto-Romance and French".
1745:
1547:
1286:
29:
490:
The family is most closely related to its nearest neighbors:
27:
Proposed Romance subfamily of northeast Italy and Switzerland
900:
Nones and Solando group, spoken in In Western Trentino, in
416:-speaking in the south. The area was incorporated into the
446:'s rule, stretching north into the present-day cantons of
1476:(in German and Italian). Bozen-Bolzano University Press.
442:
Rhaeto-Romance was spoken over a much wider area during
933:
Contraction of the area of the Rhaeto-Romance languages
871:
Agordino group of the Sella, spoken most prominently
3619:
3570:
3519:
3443:
3247:
3220:
3169:
3021:
2907:
2853:
2834:
2463:
2452:
2205:
2196:
2157:
2037:
1922:
1911:
1822:
1784:
1673:
1618:
1581:
861:
Athesian group of the Sella, spoken in South Tyrol.
851:
Western Friulian, spoken in the Pordenone province.
780:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
466:in the northeast. In the east, parts of modern-day
310:
280:
238:
167:
151:
134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1534:Handbuch der rätoromanischen Sprache und Literatur
1389:(in Italian). Autonomous Province of Trento. 2012
844:Southeastern Friulian, spoken in areas along the
560:spoken by Roman soldiers during the conquests of
364:. The name "Rhaeto-Romance" refers to the former
1537:(in German). Halle, Saxony-Anhalt: Max Niemeyer.
1330:Dialettologia Lombarda Lingue e Cultura Popolari
834:Central Friulian, spoken in the Udine province.
713:Spoken in Italy, most notably the provinces of
706:Bilingual road sign (Italian and Friulian) in
1757:
1559:
979:). It is composed of the following dialects:
864:Trentinian group of the Sella, spoken in the
373:
8:
1367:STATUTO SPECIALE PER IL TRENTINO-ALTO ADIGE
3653:languages with more than 5 million speakers
3236:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
2850:
2460:
2202:
1919:
1764:
1750:
1742:
1566:
1552:
1544:
575:Chianzun dalla guerra dagl Chiaste da Müs,
474:. The northern areas of what is currently
544:were originally inhabited by speakers of
408:Before the Roman conquest, the Alps were
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
470:were Romance speaking, as were parts of
1216:
556:. Ladin and Romansh originate from the
1135:being used to indicate a plural word.
131:
1224:Beninca, Paola; Haiman, John (2005).
279:
7:
1287:"Ethnologue: Languages of the World"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1506:Journal of Quantitative Linguistics
1145:Friulian language § Morphology
3657:Languages between parentheses are
1127:Romansh language § Morphology
1095:Friulian language § Phonology
25:
3537:(unknown further classification)
1081:Romansh language § Phonology
729:Spoken in northeastern Italy, in
1344:"Euromosaic – Friulian in Italy"
356:that is spoken in south-eastern
323:
34:
1106:Ladin language § Phonology
540:While the areas that now speak
45:needs additional citations for
3661:of the language on their left.
3531:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
1636:Fascian (cazet, moenat, brach)
1:
1332:. Aurora Edizioni. p. 8.
1153:while masculine nouns end in
837:Northern Friulian, spoken in
1227:The Rhaeto-Romance Languages
873:Livinallongo del Col di Lana
3528:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
721:, by about 600,000 people.
412:-speaking in the north and
3697:
3230:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
2256:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
2050:Central−Southern Calabrian
1444:10.1515/9783110231922.7-61
1165:The general word order is
1142:
1124:
1103:
1092:
1078:
889:Cadorino group, spoken in
882:Ampezzan group, spoken in
826:
741:, by about 41,000 people.
533:
530:History and classification
69:"Rhaeto-Romance languages"
3635:
2785:
1531:Gartner, Theodor (1910).
1518:10.1080/09296179808590125
1206:Western Romance languages
941:) were spoken during the
322:
169:Linguistic classification
146:
139:
3681:Rhaeto-Romance languages
2538:North American dialects
2045:Extreme Southern Italian
1575:Rhaeto-Romance languages
1408:"South Tyrol in Figures"
677:later pushed forward an
1957:Central−Northern Latian
1467:Videsott, Paul (2011).
953:(in modern-day western
685:Geographic distribution
599:Società Retorumantscha.
380:. The Italian linguist
2261:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1720:non-written varieties:
1599:South-eastern Friulian
1328:Sanga, Glauco (1984).
976:
934:
710:
648:Gallo-Italic languages
584:By 1803, the state of
458:in the northwest, and
437:Gallo-Italic languages
435:from the north and of
374:
2748:Poitevin–Saintongeais
932:
708:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
705:
428:of the central Alps.
2557:St. Marys Bay French
2081:Neapolitan–Calabrese
1661:constructed language
1606:constructed language
420:during the reign of
388:in Switzerland, and
54:improve this article
2909:Galician–Portuguese
1935:Central Marchigiano
1167:subject-verb-object
1064:glottochronological
1040:province of Belluno
735:Province of Belluno
731:Trentino-Alto Adige
464:Alpine Rhine Valley
246:Proto-Indo-European
3323:Catalan Ribagorçan
3170:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
2442:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2352:Bustocco–Legnanese
2147:Northern Calabrian
1691:written varieties:
1686:Rumantsch Grischun
1683:standard language:
1010:Rumantsch Grischun
935:
711:
656:Republic of Venice
577:which details the
360:and north-eastern
3668:
3667:
3644:extinct languages
3566:
3565:
3243:
3242:
3202:Navarro-Aragonese
3087:Peruvian Ribereño
3012:Judaeo-Portuguese
2927:Galician–Asturian
2830:
2829:
2821:Old Gallo-Romance
2775:Wisconsin Walloon
2192:
2191:
2165:Dalmatian Romance
1773:Romance languages
1739:
1738:
1596:Northern Friulian
1483:978-88-6046-045-5
1369:(1972), Art. 102.
1318:Coray 2008. p. 78
1309:Liver 1999. p. 76
1237:978-1-134-96548-9
1200:Rhaetian language
884:Cortina d'Ampezzo
877:Colle Santa Lucia
829:Friulian language
652:House of Habsburg
486:Related languages
354:Romance languages
348:, is a purported
331:
330:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3688:
3189:Judaeo-Aragonese
3178:Andalusi Romance
3031:Amazonic Spanish
2868:Western Asturian
2851:
2790:Franco-Provençal
2461:
2357:Comasco–Lecchese
2215:Emilian–Romagnol
2203:
2003:Regional Italian
1993:Italo-Australian
1920:
1842:Megleno-Romanian
1766:
1759:
1752:
1743:
1602:Western Friulian
1593:Central Friulian
1568:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1486:. Archived from
1475:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1221:
991:(Engadin valley)
985:(Engadin valley)
675:Benito Mussolini
536:Questione Ladina
524:Austrian Romance
496:Franco-Provençal
439:from the south.
382:Graziadio Ascoli
379:
376:Questione Ladina
327:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3631:
3615:
3593:Pannonian Latin
3579:African Romance
3562:
3515:
3446:
3439:
3377:Judeo-Provençal
3250:
3239:
3216:
3165:
3075:Chilean Chilote
3017:
2903:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2826:
2814:Moselle Romance
2781:
2630:Missouri French
2591:Franco-Ontarian
2466:
2455:
2448:
2188:
2153:
2130:Southern Latian
2033:
1998:Maltese Italian
1930:Central Italian
1914:
1907:
1902:Common Romanian
1818:
1802:Italo-Dalmatian
1780:
1770:
1740:
1735:
1716:
1669:
1665:Ladin Dolomitan
1614:
1610:Furlan standard
1577:
1572:
1542:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1473:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1196:
1188:
1180:
1175:
1163:
1147:
1141:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1072:
1028:Dolomitic Ladin
1014:Heinrich Schmid
945:stretched from
927:
858:
831:
825:
793:
788:
776:
768:
752:
747:
745:Official status
727:
700:
692:
687:
640:
616:
570:
538:
532:
520:Moselle Romance
488:
433:German dialects
406:
276:
241:
211:Gallo-Rhaetian?
199:Western Romance
184:Latino-Faliscan
153:
141:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3646:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3532:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3451:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3344:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3317:
3312:
3309:Judaeo-Catalan
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3268:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3064:Latin American
3060:
3055:
3043:
3041:Judaeo-Spanish
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2968:
2963:
2956:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2687:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2536:
2531:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2434:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2211:
2209:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2184:Judaeo-Italian
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1926:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1844:
1839:
1837:Istro-Romanian
1834:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1785:Major branches
1782:
1781:
1777:classification
1771:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1523:
1512:(3): 174–187.
1496:
1493:on 2014-08-16.
1482:
1459:
1452:
1426:
1399:
1371:
1359:
1335:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1278:
1265:10.2307/411921
1243:
1236:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1143:Main article:
1140:
1137:
1125:Main article:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1104:Main article:
1101:
1098:
1093:Main article:
1090:
1087:
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
939:Judaeo-Spanish
926:
923:
922:
921:
898:
887:
880:
869:
862:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
842:
835:
827:Main article:
824:
821:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
792:
789:
787:
784:
775:
772:
767:
764:
751:
748:
746:
743:
726:
723:
699:
696:
691:
688:
686:
683:
679:Italianization
665:By the end of
639:
636:
615:
612:
603:Lia Rumantscha
569:
566:
531:
528:
487:
484:
472:Austrian Tyrol
405:
402:
342:Rhaeto-Italian
334:Rhaeto-Romance
329:
328:
320:
319:
314:
308:
307:
306:
305:
298:
291:
282:
278:
277:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
269:
268:
244:
242:
239:
236:
235:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
215:Rhaeto-Romance
203:Gallo-Iberian?
171:
165:
164:
155:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:Rhaeto-Italian
137:
136:
135:Rhaeto-Romance
128:
127:
110:September 2020
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3693:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3627:Proto-Romance
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:Reconstructed
3618:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:British Latin
3583:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3405:Vivaro-Alpine
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3209:Old Navarrese
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:Equatoguinean
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Frainc-Comtou
2510:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Judeo-Italian
2306:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2103:Castelmezzano
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:Swiss Italian
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Transylvanian
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:Daco-Romanian
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:Italo-Western
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
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32:
31:
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18:Raeto-Romance
3648:
3639:
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3307:
3258:
3228:Barranquenho
3207:
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3176:
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3062:
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3036:Extremaduran
3010:
2984:
2970:
2958:
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2896:
2855:Asturleonese
2819:
2812:
2770:West Walloon
2758:Saintongeais
2706:
2682:
2678:Anglo-Norman
2636:
2569:Newfoundland
2529:Jersey Legal
2521:
2429:
2394:Southwestern
2377:Vallassinese
2266:Gallo-Picene
2207:Gallo-Italic
2169:
2085:
2080:
2019:
1985:
1900:
1846:
1722:Bargunsegner
1719:
1690:
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1630:Maréo/Badiot
1627:
1605:
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1499:
1488:the original
1469:
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1418:. Retrieved
1414:
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1391:. Retrieved
1386:
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1351:. Retrieved
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1294:. Retrieved
1290:
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1259:(1): 23–32.
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914:Val di Rabbi
866:Fassa Valley
846:Isonzo river
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712:
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558:Vulgar Latin
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418:Roman Empire
407:
368:province of
345:
341:
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333:
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293:
286:
281:Subdivisions
261:Vulgar Latin
251:Proto-Italic
214:
154:distribution
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3604:Campidanese
3430:Old Catalan
3423:Old Occitan
3160:Old Spanish
3094:Rioplatense
2898:Old Leonese
2726:Cotentinais
2690:Guernésiais
2613:Frenchville
2606:New England
2485:Bourbonnais
2437:Piedmontese
2431:Old Lombard
2323:Bergamasque
2247:Sammarinese
1348:www.uoc.edu
1036:South Tyrol
969:Switzerland
951:Julian Alps
947:Switzerland
943:Middle Ages
918:Val Rendena
910:Val di Peio
906:Val di Sole
671:nationalism
667:World War I
476:Switzerland
444:Charlemagne
358:Switzerland
240:Early forms
162:Switzerland
3651:indicates
3609:Logudorese
3142:Philippine
3108:Andalusian
3102:Peninsular
2992:Estremenho
2948:Portuguese
2875:Cantabrian
2708:Law French
2700:Sercquiais
2534:Meridional
2495:Champenois
2490:Burgundian
2301:Tabarchino
2291:Monégasque
2230:Parmigiano
2087:Neapolitan
2060:Manduriano
2027:Florentine
1894:Wallachian
1864:Bukovinian
1628:varieties:
1591:varieties:
1420:2012-10-07
1393:2012-10-07
1353:2018-04-28
1296:2018-04-28
1291:Ethnologue
1212:References
1173:Vocabulary
1116:Morphology
975:(Romansh:
973:Graubünden
902:Non Valley
534:See also:
468:Vorarlberg
452:St. Gallen
152:Geographic
80:newspapers
3659:varieties
3642:indicate
3599:Sardinian
3556:Triestine
3504:Sursilvan
3415:Mentonasc
3393:Provençal
3342:Auvergnat
3328:Valencian
3284:Mallorcan
3274:Algherese
3249:Occitano-
3196:Navarrese
3184:Aragonese
3120:Castilian
3023:Castilian
2999:Uruguayan
2972:Brazilian
2935:Minderico
2929:/Eonavian
2892:Mirandese
2806:Valdôtain
2792:/Arpitan
2733:Orléanais
2684:Auregnais
2668:Mayennais
2618:Louisiana
2500:Ardennais
2480:Berrichon
2286:Intemelio
2242:Forlivese
2225:Bolognese
2171:Dalmatian
2135:Tarantino
2098:Benevento
2055:Salentino
2015:Sassarese
1979:Gallurese
1962:Romanesco
1915:Dalmatian
1879:Moldavian
1874:Maramureș
1832:Aromanian
1731:Tuatschin
1704:Sutsilvan
1694:Sursilvan
1633:Gherdëina
1070:Phonology
1005:Sutsilvan
1000:Sursilvan
925:Varieties
817:Sutsilvan
797:Sursilvan
719:Pordenone
579:Musso War
350:subfamily
312:Glottolog
256:Old Latin
147:(debated)
3675:Category
3535:Venetian
3509:Vallader
3499:Surmiran
3472:Cadorino
3455:Friulian
3388:Limousin
3357:Béarnese
3319:Western
3301:Northern
3289:Menorcan
3279:Balearic
3270:Eastern
3266:dialects
3125:Castrapo
3082:Peruvian
3053:dialects
2986:European
2954:dialects
2941:Portugis
2922:Galician
2863:Asturian
2801:Savoyard
2753:Poitevin
2721:Cauchois
2695:Jèrriais
2542:Canadian
2421:Varesino
2416:Ticinese
2404:Novarese
2399:Cremunés
2389:Ossolano
2384:Milanese
2372:Lecchese
2340:Brianzöö
2271:Ligurian
2237:Romagnol
2118:Arianese
2113:Irpinian
2108:Cilentan
2072:Pantesco
2067:Sicilian
2038:Southern
1974:Corsican
1950:Macerata
1945:Fabriano
1884:Oltenian
1854:dialects
1814:Southern
1714:Vallader
1699:Surmiran
1643:Cadorino
1583:Friulian
1253:Language
1194:See also
1186:Friulian
1139:Friulian
1089:Friulian
1048:Friulian
1038:and the
1032:Trentino
1016:in 1982.
995:Surmiran
989:Vallader
977:Grischun
955:Slovenia
895:Comelico
823:Friulian
812:Surmiran
807:Vallader
786:Dialects
766:Friulian
733:and the
698:Friulian
644:Bavarian
614:Friulian
548:(likely
542:Friulian
522:and the
504:Venetian
462:and the
456:Walensee
422:Augustus
414:Rhaetian
398:Friulian
394:Friulian
346:Rhaetian
288:Friulian
142:Rhaetian
3640:Italics
3541:Chipilo
3484:Romansh
3447:Romance
3445:Rhaeto-
3410:Gardiol
3362:Landese
3352:Aranese
3337:Occitan
3296:Central
3260:Catalan
3251:Romance
3152:Creoles
3147:Saharan
3135:Murcian
3113:Llanito
3070:Chilean
3047:Spanish
3004:Creoles
2978:Mineiro
2960:African
2885:Riberan
2880:Leonese
2845:Iberian
2838:Romance
2765:Walloon
2738:Paydret
2716:Augeron
2656:Vosgien
2651:Gaumais
2646:Lorrain
2638:Creoles
2601:Muskrat
2547:Acadian
2475:Angevin
2465:Langues
2456:Romance
2362:Comasco
2335:Western
2328:Cremish
2318:Eastern
2313:Lombard
2281:Genoese
2276:Brigasc
2220:Emilian
2198:Western
2177:Istriot
2140:Vastese
2125:Molisan
1987:Italian
1923:Central
1869:Crișana
1824:Eastern
1807:Western
1792:Eastern
1675:Romansh
1639:Ampezan
1178:Romansh
1121:Romansh
1111:Grammar
1075:Romansh
965:Romansh
949:to the
791:Romansh
750:Romansh
690:Romansh
624:Venetic
620:Raetian
586:Grisons
568:Romansh
546:Venetic
512:Lombard
508:Istriot
500:Occitan
386:Romansh
352:of the
302:Romansh
189:Romance
94:scholar
3571:Others
3551:Talian
3546:Fiuman
3520:Others
3460:Fornes
3398:Niçard
3347:Gascon
3315:Patuet
3221:Others
3130:Castúo
2836:Ibero-
2796:Faetar
2743:Picard
2673:Norman
2661:Welche
2584:Magoua
2574:Quebec
2564:Brayon
2523:French
2505:Rémois
2454:Gallo-
2409:Pavese
2367:Laghée
2345:Canzés
2296:Royasc
2158:Others
2093:Barese
2021:Tuscan
1967:Sabino
1940:Ancona
1913:Italo-
1648:Fornes
1480:
1450:
1273:411921
1271:
1234:
1161:Syntax
1052:Friuli
916:, and
891:Cadore
839:Carnia
739:Veneto
628:Celtic
562:Raetia
554:Raetic
550:Italic
492:French
448:Glarus
410:Celtic
404:Origin
370:Raetia
179:Italic
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3494:Putèr
3489:Jauer
3477:Nones
3467:Ladin
2966:Asian
2623:Houma
2596:Métis
2579:Joual
2552:Chiac
2517:Gallo
2467:d'oïl
1859:Banat
1726:Jauer
1709:Putèr
1657:Fodom
1653:Nones
1620:Ladin
1491:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1383:(PDF)
1269:JSTOR
1100:Ladin
1022:Ladin
983:Puter
856:Ladin
802:Putèr
774:Ladin
725:Ladin
715:Udine
638:Ladin
460:Rüthi
426:Latin
390:Ladin
366:Roman
362:Italy
295:Ladin
158:Italy
101:JSTOR
87:books
3649:Bold
3234:Caló
2917:Fala
2843:West
1478:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1232:ISBN
893:and
875:and
717:and
654:and
646:and
510:and
450:and
392:and
344:,or
317:None
73:news
1514:doi
1440:doi
1261:doi
957:).
737:in
626:or
56:by
3677::
1663::
1608::
1508:.
1446:.
1413:.
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1346:.
1289:.
1267:.
1257:40
1255:.
1157:.
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1024::
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564:.
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514:.
506:,
502:,
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112:)
108:(
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91:·
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20:)
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