577:
589:
613:
710:
601:
698:
672:
625:
1315:
1291:
660:
648:
531:
1303:
232:
45:
730:
247:. The stringer is the structural member that carries the load of the staircase, the tread is the horizontal part that is stepped on, and the riser board is the vertical part which runs the width of the structure. There are many types of stairs: open, closed, fully housed, winding, and so on, to mention a few of them.
1284:) is limited in that it does not have tables that allow for work with unequal pitched roofs. Irregular hip/valley rafters are characterized by plan angles that are not equal or 45°. The top plates can be 90° at the outside corners or various other angles. There are numerous irregular h/v roof plans.
757:
of the triangle are the top wall plates of the structure. The side cut is located at the intersection of the given pitch column and the side cut of the hip/valley row. The regular hip/valley rafter runs at a 45° angle to the main roof and the unit of measurement is 16.97 inches of run. Regular
640:
The octagon scale allows the user to inscribe an octagon inside a square, given the length of the side of the square. The markings indicate half the length of the octagon's sides, which can be set to a compass or divider. Arcs drawn from the midpoints of the square's sides will intersect the square
562:
Difference in lengths jacks. The jack rafters lie in the same plane as the common rafter but connect the top plate (the wall) or ridge board to the hip or valley rafter respectively. Since the hip or valley rafter meets the ridge board and the common rafter at angles of 45 degrees, the jack rafters
250:
Laying out a staircase requires rudimentary math. There are numerous building codes to which staircases must conform. In an open area the designer can incorporate a more desirable staircase. In a confined area this becomes more challenging. In most staircases there is one more rise than there are
208:
were typically 50 millimetres (2.0 in) wide and 50 millimetres (2.0 in) from the edge of the timber when working with softwoods, giving rise to the width of the blade. Likewise, mortises and tenons were traditionally 37 millimetres (1.5 in) wide when working in hardwoods, explaining
1032:
The tangent is in a base 12. The tangent x 12 = side cut of jack rafters. This corresponds to the side cut on the Steel square. The complementary angles of the arc tan are used on most angle measuring devices in construction. The tangent of hip, valley, and jack rafters are less than 1.00 in all
740:
are also used to verify and determine roofing calculations. Some are programmed to calculate all side cuts for hip, valley and jack regular rafters to be exactly 45° for all rafter pitches. The rafter table is expressed in inches, and the higher the numerical value of the pitch, the greater the
576:
969:
The side cut is located at the intersection of the side cut of jack rafters row and the pitch column on the Steel square. There is a row for the difference in length of jacks, 16 and 24 inch centers on the blade. The tangents are directly proportional for both centers.
270:
piece of lumber. A framing square is placed on the lumber so that the desired rise and tread marks meet the edge of the board. The outline of the square is traced. The square is slid up the board until the tread is placed on the mark and the process is
222:
A steel square is self-proving and self-calibrating in that you can lay out a perpendicular line, flip the square over, and determine the size and direction of the error. The error can be corrected by opening or closing the angle with a center punch.
1109:
The plumb cut for jack and common rafters are the same angles. The level cut or seat cut is the complementary angle of the plumb cut. The notch formed at the intersection of the level and plumb cut Is commonly referred to as the bird's mouth .
558:
Hip or valley rafter per foot of run. The hip or valley rafter also connects the ridge to the plate, but lies at a 45-degree angle to the common rafter. This number gives the length of the hip or valley rafter per seventeen units of
277:
The stringer in this example has two pieces of tread stock. This allows for a slight overhang. There is also a space in between the boards. The bottom of the stringer must be cut to the thickness of the tread. This step is called
709:
1277:
612:
588:
1260:
691:
to prevent racking under lateral loads. The diagonal scale is useful for determining the length of the a knee brace desired for a given distance from the joint between the post and beam.
563:
will have varying lengths when they intersect the hip or valley. Depending on the spacing of the rafters, their lengths will vary by a constant factor—this number is the common difference.
812:
1168:
1025:
864:
582:
The relationship between hip, jack and common rafters, and how they tie into the ridge and bottom plate. The rafters are fastened to the horizontal ridge board at the peak of the roof.
1637:
917:
624:
1033:
pitches above 0°. An eighteen pitch has a side cut angle of 29.07° and a two pitch has a side cut angle of 44.56° for jack rafters. This is a variation of 15.5° between pitches.
600:
235:
Theoretical rise and run of stringer, placement of square, marking of tread and rise, dropping the stringer, ABC=90°, total rise of stringer = 2R-T, total run of stringer = 2AB.
134:. It consists of a long, wider arm and a shorter, narrower arm, which meet at an angle of 90 degrees (a right angle). Today the steel square is more commonly referred to as the
566:
This angle can be cut on the fly by aligning this given number on the blade of the steel square and the twelve-inch mark on the tongue, and drawing a line along the tongue.
1280:). There is also a comprehensive rafter table for 6 & 8 sided polygon roofs (first time ever on a framing square). The traditional steel square's rafter table (
741:
difference between side cut angles within a given pitch. Only a level roof, or a 0 pitch will require a 45° angle side cut (cheek cut) for hip and jack rafters.
1630:
697:
1979:
1932:
1314:
647:
1942:
1623:
274:
The board is cut along the dotted lines, and the top plumb cut and the bottom level cut are traced by holding the square on the opposite side.
949:
The side cut of the hip/valley rafter = (Tangent)(12) = side cut in inches. The side cuts in the rafter table are all in a base 12. The
659:
1907:
1180:
The plumb cut of the hip/valley rafter is expressed in the formula. The level cut is the complementary angle or 90° minus the arc tan.
534:
This is a common rafter with the two different cuts. The plumb cut fits in the ridge board and the Bird's mouth fits on the wall plate.
1290:
1558:
1535:
1491:
505:
This table shows five different types of rafter calculations and one table for marking an angle called the side cut or cheek cut.
1984:
1188:
1989:
950:
758:
hip/valley and jack rafters have different bevel angles within any given pitch and the angle decreases as the pitch increases.
1606:
209:
the width of the tongue. This allowed for quick layouts of mortise and tenon joints when working both hard and softwoods.
671:
1688:
953:
can be determined from any given pitch. Most power tools and angle measuring devices use 90° as 0° in construction. The
142:, and such squares are no longer invariably made of steel (as they were many decades ago); they can also be made of
185:
scale. On the newer framing squares there are degree conversions for different pitches and fractional equivalents.
1947:
766:
1302:
1118:
978:
818:
753:
has two angles that equal 45° then the two sides are equidistant. The rafter is the hypotenuse and the legs or
31:
870:
618:
Hip and jack rafters use twelve as a common reference while aligning the desired pitch in the side cut column.
641:
at the vertices of the planned octagon. All that remains is to cut four triangular sections from the square.
1994:
1912:
1902:
1897:
118:. Carpenters use various tools to lay out structures that are square (that is, built at accurately measured
594:
The side cut is the beveled angle of the hip or valley rafter that fits into the ridge board in this image.
1937:
1927:
1683:
1599:
Build a classic timber-framed house : planning and design, traditional materials, affordable methods
1436:
1917:
1273:
282:. After one stringer is cut this piece becomes the pattern that is traced onto the remaining stringers.
130:
refers to a specific long-armed square that has additional uses for measurement, especially of various
1957:
1952:
1658:
1646:
1041:
This is a reference table for side cuts versus pitch. (only valid for 90 degrees eave angle) :
1922:
1768:
1703:
954:
630:
Hip and valley rafters use seventeen as the common reference for marking the plumb cut of a rafter.
516:
1853:
1678:
1383:
1361:
267:
1743:
1723:
1602:
1554:
1531:
1506:
1487:
1470:
205:
1414:
1738:
1698:
1570:
548:
94:
719:, or the hypotenuse, for the different legs of the triangle for which a brace is to be cut.
1803:
530:
1878:
1873:
1798:
1693:
1547:
1520:
750:
688:
189:
1973:
1883:
1863:
1833:
1758:
1753:
1527:
1349:
1331:
606:
Common and jack rafters all use twelve as the common reference to mark the plumb cut.
511:
There is a table of numbers on the face side of the steel square; this is called the
263:(horizontal measurement). The stringer will rest partially on the horizontal surface.
75:
157:; the shorter narrower arm, is 37 millimetres (1.5 in) wide, and is called the
1843:
1828:
1813:
1808:
1783:
1748:
1718:
1708:
1663:
1378:
1353:
958:
201:
539:
Common rafter per foot of run. The common rafter connects the peak of a roof (the
1568:
Gochnour, Chris (February 2006). "11 Essential
Measuring and Woodworking Tools".
1733:
1713:
1615:
1422:
1345:
515:. The rafter table allows the carpenter to make quick calculations based on the
244:
240:
119:
231:
1858:
1848:
1793:
1778:
1763:
1728:
1673:
1357:
737:
544:
524:
178:
1281:
153:
The longer wider arm is 50 millimetres (2.0 in) wide, and is called the
1773:
1337:
115:
99:
44:
17:
729:
1373:
1838:
1668:
1388:
1272:
The only
Framing Square that has tables for unequal pitched roofs is the
754:
174:
170:
143:
1823:
239:
Stairs usually consist of three components. They are the stringer, the
182:
147:
166:
162:
27:
Flat tool used in carpentry to mark right angles and calculate angles
569:
Cutting hip and valley cripple rafters are all cut in a similar way.
543:) to the base of a roof (the plate). This number gives the length (
1788:
529:
520:
230:
131:
123:
523:
of the roof. Each column describes a different roof inclination (
1868:
1510:
1474:
1619:
519:. The table is organized by columns that correspond to various
728:
653:
Octagon table located on the front side of the steel square.
1255:{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {P}{\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}}.\,}
1344:
is a guide for establishing right angles (90° angles) or
703:
This is the location of the diagonal scale on the square.
161:. The square has many uses, including laying out common
30:"Carpenter's square" redirects here. For the plant, see
1191:
1121:
981:
873:
821:
769:
1413:Elliot, J. Hamilton (1910), Cobleigh, Rolfe (ed.),
87:
68:
51:
1549:Constructing Staircases Balustrades & Landings
1546:
1519:
1320:Intersecting irregular hip/valley gable roof plan.
1254:
1162:
1019:
911:
858:
806:
418:Difference in length of jacks 24 inch centers
389:Difference in length of jacks 16 inch centers
736:In addition to use the square tool, construction
1631:
665:Octagon table viewed from an aluminum square.
8:
1601:. Pownal, Vt. : Storey Communications.
957:of the arc tan are used with tools like the
37:
1348:, usually made of metal. There are various
807:{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {12^{2}+12^{2}}}\,}
547:) of the common rafter per twelve units of
1638:
1624:
1616:
1588:Falconer, John (1925). Ednie, John (ed.).
1044:Pitch expressed in rise units / run units
43:
1467:The Carpenters' Steel Square and Its Uses
1251:
1239:
1226:
1216:
1190:
1163:{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {P}{b}}.\,}
1159:
1146:
1120:
1020:{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {16}{z}}\,}
1016:
1006:
980:
940:Z = difference in L of jack rafter 16" OC
908:
898:
872:
859:{\displaystyle L={\sqrt {c^{2}+P^{2}}}\,}
855:
847:
834:
828:
820:
803:
795:
782:
776:
768:
527:) and contains the following information:
150:, which are light and resistant to rust.
1182:
1112:
972:
912:{\displaystyle tangent={\frac {c}{L}}\,}
760:
360:Hip or valley rafter length per foot run
290:
1419:Handy Farm Devices and How to Make Them
1405:
1286:
693:
643:
572:
476:Side cut of hip rafter or valley rafter
1469:. The Industrial Publication Company.
36:
1296:irregular hip/valley gable roof plan.
7:
1105:Plumb cut of jack and common rafters
687:Knee bracing is a common feature in
188:Framing squares may also be used as
1098:Pitch 1/12 ==> 45,10 deg
1095:Pitch 2/12 ==> 45,22 deg
1092:Pitch 3/12 ==> 45,90 deg
1089:Pitch 4/12 ==> 46,54 deg
1086:Pitch 5/12 ==> 47,33 deg
1083:Pitch 6/12 ==> 48,15 deg
1080:Pitch 7/12 ==> 49,17 deg
1077:Pitch 8/12 ==> 50,19 deg
1071:Pitch 10/12 ==> 52,54 deg
1068:Pitch 11/12 ==> 53,49 deg
1065:Pitch 12/12 ==> 54,69 deg
1062:Pitch 13/12 ==> 55,88 deg
1059:Pitch 14/12 ==> 56,94 deg
1437:"Framing Square Test & Repair"
1101:Pitch 0/12 ==> 45,00 deg
1074:Pitch 9/12 ==> 51,25 deg
25:
1980:Woodworking measuring instruments
1592:. Carpentry and Joinery. Gresham.
331:Common rafter length per foot run
1313:
1301:
1289:
745:Side cut hip/valley rafter table
708:
696:
670:
658:
646:
623:
611:
599:
587:
575:
259:(vertical measurement), and the
1505:. Vol. 3. Theodore Audel.
1503:Carpenters and Builders Library
1176:Plumb cut of hip/valley rafters
447:Side cut length of jack rafters
1465:Hodgson, Frederick T. (1880).
1:
1056:Pitch 15/12 ==> 57,99 deg
1053:Pitch 16/12 ==> 59,07 deg
1050:Pitch 17/12 ==> 60,10 deg
1047:Pitch 18/12 ==> 60,86 deg
715:The diagonal scale gives the
122:), many of which are made of
1689:Coordinate-measuring machine
1268:Irregular hip/valley rafters
1037:Side cut angles versus pitch
1545:Spence, William P. (2000).
725:Calculators in roof framing
2011:
1329:
504:
29:
1892:
1654:
1574:(182). Taunton Press: 75.
1518:Schuttner, Scott (1990).
1415:"Use of the Steel Square"
1274:Chappell Universal Square
927:
922:
677:4 steps to draw Octagons.
42:
1933:Machine and metalworking
1501:Ulrey, Harry F. (1972).
965:Side cut of jack rafters
32:Scrophularia marilandica
1985:Dimensional instruments
1943:Measuring and alignment
1553:. Sterling Publishing.
1486:. Sterling Publishing.
1990:Woodworking hand tools
1482:Siegele, H.H. (1981).
1325:
1282:patented April 23,1901
1256:
1164:
1021:
913:
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808:
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292:Blade of steel square
236:
1583:. Bath: E. A. Lovell.
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1165:
1022:
914:
861:
809:
732:
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280:dropping the stringer
234:
1908:Cutting and abrasive
1744:Laser measuring tool
1597:Sobon, Jack (1994).
1308:irregular roof plan.
1189:
1119:
979:
955:complementary angles
871:
819:
767:
1649:and alignment tools
1522:Basic Stairbuilding
1362:combination squares
517:Pythagorean theorem
293:
206:mortises and tenons
80:Carpentry hand tool
39:
1854:Thread pitch gauge
1679:Combination square
1384:Combination square
1326:Carpenter's square
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1017:
909:
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804:
734:
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237:
140:carpenter's square
114:is a tool used in
95:Carpenter's pencil
61:Carpenter's square
1967:
1966:
1659:Architect's scale
1278:patent #7,958,645
1265:
1264:
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937:L = rafter length
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107:
16:(Redirected from
2002:
1739:Laser line level
1704:Engineer's scale
1699:Drafting machine
1640:
1633:
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1612:
1593:
1590:The Steel Square
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1581:The Steel Square
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1571:Fine Woodworking
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1484:The Steel Square
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194:
190:winding sticks
136:framing square
106:
105:
103:
102:
97:
91:
89:
85:
84:
82:
81:
78:
76:Type of square
72:
70:
69:Classification
66:
65:
63:
62:
59:
58:Framing square
55:
53:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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2007:
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1864:Vernier scale
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1759:Measuring rod
1757:
1755:
1754:Marking gauge
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1560:0-8069-8101-6
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1537:0-942391-44-6
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1528:Taunton Press
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1493:0-8069-8854-1
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1441:Inspectapedia
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1354:speed squares
1351:
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1333:
1332:Square (tool)
1316:
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673:
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636:Octagon scale
635:
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568:
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316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
296:
295:
286:
281:
276:
273:
269:
268:two-by-twelve
265:
262:
258:
254:
253:
252:
248:
246:
242:
233:
227:Stair framing
226:
224:
217:
212:
210:
207:
203:
195:
193:
191:
186:
184:
181:scale and an
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
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156:
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137:
133:
129:
125:
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117:
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98:
96:
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90:
86:
79:
77:
74:
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71:
67:
60:
57:
56:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
1844:Tape measure
1829:Straightedge
1819:Steel square
1818:
1814:Spirit level
1809:Speed square
1784:Radius gauge
1749:Lesbian rule
1719:French curve
1709:Feeler gauge
1664:Beam compass
1598:
1589:
1580:
1579:Lanham, Wm.
1569:
1548:
1521:
1502:
1483:
1466:
1459:Bibliography
1444:. Retrieved
1440:
1431:
1425:and Company.
1418:
1408:
1346:mitre angles
1341:
1335:
1271:
1179:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
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1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1031:
968:
959:speed square
948:
748:
735:
716:
686:
639:
552:
540:
513:rafter table
512:
510:
287:Roof framing
279:
260:
256:
249:
238:
221:
202:timber frame
199:
187:
169:rafters and
158:
154:
152:
139:
135:
128:steel square
127:
120:right angles
112:steel square
111:
109:
38:Steel square
18:Rafter table
1958:Woodworking
1734:Laser level
1714:Flat spline
1446:10 December
1423:Orange Judd
1358:try squares
738:calculators
218:Calibration
173:. It has a
52:Other names
1974:Categories
1859:Try square
1849:Theodolite
1794:Set square
1779:Protractor
1769:Micrometer
1764:Meterstick
1674:Chalk line
1608:0882668420
1395:References
1352:, such as
551:distance (
549:horizontal
545:hypotenuse
266:This is a
179:board foot
1774:Plumb-bob
1647:Measuring
1338:carpentry
934:P = pitch
271:repeated.
204:joinery,
183:octagonal
116:carpentry
100:Plumb bob
88:Used with
1913:Forestry
1903:Cleaning
1839:T-square
1669:Calipers
1511:74099760
1475:06036488
1389:Hip roof
1368:See also
717:diagonal
251:treads.
243:and the
175:diagonal
148:polymers
144:aluminum
1938:Masonry
1928:Kitchen
1879:Wiggler
1824:Stencil
1799:Skirret
1684:Compass
1374:Trammel
951:arc tan
923:Legend
755:catheti
500:10.88"
471:10.00"
442:28.88"
413:19.25"
384:18.76"
355:14.42"
177:scale,
163:rafters
1948:Mining
1918:Garden
1834:Square
1605:
1557:
1534:
1509:
1490:
1473:
1342:square
521:slopes
435:33.94"
428:38.44"
421:43.25"
406:22.63"
399:25.63"
392:28.88"
377:20.78"
370:22.65"
363:24.74"
348:16.97"
341:19.21"
334:21.63"
171:stairs
159:tongue
132:angles
1953:Power
1789:Ruler
1400:Notes
1379:Punch
749:If a
541:ridge
525:pitch
493:9.81"
479:8.25"
450:6.69"
245:riser
241:tread
155:blade
124:steel
1923:Hand
1869:Vise
1603:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1507:LCCN
1488:ISBN
1471:LCCN
1448:2021
1360:and
1340:, a
559:run.
486:9.0"
464:8.5"
457:7.5"
257:rise
255:The
110:The
1729:Jig
1336:In
1276:, (
553:run
326:8"
320:10"
317:12"
314:13"
311:14"
308:15"
305:16"
302:17"
299:18"
261:run
213:Use
167:hip
146:or
138:or
1976::
1530:.
1526:.
1439:.
1421:,
1417:,
1364:.
1356:,
1009:16
961:.
793:12
780:12
555:).
323:9"
192:.
165:,
1639:e
1632:t
1625:v
1611:.
1563:.
1540:.
1513:.
1496:.
1477:.
1450:.
1249:.
1241:2
1237:b
1233:+
1228:2
1224:a
1219:P
1214:=
1211:t
1208:n
1205:e
1202:g
1199:n
1196:a
1193:t
1157:.
1152:b
1149:P
1144:=
1141:t
1138:n
1135:e
1132:g
1129:n
1126:a
1123:t
1012:z
1004:=
1001:t
998:n
995:e
992:g
989:n
986:a
983:t
904:L
901:c
896:=
893:t
890:n
887:e
884:g
881:n
878:a
875:t
849:2
845:P
841:+
836:2
832:c
826:=
823:L
797:2
789:+
784:2
774:=
771:c
34:.
20:)
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