Rainwater harvesting - Knowledge (XXG)

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external social costs, and has limited usages, especially in developing countries or impoverished communities. On the other hand, installing rainwater harvesting systems is verified by a number of studies to provide local communities a sustainable water source, accompanied by other various benefits, including protection from flood and control of water runoff, even in poor regions. Rainwater harvesting systems that do not require major construction or periodic maintenance by a professional from outside the community are more friendly to the environment and more likely to benefit the local people for a longer period of time. Thus, rainwater harvesting systems that could be installed and maintained by local people have bigger chances to be accepted and used by more people.

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Desert. Increase in rainwater harvesting efforts across the nation have revived ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan, such as the chauka system from the Jaipur district. Other large cities like Pune, Mumbai and Bangalore all have varying rules for mandatory rainwater harvesting, especially in new buildings. In 2002, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai required all new buildings over 1000 square meters to have rainwater harvesting infrastructure. The law was expanded in 2007 to 300 square meters. The goal was to ensure buildings had enough water to last them through non-monsoon seasons. The process included a catchment system, an initial flush, and extensive filtering. As of 2021, the

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enable groundwater levels to be sustained. Rainwater harvesting increases the availability of water during dry seasons by increasing the levels of dried borewells and wells. Surface water supply is readily available for various purposes thus reducing dependence on underground water. It improves the quality of ground by diluting salinity. It does not cause pollution and is environmentally friendly. It is cost-effective and easily affordable. It also helps in the availability of potable water, as rainwater is substantially free of salinity and other salts. Applications of rainwater harvesting in

175: 140: 832: 699:. Many Canadians have started implementing rainwater harvesting systems for use in stormwater reduction, irrigation, laundry, and lavatory plumbing. Provincial and municipal legislation is in place for regulating the rights and uses for captured rainwater. Substantial reform to Canadian law since the mid-2000s has increased the use of this technology in agricultural, industrial, and residential use, but ambiguity remains amongst legislation in many provinces. Bylaws and local municipal codes often regulate rainwater harvesting. 194: 114: 847:: Rainwater harvesting has been used in Uganda to promote household and community scale water security for many years. Regular maintenance is an ongoing challenge with existing installation and there are many examples of installations that have failed due to poor maintenance. Research has also shown that awareness of RWH and how to access necessary resources to implement RWH is variable across Ugandan society. 732:(BMC) reported 3000 newly constructed or redeveloped buildings with rainwater harvesting infrastructure. However, many residents have complained that the stored water is contaminated, turning saline and brackish. Experts and residents argue that BMC authorities have done little to take implementation seriously, and the actual effectiveness of the rainwater harvesting mandate is unknown. 1037: 772:

reduce their mains water usage by 50% or more, although a 20-30% saving is more common. At the present time (depending upon where you live in the UK) mains water delivery and equivalent waste water and sewerage processing costs about £2 per cubic metre. Reducing mains-water metered volumes also reduces the sewerage and sewage disposal costs in the same proportion, because

394:. Exploitation of rainwater for value-added products like bottled drinking water, makes solar PV power plants profitable even in high rainfall/ cloudy areas by the augmented income from value-added drinking water generation. Recently cost-effective rainwater collection in the already dug wells found to be highly effective in bringing groundwater level up in India. 2169: 152: 31: 237:, rainwater harvesting in urban areas reduces the impact of runoff and flooding. The combination of urban 'green' rooftops with rainwater catchments have been found to reduce building temperatures by more than 1.3 degrees Celsius. Rainwater harvesting in conjunction with urban agriculture would be a viable way to help meet the United Nations 1025:

flooring, and was filtered by a layer of sand, then collected at the bottom of the well. Later, as Venice acquired territories on the mainland, it started to import water by boat from local rivers. Still, the wells remained in use and were especially important in times of war when an enemy could block access to the mainland water.

2544:"India Rainwater Harvesting Market, By Type (Rain Barrel System, Dry System, Wet System, Green Roof System), By Harvesting Method (Above Ground {Ground Surface and Storage Tank}, Under Ground), By Application (Residential, Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural), By Region, By Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2018–2028" 882:, rainwater harvesting has been a popular method of obtaining water for agriculture and for drinking purposes in rural homes. The legislation to promote rainwater harvesting was enacted through the Urban Development Authority (Amendment) Act, No. 36 of 2007. The Lanka Rainwater Harvesting Forum is leading Sri Lanka's initiative. 452:

water rather than the main source, but the harvesting of rainwater can also decrease a household's water costs or overall usage levels. Rainwater is safe to drink if the consumers do additional treatments before drinking. Boiling water helps to kill germs. Adding another supplement to the system such as a

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Conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end-user. However, in most of the developed world, high-quality potable water is used for all end uses. This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary impacts on the environment. Supplying rainwater that has

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Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season since it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain an adequate flow of water. The water storage tank size should

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Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems that can be installed with minimal skills, to automated systems that require advanced setup and installation. The basic rainwater harvesting system is more of a plumbing job than a technical job, as all the outlets from the building's

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Rainwater is almost always collected strictly from the roof, then heavily filtered using either a filter attached to the down pipe, a fine basket filter or for more expensive systems like self-cleaning filters placed in an underground tank. UK homes using some form of rainwater harvesting system can

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infrastructure and policy as an urgent response to water scarcity. In 2001, Tamil Nadu became the first Indian state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory in every building to avoid groundwater depletion. In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practiced by the people of the Thar

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Rainwater harvesting is a widely used method of storing rainwater in countries presenting with drought characteristics. Several pieces of research have derived and developed different criteria and techniques to select suitable sites for harvesting rainwater. Some research was identified and selected

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Some studies show that rainwater harvesting is a widely applicable solution for water scarcity and other multiple usages, owing to its cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness. Constructing new substantial, centralized water supply systems, such as dams, is prone to damage local ecosystems, generates

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Although standard RWH systems can provide a water source to developing regions facing poverty, the average cost for an RWH setup can be costly depending on the type of technology used. Governmental aid and NGOs can assist communities facing poverty by providing the materials and education necessary

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To address the functional parameters of rainwater harvesting systems, a new metric was developed – the demand to supply ratio (D/S) – identifying the ideal building design (supply) and function (demand) in regard to the environmental performance of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing. With the

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is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a system from cradle-to-grave of its lifetime. Devkota et al, developed such a methodology for rainwater harvesting, and found that the building design (e.g., dimensions) and function (e.g., educational, residential, etc.) play critical

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without losing the income from the used, submerged land. The main purpose of the rainwater harvesting is to use the locally available rainwater to meet water requirements throughout the year without the need of huge capital expenditure. This would facilitate the availability of uncontaminated water

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for centuries depended on rainwater harvesting. The lagoon surrounding Venice is brackish water, which is unsuitable for drinking. Venice's ancient inhabitants established a rainwater collection system based on man-made insulated collection wells. Water percolated down the specially designed stone

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of run-off water to waste. Improved water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by using a series of tanks, withdraw from the last in series. Prefiltration is a common practice used in the industry to keep the system healthy

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and throughout what is today Israel/Palestine. At the site believed by some to be that of the biblical city of Ai (Khirbet et-Tell), a large cistern dating back to around 2500 BC was discovered that had a capacity of nearly 1,700 m (60,000 cu ft). It was carved out of a solid rock,

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has the largest fraction of the population in the rural area relying on rainwater harvesting (currently around 40%). Rainwater harvesting was promoted heavily by the government in the 1980s. In the 1990s, after government funding for the collection tanks ran out, the private sector stepped in and

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Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during water restrictions. In areas where clean water is costly, or difficult to come by, rainwater harvesting is a critical source of clean water. In developed countries, rainwater is often harvested to be used as a supplemental source of

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When drought occurs, rainwater harvested in past months can be used. If rain is scarce but also unpredictable, the use of a rainwater harvesting system can be critical to capturing the rain when it does fall. Many countries with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable

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Rainwater harvesting provides the independent water supply during regional water restrictions, and in developed countries, it is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides water when a drought occurs, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may

257:. In addition, the risks associated with flooding and soil erosion during high rainfall seasons would decrease. Small farmers, especially those farming on hillsides, could benefit the most from rainwater harvesting because they are able to capture runoff and decrease the effects of soil erosion. 764:

is both a traditional and reviving technique for collecting water for domestic uses and is generally used for non-hygienic purposes like watering gardens, flushing toilets, and washing clothes. In commercial premises like supermarkets it is used for things like toilet flushing where larger tank

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idea that supply of rainwater not only saves the potable water but also saves the stormwater entering the combined sewer network (thereby requiring treatment), the savings in environmental emissions were higher if the buildings are connected to a combined sewer network compared to separate one.

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has the biggest rainwater harvesting system in Germany. The system helps save approximately 1 million cubic meters of water per year. The cost of the system was 1.5 million dm (US$ 63,000) in 1993. This system collects water from the roofs of the new terminal which has an area of 26,800 square

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Kenya has already been successfully harvesting rainwater for toilets, laundry, and irrigation. Since the establishment of the country's 2016 Water Act, Kenya has prioritized the regulation of their agriculture industry. Additionally, areas in Australia use harvested rainwater for cooking and

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be large enough to contain the captured water. For low-tech systems, many low-tech methods are used to capture rainwater: rooftop systems, surface water capture, and pumping the rainwater that has already soaked into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks (cisterns).

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for households, having been used in South Asia and other countries for many thousands of years. Installations can be designed for different scales including households, neighbourhoods and communities and can also be designed to serve institutions such as schools, hospitals and other public

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Kumar, M. Dinesh; Ghosh, Shantanu; Patel, Ankit; Singh, Om Prakash; Ravindranath, R.; Kumar, M. Dinesh; Ghosh, Shantanu; Patel, Ankit; Singh, Om Prakash; Ravindranath, R. (2006). Kumar, M. Dinesh; Ghosh, Shantanu; Patel, Ankit; Singh, Om Prakash; Ravindranath, R. (eds.).

287:– in order to increase the sustainability of the facility. A 73% decrease in potable water demand by the park was estimated. Despite this, it was deemed that rainwater harvesting was a less efficient use of financial resources to increase sustainability than the park's 652:

Rainwater cisterns can also act as habitat for pathogen-bearing mosquitoes. As a result, care must be taken to ensure that female mosquitoes can not access the cistern to lay eggs. Larvae eating fish can also be added to the cistern, or it can be chemically treated.

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from the watershed. Now, residential good owners who meet certain criteria may obtain a permit to install a rooftop precipitation collection system (SB 09-080). Up to 10 large scale pilot studies may also be permitted (HB 09–1129). The main factor in persuading the

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While rainwater itself is a clean source of water, often better than groundwater or water from rivers or lakes, the process of collection and storage often leaves the water polluted and non-potable. Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and bird

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headquarters to evacuate stored water prior to storm events, thus reducing wet weather flow while ensuring water availability for later reuse. This has the benefit of increasing water quality released and decreasing the volume of water released during

633:). High levels of pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe with the highest concentrations occurring in the first rain immediately after a dry spell; the concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the 268:, enough water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, dams and ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days when little to no rainfall occurs, enough is available to irrigate crops. 818:. Texas offers a sales tax exemption on the purchase of rainwater harvesting equipment. Both Texas and Ohio allow the practice even for potable purposes. Oklahoma passed the Water for 2060 Act in 2012, to promote pilot projects for rainwater and 225:

drinking. Studies done by Stout et al researching the feasibility in India found RWH was most beneficial used for small-scale irrigation, which provides income with the sales of produce, and overflow used for groundwater recharge.

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A large body of work has focused on the development of life cycle assessment and its costing methodologies to assess the level of environmental impacts and money that can be saved by implementing rainwater harvesting systems.

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meters. The water is collected in the basement of the airport in six tanks with a storage capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used for toilet flushing, watering plants and cleaning the air conditioning system.

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every year in all parts of the world. Solar panels can also be used for harvesting most of the rainwater falling on them and drinking quality water, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple

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Devkota, J.; Schlachter, H.; Anand, C.; Phillips, R.; Apul, Defne (November 2013). "Development and application of EEAST: A lifecycle-based model for use of harvested rainwater and composting toilets in buildings".

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Missions to five Caribbean countries have shown that the capture and storage of rainwater runoff for later use is able to significantly reduce the risk of losing some or all of the year's harvest because of soil or

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Multiple organizations and companies have developed in Canada to provide education, technology, and installation for rainwater harvesting. These include the Canadian Association for Rainwater Management (CANARM),

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suitable sites for the potential erection of dams, as well as derived a model builder in ArcMap 10.4.1. The model combined several parameters, such as slope, runoff potential, land cover/use, stream order,

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Amos, Caleb Christian; Rahman, Ataur; Karim, Fazlul; Gathenya, John Mwangi (November 2018). "A scoping review of roof harvested rainwater usage in urban agriculture: Australia and Kenya in focus".

352:), drains/gutters, storage containers, and depending on whether the system is pressurized, also pumps, and treatment devices such as UV lights, chlorination devices and post-filtration equipment. 649:

gone through preliminary filtration measures for non-potable water uses, such as toilet flushing, irrigation, and laundry, may be a significant part of a sustainable water management strategy.

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since less material is required to construct them. They can provide a reliable water source that can be utilized to expand agricultural outputs. Above-ground tanks can collect water for

1768: 1621: 1823: 118: 1241: 706:(CMHC), and CleanFlo Water Technologies. CANARM is an association that prioritizes education, training and spreading awareness for those entering the rainwater harvesting industry. 2056:"Why doesn't every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda" 1165:"Why doesn't every family practice rainwater harvesting? Factors that affect the decision to adopt rainwater harvesting as a household water security strategy in central Uganda" 465:

source of clean water. To enhance irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running downhills. Even in periods of low

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terrace are connected through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water. There are common components that are installed in such systems, such as pre-filters (see e.g.

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systems can be used collecting between 1000 and 7500 litres of water. It is claimed that in the South East of England there is less water available per person than in many

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Rooftop rainwater harvesting is used to provide drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation, and a way to replenish groundwater levels.

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Rainwater harvesting is becoming a procedure that many Canadians are incorporating into their daily lives, although data does not give exact figures for implementation.

787: 1743: 2562: 797:, water rights laws almost completely restricted rainwater harvesting; a property owner who captured rainwater was deemed to be stealing it from those who have the 1337: 377:

Good quality water resource, closer to populated areas, is becoming scarce and costly for the consumers. In addition to solar and wind energy, rainwater is major

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to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Vīrānam is a 16-km-long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465,000,000 cu ft (41,500,000 m).

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In addition, rainwater harvesting decreases the demand for water from wells, enabling groundwater levels to be further sustained rather than depleted.

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strata. The water percolation in the water-impounded area of the check dams can be enhanced artificially manyfold by loosening the subsoil strata and

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lets this infrastructure double as a source of rainwater harvesting without compromising the existing detention capacity. This has been used in the

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Devkota, Jay; Schlachter, Hannah; Apul, Defne (May 2015). "Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation".

703: 642: 2758:"82(R) H.B. No. 3391. An act relating to rainwater harvesting and other water conservation initiatives. † went into effect on September 1, 2011" 871:

has plentiful rainfall in the West and South, and rainwater harvesting is the normal practice in many rural areas, using roof water directed by

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technologies can reduce investment costs in rainwater harvesting. In-situ technologies for rainwater harvesting could be a feasible option for

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in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low

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as the runoff is typically collected from roofs and other area surfaces for storage and subsequent reuse. Its uses include watering gardens,

3112:"Water Supply Systems: Cisterns, Reservoirs, Aqueducts | Roman Building Technology and Architecture, University of California Santa Barbara" 260:

Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance

1764: 1610: 737: 717: 3072: 1819: 1589: 249:). The technology is available, however, it needs to be remodeled in order to use water more efficiently, especially in an urban setting. 2839: 855: 101: 124: 3144: 2353: 729: 1845: 1321: 1235: 1114: 416: 2916: 2347:"Low cost drinking water technology – rainwater harvesting with solar purification. Current Science, Vol. 118, No.6, 25 March 2020" 2262: 814:, never reached a stream—it was used by plants or evaporated on the ground. Rainwater catchment is mandatory for new dwellings in 205: 1403: 798: 1556: 854:

provided several million tanks to private households, many of which continue to be used. This is one of the largest examples of

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A concept of rainwater harvesting and cleaning it with solar energy for rural household drinking purposes has been developed by

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is an example of low scale technology, in this case to assist planting of trees in arid area. It harvests rainwater and dew.

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in the east. By the late 4000 BC, cisterns were essential elements of emerging water management techniques used in

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is used by boiling harvested rainwater in parabolic solar cookers before being used for drinking. These so-called "

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Ibrahim, Gaylan Rasul Faqe; Rasul, Azad; Ali Hamid, Arieann; Ali, Zana Fattah; Dewana, Amanj Ahmad (April 2019).

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with proper treatment, and domestic heating. The harvested water can also be committed to longer-term storage or

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to change the law was a 2007 study that found that in an average year, 97% of the precipitation that fell in

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While rainwater harvesting in an urban context has gained traction in recent years, evidence points toward

113: 1002: 565: 49:, rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater is collected from a roof-like surface and redirected to a 2445:"Homepage - Water, Septic Tanks and Rainwater Harvesting Systems Canada - Clean-Flo Rainwater Management" 974:, India, used rainwater harvesting for agriculture and many other uses. Rainwater harvesting was done by 3181: 2814: 2791: 2757: 1010: 979: 480: 78: 2393: 912:, when waterproof lime plaster cisterns were built in the floors of houses in village locations of the 695:, laundry and portable toilets. In addition to low costs, rainwater harvesting is useful for landscape 3211: 2206: 2067: 1975: 1929: 1856: 1453: 1176: 1051: 815: 803: 284: 94: 2668: 2563:"Mumbai could save water through its mandatory rainwater harvesting rule – but no one seems to care" 3191: 3111: 1258: 1132: 1054: – A building or device used to collect water by condensing the water vapor present in the air 952: 886: 865:, the law requires all new construction to include rainwater harvesting adequate for the residents. 513: 3058: 2735: 2594: 2525: 2145:"Suitable Site Selection for Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Case Study Using Dohuk Governorate" 2085: 2025: 1477: 1380: 1331: 1202: 1138: 387: 378: 288: 568:" methods provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking. 556:

Rainwater may need to be analyzed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. In the

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Staddon, Chad; Rogers, Josh; Warriner, Calum; Ward, Sarah; Powell, Wayne (17 November 2018).

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Design for Water : Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment, and Alternate Water Reuse

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Water, Septic Tanks and Rainwater Harvesting Systems Canada - Clean-Flo Rainwater Management

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is also known for its use of large cisterns for rainwater collection and storage during the

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can be recharged quickly using the available surface water fully for use in the dry season.

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in the 1st century BC. This history continued with the Byzantine Empire; for example, the

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Water, knowledge and the environment in Asia : epistemologies, practices and locales

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were also commonly used and their construction expanded with the Empire. For example, in

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are constructed across the streams to enhance the percolation of surface water into the

2730: 2120:"ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND SMALL-SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT" 1163:

Staddon, Chad; Rogers, Josh; Warriner, Calum; Ward, Sarah; Powell, Wayne (2018-11-17).

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into covered, 1000 litre storage tanks, with the encouragement of most local councils.

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Harvested water from RWH systems can be minimal during below-average precipitation in

3170: 2471:"Rainwater harvesting in India: some critical issues for basin planning and research" 2394:"Ownership of Rainwater and the Legality of Rainwater Harvesting in British Columbia" 2119: 2089: 1481: 1206: 975: 956: 909: 773: 766: 382: 349: 2529: 2194: 1868: 1560: 17: 1820:"New rooftop solar hydro panels harvest drinking water and energy at the same time" 1352: 1075: 994: 627: 529:, and hydrology to determine the suitability of the site for harvesting rainwater. 526: 436: 420: 187: 2513: 2080: 2055: 1987: 1941: 1611:"Learning legacy: Lessons learned from the London 2012 Games construction project" 1465: 1189: 1164: 776:

billing assumes that all water taken into the house is discharged into the sewers.

2615: 1126: 967: 929: 872: 868: 634: 537: 453: 428: 74: 2861: 2173: 584:, windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic 1105: 1099: 1093: 1069: 1066: – Roof of a building that is designed to provide temporary water storage 1032: 987: 696: 692: 688: 545: 541: 509: 432: 424: 261: 86: 2521: 2470: 2228: 2219: 2021: 1473: 1198: 3077: 3053: 2703:. Colorado Water Conservation Board (CWCB). January 28, 2010. Archived from 1063: 983: 940: 879: 819: 684: 601: 593: 320: 144: 82: 70: 2482: 1949: 1901:

https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/rainwater-collection.html

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period from 2,600 BC–1,100 BC. Four large cisterns have been discovered at

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Lange, J.; Husary, S.; Gunkel, A.; Bastian, D.; Grodek, T. (2012-03-06).

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and ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large sediments.

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and domestic purposes. However, the gathered water should be adequately

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diverter is also a common procedure to avoid contaminants of the water.

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lined with large stones, and sealed with clay to keep it from leaking.

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Water supply and sanitation in the United States § Rainwater harvesting

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for cleaner and sustainable cities, health and wellbeing, and food and

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Basic configuration of domestic rainwater harvesting system in Uganda.

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Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2013 Retrieved from

1021: 913: 844: 836: 811: 597: 581: 164: 2893:. Greater Wellington Regional Council. 28 April 2016. Archived from 2415: 2413: 2010:"A Different Path: The Global Water Crisis and Rainwater Harvesting" 1496: 439:, and a reduction in stormwater runoff polluting freshwater bodies. 178:

Rainwater harvesting and hand washing system for a toilet in Kenya.

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Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of

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is a practice of growing importance. Rainwater harvesting in the

577: 516:; however, such units can be unaffordable to people in poverty. 328: 58: 46: 2979:

Mays, Larry; Antoniou, George & Angelakis, Andreas (2013).

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Recent application of rainwater storage and harvesting in Japan

2917:"Parliament Of The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka" 2588:"Harvesting rainwater for domestic uses: an information guide" 1009:, rooftop water storage was common before the construction of 585: 540:. RWH is useful for developing areas as it collects water for 308: 2172:

Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

1291:. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers. p. 27. 2421:"CANARM.org - Canadian Association for Rainwater Management" 1677:"The Tech Behind Smart Cities - Eliminating Water Pollution" 939:

Many ancient cisterns have been discovered in some parts of

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In the early 21st century, India began heavily investing in

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Water supply and sanitation in India § Rainwater harvesting

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New South Wales Department of Environment and Conservation

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Rainwater capture and storage system, Mexico City campus,

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Rainwater harvesting was adopted at The Velodrome – The

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

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roles in the environmental performance of the system.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

970:(now located in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran), and 119:

Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education

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Rainwater Harvesting for Agriculture and Water Supply

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Bagel, Ravi; Stepan, Lea; Hill, Joseph K.W. (2017).

2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 1765:"Rain fed solar-powered water purification systems" 2381:. Canadian Housing and Mortgage Corporation. 2013. 360:Rainwater harvesting by freshwater-flooded forests 2981:"History of water cisterns: Legacies and lessons" 1117: – Sub-Saharan agricultural water management 2862:"Why houses in Bermuda have white stepped roofs" 2731:"It's Now Legal to Catch a Raindrop in Colorado" 2315:Pearce, Fred; Mackenzie, Debora (3 April 1999). 2255:"Rainwater harvesting benefits farmers in Gansu" 1961: 1959: 369:for domestic, industrial, and irrigation needs. 1439: 1437: 1435: 1221:Managing Urban Stormwater: Harvesting and reuse 916:, a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the 687:can be used for a number of purposes including 3073:"Rare Chola inscription found near Big Temple" 1646:"Rainwater Harvesting - Controls in the Cloud" 1392:commons:Category:Rainwater harvesting in Nepal 1135: – Ancient irrigation system in Sri Lanka 1108: – Power generation via movement of water 1096: – Power generation via movement of water 431:in water distribution systems, less generated 3098:Archaeologies of Water in the Roman Near East 1353:"Rural Water Supply Network Self-supply site" 1123: – Artificial pond for stormwater runoff 908:to store rainwater can be traced back to the 381:of any land. Vast areas are being covered by 8: 1072: – Runoff catching or channeling device 993:Rainwater harvesting was also common in the 679:A small rainwater harvesting tank in Quebec. 364:Rainwater harvesting is possible by growing 2948:"Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum (LRWHF)" 2286:"The Many Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting" 299:Traditionally, stormwater management using 2815:"Joint Monitoring Programme Thailand Data" 1336:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 758:Rainwater harvesting in the United Kingdom 751:Rainwater harvesting in the United Kingdom 373:Rainwater harvesting by solar power panels 3006: 2996: 2218: 2160: 2079: 1876: 1357:www.rural-water-supply.net/en/self-supply 1188: 704:Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation 155:Home, with rain collection jars on roof, 1404:"Understanding the Kenya 2016 Water Act" 822:use among other water-saving techniques. 419:provides a substantial benefit for both 3081:. India. 24 August 2003. Archived from 1152: 643:Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute 197:Plastic Pond for Rainwater Harvesting, 3025:. Tamil Nadu State Government, India. 2379:Collecting and Using Rainwater at Home 1814: 1812: 1713:. Geosyntec. p. 5. Archived from 1329: 1129: – Urban flood management concept 966:Around 300 BC, farming communities in 900:History of water supply and sanitation 390:processes as rainwater is very low in 3057:. India. 17 July 2010. Archived from 2475:Land Use and Water Resources Research 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 7: 2359:from the original on 19 January 2022 2265:from the original on 20 October 2012 1771:from the original on 21 October 2017 1708:"Making Green Work, and Work Harder" 1259:"Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock" 1158: 1156: 793:In the United States, until 2009 in 497:to develop and maintain RWH setups. 427:subsystems by reducing the need for 3049:"Believes in past, lives in future" 3029:from the original on 12 August 2019 2199:Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 1922:Journal of Environmental Management 1675:O'Brien, Sara Ashley (2014-11-11). 1078: – Removal of salts from water 738:rainwater harvesting in rural India 45:) is the collection and storage of 27:Accumulation of rainwater for reuse 2658:"Rainwater Collection in Colorado" 1420:from the original on July 26, 2021 730:Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation 303:served a single purpose. However, 25: 2327:from the original on 10 July 2018 1844:Behzadian, k; Kapelan, Z (2015). 1582:"Rainwater harvesting in Germany" 1535:. Beijing: Springer. p. 20. 1287:Kinkade-Levario, Heather (2007). 1115:Rainwater harvesting in the Sahel 1020:Though little known, the town of 982:(located in Balaganapathy Nagar, 2167: 1853:Science of the Total Environment 1531:Zhu, Qiang; et al. (2015). 1035: 786:This section is an excerpt from 749:This section is an excerpt from 716:This section is an excerpt from 667:This section is an excerpt from 3147:from the original on 2019-05-09 3122:from the original on 2016-07-18 2954:from the original on 2015-02-03 2872:from the original on 2016-12-23 2860:Harry Low (December 23, 2016). 2842:from the original on 2019-01-29 2729:Johnson, Kirk (June 28, 2009). 2561:Johari, Aarefa (17 July 2019). 2253:Chen, Xuefei (27 August 2007). 2235:from the original on 2022-07-10 2036:from the original on 2021-08-10 1869:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.097 1826:from the original on 2019-08-10 1797:from the original on 2018-07-09 1746:from the original on 2016-03-05 1687:from the original on 2014-11-14 1656:from the original on 2019-08-05 1627:from the original on 2015-12-08 1592:from the original on 2019-02-19 1513:from the original on 2018-04-25 1363:from the original on 2019-01-14 1269:from the original on 2018-11-21 133:Mission District, San Francisco 669:Rainwater harvesting in Canada 247:Sustainable Development Goal 6 1: 2514:10.1080/13552074.2017.1339949 2081:10.1080/02508060.2018.1535417 1988:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.021 1968:Journal of Cleaner Production 1942:10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.09.015 1466:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.108 1446:Journal of Cleaner Production 1226:(Report). Sydney, Australia: 1190:10.1080/02508060.2018.1535417 1084: – Flood control measure 835:Rainwater harvesting tank in 810:, in the southern suburbs of 239:Sustainable Development Goals 209:Rainwater harvesting system, 3202:Hydrology and urban planning 1351:Rural Water Supply Network. 978:as well. Rainwater from the 904:The construction and use of 2665:Colorado water law, notices 1586:www.rainwaterharvesting.org 1495:Fletcher-Paul, Dr. Lystra. 1058:Atmospheric water generator 388:filtration and disinfection 305:optimized real-time control 3228: 2834:Saladin, Matthias (2016). 2764:. Texas Legislature Online 2496:Button, Cat (4 May 2017). 2008:Cain, Nicholas L. (2014). 1618:Olympic Delivery Authority 897: 785: 748: 724: 715: 666: 536:urban regions such as the 366:freshwater-flooded forests 2317:"It's raining pesticides" 2103:Furumai, Hiroaki (2008). 548:to ensure safe drinking. 2618:. Rainharvesting Systems 2502:Gender & Development 2220:10.5194/hess-16-715-2012 2118:Lunduka, Rodney (2011). 612:), and dissolved gases ( 562:solar water disinfection 447:Independent water supply 186:Rainwater harvesting in 3023:"Rain water Harvesting" 1381:it:Architettura eoliana 560:province, for example, 460:Supplemental in drought 314:combined sewer overflow 3197:Appropriate technology 2637:"Rainwater harvesting" 2483:10.22004/ag.econ.47964 1557:"Rainwater harvesting" 840: 740:since ancient times. 680: 566:appropriate technology 331:explosives as used in 213: 202: 190: 179: 171: 148: 136: 121: 35: 3207:Sustainable gardening 3096:Kamash, Zena (2010). 2701:Pilot Project Program 2259:People's Daily Online 980:Brihadeeswarar temple 834: 678: 481:Life-cycle assessment 476:Life-cycle assessment 208: 196: 185: 177: 154: 142: 127: 116: 79:stormwater harvesting 33: 3177:Rainwater harvesting 3085:on 22 November 2003. 2762:82nd Regular Session 2392:Duke, Katie (2014). 1855:. 527–528: 220–231. 1822:. 29 November 2017. 1052:Air well (condenser) 947:The Greek island of 856:self-supply of water 816:Santa Fe, New Mexico 804:Colorado Legislature 799:rights to take water 725:rainwater harvesting 102:self-supply of water 95:groundwater recharge 39:Rainwater harvesting 18:Rainwater collection 2616:"Rainwater Filters" 2296:on 13 December 2016 2211:2012HESS...16..715L 2072:2018WatIn..43.1114S 2060:Water International 1980:2015JCPro..95..311D 1934:2013JEnvM.130..397D 1861:2015ScTEn.527..220B 1458:2018JCPro.202..174A 1181:2018WatIn..43.1114S 1169:Water International 1133:Tank cascade system 887:Tank cascade system 291:recycling program. 285:London Olympic Park 143:Rainwater capture, 3187:Water conservation 3061:on 9 October 2012. 2794:on October 8, 2013 2736:The New York Times 2595:Environment Agency 2290:Hydration Anywhere 2179:2017-10-16 at the 1906:2020-04-06 at the 1139:Water conservation 928:in the south, and 841: 681: 492:Cost-effectiveness 417:urban water system 379:renewable resource 214: 203: 191: 180: 172: 149: 137: 122: 36: 2891:"Rainwater tanks" 2323:. No. 2180. 2162:10.3390/w11040864 1542:978-981-287-964-6 1298:978-0-86571-580-6 924:in the west, the 922:Mediterranean Sea 920:, bounded by the 404:Groasis Waterboxx 398:Other innovations 277:Frankfurt Airport 235:urban agriculture 16:(Redirected from 3219: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3141:"Venetian wells" 3137: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3100:. Gorgias Press. 3093: 3087: 3086: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3000: 2998:10.3390/w5041916 2991:(4): 1916–1940. 2976: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2928: 2922:. Archived from 2921: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2897:on 14 April 2016 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2847: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2790:. 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Archived from 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2222: 2190: 2184: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2066:(8): 1114–1135. 2051: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2005: 1992: 1991: 1963: 1954: 1953: 1916: 1910: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1880: 1850: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1831: 1816: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1712: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1615: 1607: 1601: 1600: 1598: 1597: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1559:. Archived from 1553: 1547: 1546: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1501: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1441: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1408: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1327: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1240:. Archived from 1230:. 1 April 2006. 1225: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1192: 1175:(8): 1114–1135. 1160: 1111: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1015:Basilica Cistern 1001:are well-known, 934:dry-land farming 918:Taurus Mountains 657:Country examples 552:Quality of water 333:open cast mining 301:detention basins 21: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3159: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3123: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3016: 2978: 2977: 2966: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2875: 2873: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2845: 2843: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2600: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2451: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2427: 2419: 2418: 2411: 2402: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2252: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2236: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2181:Wayback Machine 2142: 2141: 2137: 2128: 2126: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2039: 2037: 2016:(12): 147–157. 2007: 2006: 1995: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1908:Wayback Machine 1898: 1894: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1829: 1827: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1749: 1747: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1721: 1720:on 4 March 2016 1717: 1710: 1706:Braga, Andrea. 1705: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1595: 1593: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1566: 1564: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1499: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1443: 1442: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1386: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1364: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1328: 1324: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1272: 1270: 1263:www.ntotank.com 1257: 1256: 1252: 1244: 1238: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1162: 1161: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1121:Retention basin 1109: 1082:Detention basin 1041: 1036: 1034: 1031: 999:Roman aqueducts 902: 896: 829: 827:Other countries 824: 823: 791: 783: 778: 777: 754: 746: 734: 733: 721: 713: 708: 707: 672: 664: 659: 631: 624: 617: 554: 522: 494: 478: 462: 449: 412: 400: 383:solar PV panels 375: 362: 345: 297: 274: 231: 219: 161:Aeolian Islands 147:East Side, 1992 111: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3163:External links 3161: 3158: 3157: 3132: 3103: 3088: 3064: 3040: 3014: 3008:2286/R.I.43114 2964: 2939: 2908: 2882: 2852: 2826: 2805: 2775: 2749: 2721: 2685: 2649: 2628: 2607: 2597:. October 2010 2579: 2553: 2535: 2508:(2): 269–282. 2488: 2460: 2436: 2425:www.canarm.org 2409: 2384: 2370: 2338: 2307: 2284:Hatch, Jacob. 2276: 2245: 2205:(3): 715–724. 2185: 2135: 2110: 2095: 2046: 1993: 1955: 1911: 1892: 1836: 1808: 1793:. 2017-12-04. 1782: 1756: 1731: 1698: 1667: 1652:. 2013-10-03. 1637: 1602: 1573: 1548: 1541: 1523: 1487: 1431: 1395: 1384: 1373: 1343: 1322: 1304: 1297: 1279: 1250: 1247:on 2020-07-16. 1236: 1212: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1103: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1043:Ecology portal 1030: 1027: 1003:Roman cisterns 926:Arabian Desert 895: 892: 891: 890: 876: 866: 859: 848: 828: 825: 808:Douglas County 792: 784: 782: 779: 755: 747: 745: 744:United Kingdom 742: 722: 714: 712: 709: 673: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 629: 622: 615: 588:from the sea ( 553: 550: 521: 518: 493: 490: 477: 474: 461: 458: 448: 445: 411: 408: 399: 396: 374: 371: 361: 358: 344: 341: 335:. Thus, local 296: 293: 273: 270: 255:water scarcity 243:water security 233:In regards to 230: 227: 218: 215: 110: 107: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3224: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3162: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2929:on 2013-11-04 2925: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2827: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2725: 2722: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2461: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2326: 2322: 2321:New Scientist 2318: 2311: 2308: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2277: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2136: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2047: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1840: 1837: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1716: 1709: 1702: 1699: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1668: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1606: 1603: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1563:on 2019-05-08 1562: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1524: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1440: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1416: 1412: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1377: 1374: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1347: 1344: 1339: 1333: 1325: 1323:9781315543161 1319: 1315: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1290: 1283: 1280: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1243: 1239: 1237:1-74137-875-3 1233: 1229: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1017:in Istanbul. 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 964: 962: 958: 957:Myrtos-Pyrgos 954: 950: 945: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 910:Neolithic Age 907: 901: 893: 888: 885: 881: 877: 874: 870: 867: 864: 860: 857: 852: 849: 846: 843: 842: 838: 833: 826: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 796: 789: 781:United States 780: 775: 774:water company 770: 768: 767:Mediterranean 763: 759: 752: 743: 741: 739: 731: 726: 719: 710: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 677: 670: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 644: 639: 636: 632: 625: 618: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 569: 567: 563: 559: 551: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 519: 517: 515: 511: 507: 504:The usage of 502: 498: 491: 489: 485: 482: 475: 473: 470: 468: 459: 457: 455: 446: 444: 440: 438: 437:sewer systems 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 409: 407: 405: 397: 395: 393: 389: 384: 380: 372: 370: 367: 359: 357: 353: 351: 350:vortex filter 342: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 310: 306: 302: 294: 292: 290: 286: 281: 278: 271: 269: 267: 263: 258: 256: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 228: 226: 222: 216: 212: 207: 200: 195: 189: 184: 176: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 146: 141: 134: 130: 126: 120: 115: 108: 106: 103: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 32: 19: 3182:Water supply 3149:. 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