34:
196:
protecting themselves against the new risks and dangers of carriage inherent to the goods they were transporting. It was not long before the railway companies were exploiting this new freedom, taking advantage of their dominance of the transport sector to impose stringent and often oppressive terms of business that limited their exposure to risk. The courts felt compelled to give effect to these agreements to which the parties to the contract had deliberately agreed unless there was evidence of fraud or illegality.
395:
result would be regarded as just and reasonable. To reach an agreement which would be considered as "just and reasonable", a carrier had just to offer a customer the option of purchasing insurance for negligence at a reduced cost. If the customer proceeded without this cover, he had no grounds for challenging the agreement. Judges considered that the availability of a fairly priced alternative to limited liability gave adequate protection against coercion on the part of the carrier.
402:, President of the Board of Trade, which proposed the creation of a "Railway and Canal Commission" to oversee the rail industry. The committee noted that the Board of Trade was not "sufficiently judicial" to carry out this task, that the courts were insufficiently informed about the workings of the industry and that a parliamentary committee did not have the necessary permanence. The result was the
254:" without delay to and from their railways and canals. This provision sought to put an end to the practice whereby an operator, taking advantage of the monopoly it enjoyed over the provision of services within its area, did not deal with all customers in a uniform manner, perhaps favouring some to the disadvantage of others.
340:
a condition exempting the carriers wholly from liability for the neglect or default of their servants is prima facie unreasonable. I do not go as far as to say that it is necessarily in every case unreasonable and void, if offers in the alternative to carry on terms that he shall have no liability
303:
on an operator for loss or injury to "horses, cattle or other animals", or to any "articles, goods or things" in the course of their carriage by the operator as a result of his "neglect or default". Where the operator had attempted to limit or exclude his liability for such loss in the contract for
290:
Transport services were to be provided "at all times" and without any "obstruction" to passengers or goods. This reinforced the idea that the railways and canals formed a special and important category of business services which were to be made freely available and, insofar as possible, permanently
195:
The introduction of the railways from the 1830s onwards led to new possibilities for the transport of goods which previously had not been commonly carried at all. This led to the courts affording a certain degree of latitude to railway carriers, permitting them to make agreements for the purpose of
211:
There cannot be a doubt that, practically speaking, the introduction of railways has destroyed the competition which formerly existed, and the effect of which was to secure to the goods owner fair and reasonable terms he absence of other means of conveyance, as well as the increased rapidity of
394:
The 1854 Act proved, however, to be ineffectual in dealing with the problems posed by dominant railway companies. The requirement that clauses limiting liability should be just and reasonable was taken by the courts to mean that as long as the contract was made in a just and reasonable way, the
387:
he necessity of a supervision of some kind over the traffic on our railways has long been acknowledged and it was felt that it would be an intolerable abuse if the Queens' subjects were deprived (by the railways) of the protection which the crown formerly afforded them when travelling over the
327:
This provision is one of the first attempts by
Parliament to introduce legislative controls on unfair terms in contracts. It requires the court trying the case to decide whether the clause in question is "just and reasonable". There followed a flurry of cases on the question of what exactly
216:
The 1854 Act therefore sought to put an end to this practice and reverse the jurisprudence in favour of railway operators, returning to the pre-railway age position where the courts were in the habit of construing contracts between individuals and carriers to the disadvantage of the latter.
2793:
212:
transport, compels the owner of goods, at least for all the purposes of business, to resort to railway conveyance. He is thus at the mercy of the carrier, and has no alternative but to submit to any terms, however unjust and oppressive, which the latter may think fit to impose.
307:
The damages recoverable from the operator were capped at £50 for each horse, £15 for any cattle per head and £2 for each sheep or pig. It was however open to the customer to ask for the level of compensation to be raised by paying the excess of the increased amount.
173:, but the 1854 act placed additional obligations on the railways due to their monopoly status. Each railway company was now required to take all trade offered and to set and publish the same levels of fares to all in respect of any particular service.
345:
In other words, a clause purporting to limit a railway company's liability would be considered invalid unless the customer was offered an inducement to agree to the clause in the shape of, for example, a reduction in the cost of freight.
269:
had breached this obligation when it refused to transport
Spillers' loaded grain vans. According to Lord Justice Kennedy, the railway was only obliged to transport "merchandise", this being the only possible interpretation of "traffic".
234:
Parliament should secure freedom and economy of transit from one end of the kingdom to the other and should compel railway companies to give the public the full advantage of convenient interchange from one railway system to
1086:
388:
ancient highways. Moreover, it may be assumed that the need for rigorous control and supervision is even more necessary than formerly when before the railways there could be no monopoly of the means of conveyance
319:
or fraud by operators, it did not disturb the protection afforded by section 1 of the
Carriers Act 1830 (limitation of liability for the loss of certain goods above £10), or abridge the right to contact out of
341:
at all and holds forth as an inducement a reduction of the price below that which would be reasonable remuneration for carrying at owner's risk, I think that a condition thus offered may be reasonable enough.
304:
carriage, the exclusion clause would only operate where it was "just and reasonable". It would fall to the judge trying a case under the 1854 Act to determine whether the clause was just and reasonable.
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
2988:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1605:
1600:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
696:
691:
686:
278:
Railways and canal companies had to publish and set the same fares for any particular service, they could not discriminate between passengers or goods transporters by giving or offering "
399:
3013:
3008:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
2881:
2846:
1595:
398:
A royal commission was established in 1865 to investigate the charges imposed by the railway industry. This was followed up by another select committee inquiry led by
3003:
2993:
328:
constituted just and reasonable and from there developed the so-called doctrine of the "fair alternative". The definitive judgment on the question was delivered by
2918:
2874:
381:, a contemporary railway law commentator, welcomed the Parliament's attempt to regulate the carrying of freight and passengers on railways. He believed that
2821:
2932:
504:
184:
2857:
1287:
2862:
625:
221:
67:
51:
2962:
2869:
258:
200:
2816:
1615:
407:
479:
A collection of the public general statutes passed in the seventeenth and eighteenth year of the reign of Her
Majesty Queen Victoria
229:
329:
355:
225:
165:, was an act of the United Kingdom Parliament regulating the operation of railways. The railways were already considered to be
232:
responsible for the examination of the various amalgamation bills passing through
Parliament. The committee recommended that "
2841:
2945:
550:
2899:
618:
580:
A treatise on the law of railways, railway companies, and railway investments;. with an appendix of statutes, forms, etc
419:
403:
2998:
701:
2940:
634:
1303:
648:
611:
2758:
1162:
575:
378:
2983:
1587:
519:
266:
145:
41:
282:" in respect of the services provided or, conversely, suffer prejudice by comparison with other users.
170:
2784:
2769:
653:
354:
Violation of the Act was a civil and not criminal matter and proceedings could be brought before the
2853:
1189:
2764:
431:
138:
119:
108:
252:
to afford all reasonable facilities for the receiving and forwarding, and delivering of traffic
2807:
1073:
668:
477:
359:
2955:
2910:
2891:
498:
411:
363:
321:
312:
158:
56:
2950:
415:
300:
2780:
204:
166:
2977:
493:
180:
and has also served as the foundation of similar legislation in the United States.
89:
370:(interdict in Scotland) and could order the payment of a fine not exceeding £200.
658:
454:
177:
2832:
367:
316:
262:
508:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 829.
46:
An Act for the better
Regulation of the Traffic on Railways and Canals.
311:
Although this provision prevented routine exclusions of liability for
497:
603:
406:
which created the
Railway Commissioners to enforce the act. The
607:
250:
An obligation was placed on railway and canal companies "
553:
Spillers and Bakers Ltd v. Great
Western Railway Company
595:
Manchester, Sheffield & Lincolnshire Ry. v. Brown
237:", and so came about the Railway and Canal Act 1854.
2989:
Former nationalised industries of the United
Kingdom
2931:
2908:
2890:
2830:
2806:
2778:
1614:
1585:
1300:
1280:
679:
667:
641:
457:
was conferred on this Act by section 8 of this Act.
144:
133:
125:
114:
103:
98:
88:
83:
73:
63:
50:
40:
280:any undue or unreasonable preference or advantage
537:Peek v. The North Staffordshire Railway Company
383:
338:
209:
334:Peek v The North Staffordshire Railway Company
246:Receiving and forwarding traffic without delay
1622:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
619:
8:
2822:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
21:
2858:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
185:Railway and Canal Traffic Acts 1854 to 1894
3014:History of transport in the United Kingdom
3009:Repealed United Kingdom Acts of Parliament
2905:
2882:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
2775:
676:
626:
612:
604:
430:The Act was repealed by Section 29 of the
20:
1620:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
469:
443:
3004:Transport policy in the United Kingdom
2994:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1854
530:
528:
68:Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell
2870:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
366:(Scotland). The court could issue an
146:Text of statute as originally enacted
7:
2941:United Kingdom statutory instruments
449:
447:
286:Continuous and unobstructed services
408:Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1888
155:Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854
22:Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854
14:
597:, LR 7 App. Cas. 703 (HL 1883)".
582:(Sixth ed.). London: Sweet.
274:No undue preference or prejudice
32:
2842:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
404:Regulation of Railways Act 1873
257:In a case decided in 1910, the
226:President of the Board of Trade
2946:Scottish statutory instruments
350:Remedies for breach of the Act
176:The act marked a milestone in
1:
2963:Church of England instruments
642:Pre-parliamentary legislation
522:, section 2(1) and Schedule 2
360:Her Majesty's Superior Courts
299:Section 7 of the Act imposed
295:Liability for loss and damage
673:the Kingdom of Great Britain
420:Railway and Canal Commission
539:(1863) 10 HLC 473, at 557".
336:(1863) where he said that:
3030:
414:c. 25) replaced them by a
18:United Kingdom legislation
1301:Acts of Parliament of the
79:Great Britain and Ireland
31:
26:
1618:of the United Kingdom of
1304:Kingdom of Great Britain
649:List of English statutes
220:The Act was promoted by
169:and thus subject to the
75:Territorial extent
1087:Interregnum (1642–1660)
505:Encyclopædia Britannica
1281:Parliament of Scotland
392:
343:
214:
201:Sir Alexander Cockburn
161:c. 31), also known as
2933:Secondary legislation
1588:Parliament of Ireland
680:Parliament of England
520:Short Titles Act 1896
358:(England and Wales),
356:Court of Common Pleas
267:Great Western Railway
2854:Acts of Senedd Cymru
2785:European Communities
654:Charter of Liberties
499:"American Law"
261:rejected a claim by
228:and chairman of the
2759:Halsbury's Statutes
671:of states preceding
669:Acts of parliaments
126:Republic of Ireland
23:
2765:Legislation.gov.uk
1616:Acts of Parliament
432:Transport Act 1962
379:Sir William Hodges
191:Historical context
139:Transport Act 1962
120:Transport Act 1962
109:Transport Act 1962
2999:1854 in transport
2971:
2970:
2956:Acts of Adjournal
2927:
2926:
2919:1972–2009/2015–16
2892:Orders in Council
2808:Church of England
2802:
2801:
1296:
1295:
1163:Habeas Corpus Act
1074:Petition of Right
412:51 & 52 Vict.
362:(Ireland) or the
330:Justice Blackburn
183:It is one of the
171:Carriers Act 1830
159:17 & 18 Vict.
151:
150:
104:England and Wales
57:17 & 18 Vict.
27:Act of Parliament
3021:
2951:Acts of Sederunt
2911:Northern Ireland
2906:
2779:relating to the
2776:
677:
628:
621:
614:
605:
599:
598:
590:
584:
583:
572:
566:
565:
563:
561:
555:(1911) 1 KB 386"
547:
541:
540:
532:
523:
516:
510:
509:
501:
490:
484:
483:
474:
458:
451:
400:Lord Carlingford
364:Court of Session
322:strict liability
313:gross negligence
230:select committee
134:Northern Ireland
76:
36:
35:
24:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3018:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2923:
2904:
2886:
2831:Legislation of
2826:
2798:
2774:
2754:
2626:
2123:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1581:
1302:
1292:
1276:
672:
663:
637:
632:
602:
592:
591:
587:
576:Hodges, William
574:
573:
569:
559:
557:
549:
548:
544:
534:
533:
526:
517:
513:
492:
491:
487:
476:
475:
471:
467:
462:
461:
452:
445:
440:
428:
416:court of record
376:
352:
297:
288:
276:
259:Court of Appeal
248:
243:
241:Main provisions
222:Edward Cardwell
193:
167:common carriers
74:
33:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2781:European Union
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:Bill of Rights
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
699:
694:
689:
683:
681:
674:
665:
664:
662:
661:
656:
651:
645:
643:
639:
638:
635:UK legislation
633:
631:
630:
623:
616:
608:
601:
600:
585:
567:
542:
524:
511:
496:, ed. (1911).
494:Chisholm, Hugh
485:
482:. p. 164.
468:
466:
463:
460:
459:
442:
441:
439:
436:
427:
424:
375:
372:
351:
348:
296:
293:
287:
284:
275:
272:
247:
244:
242:
239:
205:House of Lords
192:
189:
163:Cardwell's Act
149:
148:
142:
141:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
116:
112:
111:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
92:
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
54:
48:
47:
44:
38:
37:
29:
28:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3026:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:
703:Temp. incert.
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
682:
678:
675:
670:
666:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
644:
640:
636:
629:
624:
622:
617:
615:
610:
609:
606:
596:
589:
586:
581:
577:
571:
568:
556:
554:
546:
543:
538:
531:
529:
525:
521:
515:
512:
507:
506:
500:
495:
489:
486:
481:
480:
473:
470:
464:
456:
450:
448:
444:
437:
435:
433:
425:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
391:
389:
382:
380:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
349:
347:
342:
337:
335:
331:
325:
323:
318:
314:
309:
305:
302:
294:
292:
285:
283:
281:
273:
271:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
245:
240:
238:
236:
231:
227:
223:
218:
213:
208:
206:
202:
197:
190:
188:
186:
181:
179:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
97:
93:
91:
87:
82:
78:
72:
69:
66:
64:Introduced by
62:
58:
55:
53:
49:
45:
43:
39:
30:
25:
16:
2984:Railway Acts
2900:1994 to date
2835:institutions
2794:1972 to date
2770:Short titles
2757:
1586:Acts of the
1085:
702:
594:
588:
579:
570:
558:. Retrieved
552:
545:
536:
514:
503:
488:
478:
472:
429:
397:
393:
386:
384:
377:
353:
344:
339:
333:
326:
310:
306:
298:
289:
279:
277:
256:
251:
249:
233:
219:
215:
210:
198:
194:
182:
175:
162:
154:
152:
137:Repealed by
118:Repealed by
107:Repealed by
94:10 July 1854
90:Royal assent
15:
659:Magna Carta
455:short title
418:named the "
291:available.
178:English law
2978:Categories
2783:(formerly
560:10 October
465:References
368:injunction
317:misconduct
42:Long title
1606:1751–1800
1601:1701–1750
1397:1760–1764
1392:1755–1759
1387:1750–1754
1382:1745–1749
1377:1740–1744
1372:1735–1739
1367:1730–1734
1362:1725–1729
1357:1720–1724
1352:1715–1719
729:1422–1460
724:1413–1421
719:1399–1411
714:1377–1397
709:1327–1376
697:1308–1325
692:1275–1307
687:1225–1267
301:liability
265:that the
207:in 1863:
203:told the
2833:devolved
2810:measures
578:(1876).
263:Spillers
129:In force
115:Scotland
52:Citation
1596:to 1700
1288:to 1707
235:another
426:Repeal
374:Legacy
224:, the
99:Status
453:This
438:Notes
84:Dates
59:c. 31
2909:for
2875:List
2863:List
2856:and
2847:List
2817:List
2750:2024
2745:2023
2740:2022
2735:2021
2730:2020
2725:2019
2720:2018
2715:2017
2710:2016
2705:2015
2700:2014
2695:2013
2690:2012
2685:2011
2680:2010
2675:2009
2670:2008
2665:2007
2660:2006
2655:2005
2650:2004
2645:2003
2640:2002
2635:2001
2630:2000
2622:1999
2617:1998
2612:1997
2607:1996
2602:1995
2597:1994
2592:1993
2587:1992
2582:1991
2577:1990
2572:1989
2567:1988
2562:1987
2557:1986
2552:1985
2547:1984
2542:1983
2537:1982
2532:1981
2527:1980
2522:1979
2517:1978
2512:1977
2507:1976
2502:1975
2497:1974
2492:1973
2487:1972
2482:1971
2477:1970
2472:1969
2467:1968
2462:1967
2457:1966
2452:1965
2447:1964
2442:1963
2437:1962
2432:1961
2427:1960
2422:1959
2417:1958
2412:1957
2407:1956
2402:1955
2397:1954
2392:1953
2387:1952
2382:1951
2377:1950
2372:1949
2367:1948
2362:1947
2357:1946
2352:1945
2347:1944
2342:1943
2337:1942
2332:1941
2327:1940
2322:1939
2317:1938
2312:1937
2307:1936
2302:1935
2297:1934
2292:1933
2287:1932
2282:1931
2277:1930
2272:1929
2267:1928
2262:1927
2257:1926
2252:1925
2247:1924
2242:1923
2237:1922
2232:1921
2227:1920
2222:1919
2217:1918
2212:1917
2207:1916
2202:1915
2197:1914
2192:1913
2187:1912
2182:1911
2177:1910
2172:1909
2167:1908
2162:1907
2157:1906
2152:1905
2147:1904
2142:1903
2137:1902
2132:1901
2127:1900
2119:1899
2114:1898
2109:1897
2104:1896
2099:1895
2094:1894
2089:1893
2084:1892
2079:1891
2074:1890
2069:1889
2064:1888
2059:1887
2054:1886
2049:1885
2044:1884
2039:1883
2034:1882
2029:1881
2024:1880
2019:1879
2014:1878
2009:1877
2004:1876
1999:1875
1994:1874
1989:1873
1984:1872
1979:1871
1974:1870
1969:1869
1964:1868
1959:1867
1954:1866
1949:1865
1944:1864
1939:1863
1934:1862
1929:1861
1924:1860
1919:1859
1914:1858
1909:1857
1904:1856
1899:1855
1894:1854
1889:1853
1884:1852
1879:1851
1874:1850
1869:1849
1864:1848
1859:1847
1854:1846
1849:1845
1844:1844
1839:1843
1834:1842
1829:1841
1824:1840
1819:1839
1814:1838
1809:1837
1804:1836
1799:1835
1794:1834
1789:1833
1784:1832
1779:1831
1774:1830
1769:1829
1764:1828
1759:1827
1754:1826
1749:1825
1744:1824
1739:1823
1734:1822
1729:1821
1724:1820
1719:1819
1714:1818
1709:1817
1704:1816
1699:1815
1694:1814
1689:1813
1684:1812
1679:1811
1674:1810
1669:1809
1664:1808
1659:1807
1654:1806
1649:1805
1644:1804
1639:1803
1634:1802
1629:1801
1577:1800
1572:1799
1567:1798
1562:1797
1557:1796
1552:1795
1547:1794
1542:1793
1537:1792
1532:1791
1527:1790
1522:1789
1517:1788
1512:1787
1507:1786
1502:1785
1497:1784
1492:1783
1487:1782
1482:1781
1477:1780
1472:1779
1467:1778
1462:1777
1457:1776
1452:1775
1447:1774
1442:1773
1437:1772
1432:1771
1427:1770
1422:1769
1417:1768
1412:1767
1407:1766
1402:1765
1347:1714
1342:1713
1337:1712
1332:1711
1327:1710
1322:1709
1317:1708
1312:1707
1272:1706
1267:1705
1262:1704
1257:1703
1252:1702
1247:1701
1242:1700
1237:1698
1232:1697
1227:1696
1222:1695
1217:1694
1212:1693
1207:1692
1202:1691
1197:1690
1185:1689
1180:1688
1175:1685
1170:1680
1158:1679
1153:1678
1148:1677
1143:1675
1138:1672
1133:1670
1128:1667
1123:1666
1118:1665
1113:1664
1108:1663
1103:1662
1098:1661
1093:1660
1081:1640
1069:1627
1064:1625
1059:1623
1054:1620
1049:1609
1044:1606
1039:1605
1034:1603
1029:1601
1024:1597
1019:1592
1014:1588
1009:1586
1004:1584
999:1580
994:1575
989:1572
984:1571
979:1566
974:1562
969:1558
964:1557
959:1555
954:1554
949:1553
944:1551
939:1549
934:1548
929:1547
924:1546
919:1545
914:1543
909:1542
904:1541
899:1540
894:1539
889:1536
884:1535
879:1534
874:1533
869:1532
864:1531
859:1530
854:1529
849:1523
844:1515
839:1514
834:1513
829:1512
824:1511
819:1509
814:1503
809:1496
804:1495
799:1491
794:1488
789:1487
784:1485
779:1483
774:1482
769:1477
764:1474
759:1472
754:1468
749:1467
744:1464
739:1463
734:1461
562:2007
518:The
153:The
422:".
332:in
199:As
2980::
527:^
502:.
446:^
434:.
390:."
324:.
315:,
187:.
2787:)
627:e
620:t
613:v
593:"
564:.
551:"
535:"
410:(
385:"
157:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.