271:
to gather and worship. This Church/congregation is said to be the pioneer of the
Diocese system that is now in place. She took up the cause of the under privileged, downtrodden, destitutes, widows, orphans providing them the necessary support and aid and education, particularly helping the uneducated poor women towards their empowerment. In this regard, she found ways to build on the shared ethical ideals of certain Hindu and Christian communities to improve the lives of India women, even in that early semi-unenlightened era. She had the Clarinda Church consecrated by Schwartz (1785). This Church now is a major place of worship for Christians and others as well. She was instrumental in building schools in Palayamkottai which are now major educational institutions and other small Churches for the congregations she had managed to form in neighboring villages. For all this she used her own private funds without depending much on contributions or grants. She had to face, along the way, innumerable difficulties, from the non Christian majority around, the schisms of the Church, personal short comings and unexpected hindrances. But she was undaunted and never gave up on her purpose. Many among the Christian communities consider her a veritable and renowned missionary worker of her times. She died in c. 1806.
85:
255:
263:
196:
girl she was diligent, tenacious and accomplished. Even at that tender age she showed a sense of empathy and was kind and gentle to all. At the same time she was contemporary and bold with outspoken ideas against the customs and superstitions, specifically that of the treatment of women, of those times - characteristics indicating the redoubtable lady she will one day become, as her benefactors would like to say.
246:. After about four years (1778), Clarinda once again requested Schwartz to baptise her saying, now that her partner was dead, her past life should in no way be detrimental for her baptism. This time Schwartz, taking into account her life of devotion and selfless service, did not refuse and duly baptised her (1778), changing her name to Clarinda. She was the very first Christian convert in Tirunelveli District.
25:
368:
270:
After her baptism she immersed herself in the missionary work and social services with complete zeal. She brought more willing people into
Christianity through conversion in Tirunelveli and suburbs and built the Clarinda Church in Palayamkottai (1784) for the small congregation of fifty people or so
195:
of
Clarinda, written closer to the times Clarinda lived and the basis for the character profiling of Clarinda and some events of her life in this article, her maiden name was Kokila. She was the ward of her grandfather and was brought up with loving care and given the best of education. As a young
242:, who was a British CMS (Church Mission Society) missionary doing service in those parts and with whom she was acquainted, to baptise her. Anyway Schwartz refused to comply as he thought she was leading a questionable life of sin of illegal partnership. Meanwhile, Lyttleton suddenly died from
221:
After the rescue, Clarinda and
Lyttleton started living together as they found the relationship to be compatible. It is said that they had a son from this consummate partnership though they remained unmarried. Lyttleton being a British Protestant Christian started to familiarise her with the
204:
According to common custom in those days she was given in marriage early to a wealthy man of high rank in the royal court. But a short time later her husband died leaving her a widow. It is a common belief that she was rescued from the funeral pyre of the ensuing
209:, by a soldier of the British army, Henry Lyttleton, who was passing along and who took pity on her seeing the plight of her horrendous circumstances. (The historical romance novel (fiction) '
417:
291:. Hedlund, Roger E., Athyal, Jesudas, Kalapati, Joshua., Richard, Jessica., Mylapore Institute for Indigenous Studies. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 2012.
447:
457:
452:
442:
422:
296:
437:
84:
254:
427:
343:
262:
172:
387:
320:
432:
412:
407:
164:
239:
35:
314:
349:
339:
302:
292:
238:
of some kind is a necessary requirement in the
Christian doctrine she requested (1774) Rev.
206:
401:
176:
54:
231:
159:) (c. 1746 - c. 1806) was an Indian Christian missionary, founder of a church in
369:"Synthesizing Hindu and Christian Ethics in A. Madhaviah's Indian English Novel
160:
168:
306:
353:
44:
24:
171:
Christian worship, namely, the well known, Clarinda Church, situated near
235:
261:
253:
222:
Christian doctrine which she imbibed and embraced wholeheartedly.
243:
234:
completely and had started to live accordingly. Since generally
18:
49:
39:
289:
138:
130:
122:
114:
106:
94:
75:
266:Clarinda's gravestone in the church yard. Apr. '22
167:of Tirunelveli and also built the first Church of
134:First Indian Christian missionary in Tirunelveli
213:' provides a detailed account of this event.)
8:
187:According to the historical romance novel '
334:Mātavaiyā, A.; Holmstrom, Lakshmi (2005).
230:At this point she had personally embraced
83:
72:
418:Converts to Protestantism from Hinduism
280:
312:
7:
448:19th-century Indian philanthropists
458:18th-century women philanthropists
453:19th-century women philanthropists
250:Missionary work and social service
14:
258:Front of Clarinda Church. Apr '22
380:Victorian Literature and Culture
23:
210:
188:
367:Waha, Kristen Bergman (2018).
338:. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi.
163:. She was the first Christian
1:
443:18th-century philanthropists
423:Indian women philanthropists
336:Clarinda, a historical novel
211:Clarinda A Historical Novel
189:Clarinda A Historical Novel
16:Indian Christian missionary
474:
388:Cambridge University Press
155:(sometimes known also as
89:Plaque in Clarinda Church
82:
191:' which is based on the
144:Clarinda Church, c. 1785
126:Missionary/Social Worker
438:People from Tirunelveli
38:, as no other articles
319:: CS1 maint: others (
267:
259:
226:Conversion and baptism
217:Clarinda and Lyttleton
428:People from Thanjavur
265:
257:
268:
260:
200:Marriage and after
173:St. John's College
57:for suggestions.
47:to this page from
148:
147:
71:
70:
465:
392:
391:
377:
364:
358:
357:
331:
325:
324:
318:
310:
285:
141:
87:
73:
66:
63:
52:
50:related articles
27:
19:
473:
472:
468:
467:
466:
464:
463:
462:
398:
397:
396:
395:
375:
366:
365:
361:
346:
333:
332:
328:
311:
299:
287:
286:
282:
277:
252:
228:
219:
202:
185:
179:, Tirunelveli.
139:
102:
99:
90:
78:
67:
61:
58:
48:
45:introduce links
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
471:
469:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
400:
399:
394:
393:
359:
344:
326:
297:
279:
278:
276:
273:
251:
248:
240:C. F. Schwartz
227:
224:
218:
215:
201:
198:
184:
181:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
132:
131:Known for
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
92:
91:
88:
80:
79:
76:
69:
68:
55:Find link tool
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
470:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
403:
389:
385:
381:
374:
372:
363:
360:
355:
351:
347:
341:
337:
330:
327:
322:
316:
308:
304:
300:
298:9780198073857
294:
290:
284:
281:
274:
272:
264:
256:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
225:
223:
216:
214:
212:
208:
199:
197:
194:
190:
182:
180:
178:
177:Palayamkottai
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
143:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
97:
93:
86:
81:
74:
65:
56:
51:
46:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
433:Tamil people
413:1800s deaths
408:1750s births
383:
379:
370:
362:
335:
329:
288:
283:
269:
232:Christianity
229:
220:
203:
192:
186:
156:
152:
151:
149:
140:Notable work
59:
33:
183:Early years
161:Tirunelveli
115:Nationality
402:Categories
390:: 237–255.
345:8126019166
275:References
169:Protestant
123:Occupation
53:; try the
40:link to it
315:cite book
307:768728167
193:real life
101:Thanjavur
62:July 2021
43:. Please
371:Clarinda
354:65067475
157:Clorinda
153:Clarinda
77:Clarinda
373:(1915)"
236:baptism
165:convert
110:c. 1806
98:c. 1746
352:
342:
305:
295:
118:Indian
36:orphan
34:is an
376:(PDF)
350:OCLC
340:ISBN
321:link
303:OCLC
293:ISBN
244:gout
207:Sati
107:Died
95:Born
404::
386:.
384:46
382:.
378:.
348:.
317:}}
313:{{
301:.
175:,
356:.
323:)
309:.
64:)
60:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
