408:
752:
743:
734:
725:
605:
33:
67:
583:) under a new subclass Euglenophycidae. He defined these three taxa as containing phagotrophic photosynthetic eukaryote-eating (eukaryovorous) euglenids that swim in the water column instead of gliding on the substrate, and present four rows of microtubules supporting the feeding pocket instead of one as in Euglenophycidae. His classification scheme was neglected by other authors in favour of treating the entirety of
415:
839:
strain that the species was found with. However, the mixotroph rejected all other preys, and could not survive for longer than 35 days without being exposed to that specific algal strain. Even under constant supply of that strain, the species could not survive for more than a week in the absence of a
650:
end, measuring approximately 10â38 Îźm long and 3â15 Îźm wide. Both flagella arise from a pocket located at the anterior end of the cell, one twice as long as the other but with the same thickness. The longer flagellum, about 1.25 times the length of the cell, is always directed forward. The
946:
is digested and the plastids are separated from the other cellular components, which are later excreted from the host cell. Then, the stolen plastids ('kleptoplasts') are transformed until they resemble canonical plastids: they are divided into smaller fragments by fission, the green algal pyrenoid
1878:
SoĹa LukeĹĄovĂĄ; MichaĹ Karlicki; Lucia TomeÄkovĂĄ HadariovĂĄ; Jana SzabovĂĄ; Anna Ewa
Karnkowska; VladimĂr Hampl (26 December 2019). "Analyses of environmental sequences and two regions of chloroplast genomes revealed the presence of new clades of photosynthetic euglenids in marine environments".
1394:
system from many algae after prolonged coexistence (from both kleptoplasty and predation). This targeting system could have been involved in the establishment of permanent plastids in the remaining
Euglenophyceae, which originated from the green alga
947:
surrounded by starch disappears, smaller pyrenoids penetrated by thylakoids are formed, the starch grains gradually disappear, and a three-membrane envelope is displayed (two membranes from the original chloroplast and one membrane belonging to the
2105:
Moe
Maruyama; Tsuyoshi Kagamoto; Yuga Matsumoto; Ryo Onuma; Shin-ya Miyagishima; Goro Tanifuji; Masami Nakazawa; Yuichiro Kashiyama (22 May 2023). "Horizontally Acquired Nitrate Reductase Realized Kleptoplastic Photoautotrophy of Rapaza viridis".
957:
needs a regular influx of kleptoplasts, obtained through the phagocytosis of its prey. Without acquiring new kleptoplasts, the cells cannot survive for more than 35 days. During starvation, the remaining kleptoplasts are gradually degraded, and
1697:
1386:. Due to these discoveries, the leading hypothesis is that the last common ancestor of all Euglenophyceae was not a phototroph, but an alga-eating phagotroph without permanent plastids that could have exhibited kleptoplasty, much like
851:
cells enter a feeding frenzy: they capture algae with the anterior part of the cell and drag the prey, either swimming backward in a spiral pattern or rotating rapidly. The euglenid can gradually peel away the
868:), and then engulf the naked prey cell, or engulf the cell with an intact theca and afterwards discharge the theca. The entire process takes between 5 and 40 minutes, but a single
1487:"Morphostasis in a novel eukaryote illuminates the evolutionary transition from phagotrophy to phototrophy: description of Rapaza viridis n. gen. et sp. (Euglenozoa, Euglenida)"
1432:
through horizontal gene transfer from ancient algal prey. Nitrate reductases are a key component of phototrophic organisms, since it allows for the assimilation of inorganic
791:
algae and grew to distinctly larger and brighter cells in their presence, digesting them completely in the course of around 12 hours. When starved from the algae, cells of
1056:
prey cell and the phagotrophic host cell. It is also consistent with other intermediate characters. For example, it is the only eukaryote-eating euglenid that, instead of
2603:
2485:
2377:
2269:
423:
2685:
40:
1930:
Antonia S. Rackevei; Anna
Karnkowska; Matthias Wolf (7 December 2022). "18S rDNA sequence-structure phylogeny of the Euglenophyceae (Euglenozoa, Euglenida)".
407:
1374:
and other
Euglenophyceae for plastid-targeted proteins acquired from chloroplasts of many different algae (including algae from the "red lineage", i.e.
2590:
2472:
2364:
514:
The genus was defined as including flexible mixotrophic euglenids with two unequal flagella, a minimum of one chloroplast with three membranes and
934:
does not have canonical plastids. Instead, it extracts and temporarily retains the chloroplasts of its prey for its own use, a process known as
2698:
2052:
Gordon Lax; Alastair G. B. Simpson (16 August 2020). "The
Molecular Diversity of Phagotrophic Euglenids Examined Using Single-cell Methods".
1613:
Alexei Y. Kostygov; Anna
Karnkowska; Jan Votýpka; Daria Tashyreva; Kacper Maciszewski; Vyacheslav Yurchenko; Julius Lukeť (10 March 2021).
651:
shorter flagellum, about 0.65 times the cell length, is directed backward, but sometimes moves forward in an oar-like motion. Like other
1932:
1764:
591:
flagellates) as a class, and deprecating the use of
Rapazia as a subclass. As of 2021, only Rapazidae and Rapazida are accepted taxa.
335:âa behavior supported by the discovery of genes in Euglenophyceae that came from different types of algae through a process called
2724:
2616:
2498:
2390:
2282:
1559:
609:
2762:
1069:
1072:, found in heterotrophic euglenids, whereas the remaining euglenophyceans acquired the MATX paralogue after the split from
2157:
Yoshinori Tsuji (3 July 2023). "Kleptoplasty Relies on a Host-Derived
Component in the Euglenid Protist, Rapaza viridis".
919:, as well as thylakoids in stacks of three that penetrate the pyrenoids. From these observations, it was inferred that
1825:
Andrzej BodyĹ (5 October 2017). "How to Lose the
Plasmalemma? Lessons From Ciliates, Dinoflagellates and Euglenids".
2690:
2757:
1011:
448:
751:
742:
733:
724:
604:
32:
1989:
1491:
294:
from these algae to perform photosynthesis, altering the chloroplasts' structure in the process. In particular,
1383:
1210:
457:
336:
66:
1445:
482:
895:, and one homologous to the chloroplasts seen in phototrophic euglenids. The former were surrounded by two
2209:
1034:. This phylogenetic position is consistent with its place as an evolutionary step between the completely
1554:
556:
179:
2729:
2621:
2503:
2395:
2287:
923:
possesses 'canonical' plastids, i.e. completely functional plastids equivalent to those seen in other
2677:
1298:
1064:, a pattern only seen in phototrophs. It is also the only euglenophycean that only presents the MAT
2752:
2663:
2451:
2343:
2261:
1983:
Jana SzabovĂĄ; Naoji Yubuki; Brian S Leander; Richard E Triemer; VladimĂr Hampl (11 February 2014).
764:
cells that were starved for 7 days (left) and cells that were fed 24 hours earlier (right). Arrow:
647:
827:
656:
543:
340:
61:
2559:
1273:
2490:
2382:
2274:
687:
deformation of the cell shape. Its feeding apparatus consists of one rod built of four rows of
2711:
2608:
2577:
2459:
2351:
2182:
2174:
2131:
2123:
2079:
2071:
2054:
2026:
2008:
1957:
1949:
1904:
1896:
1852:
1844:
1799:
1781:
1732:
1714:
1654:
1636:
1584:
1576:
1528:
1510:
1429:
1391:
1003:
995:
900:
765:
692:
523:
1759:
2716:
2190:
2166:
2139:
2115:
2087:
2063:
2034:
2016:
1998:
1965:
1941:
1912:
1888:
1860:
1836:
1807:
1789:
1773:
1740:
1722:
1706:
1662:
1644:
1628:
1592:
1568:
1536:
1518:
1500:
1057:
983:
474:
254:
236:
991:
324:
243:
2437:
785:. In the same sample where the species was discovered, the microorganism consumed native
1727:
1692:
530:. The species was further defined by the length and width measurements of the cells and
2329:
2021:
1984:
1794:
1649:
1614:
1523:
1486:
1379:
1359:
1118:
1045:
1031:
924:
708:
704:
490:
455:
Aika Yamaguchi, Naoji Yubuki and Brian S. Leander, on a study published in the journal
452:
427:
381: 'seizing' and 'grasping', in reference to the feeding behavior of the cells. The
374:
268:
223:
126:
111:
2746:
2247:
1053:
943:
896:
660:
617:
588:
393:
382:
272:
216:
2545:
1619:
1367:
1342:
1153:
1061:
1035:
1027:
948:
939:
935:
782:
664:
580:
308:
287:
2582:
1985:"The evolution of paralogous enzymes MAT and MATX within the Euglenida and beyond"
888:, two types of distinct chloroplasts were reported: one belonging to the ingested
2648:
2530:
2464:
2422:
2356:
2314:
2232:
2067:
53:
phytoplankton (arrowhead) with the anterior part of its cell. Scale bar: 10
2657:
2539:
2431:
2323:
2241:
1693:"Euglenozoan kleptoplasty illuminates the early evolution of photoendosymbiosis"
1397:
1354:
987:
979:
861:
815:
796:
787:
688:
684:
632:
548:
527:
504:
500:
478:
470:
389:
353:
300:
291:
49:
1698:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1572:
1332:, with sublabels indicating evolutionary steps towards permanent chloroplasts.
1350:
1346:
1248:
1224:
1138:
1049:
1042:
927:, which depend on the host cell for survival and multiply and evolve with it.
889:
821:
635:
621:
576:
486:
320:
316:
283:
279:
219:
88:
2178:
2127:
2075:
2012:
1953:
1900:
1848:
1785:
1718:
1640:
1580:
1514:
2672:
2554:
2446:
2338:
2256:
2194:
2143:
2091:
2003:
1969:
1892:
1827:
1760:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
1758:
Sina M. Adl; David Bass; Christopher E. Lane; et al. (1 January 2019).
1744:
1710:
1666:
1505:
1375:
1329:
1101:
1065:
1038:
975:
912:
800:
778:
700:
696:
672:
646:
that differ in length and in movement. The cells are slender with a tapered
584:
560:
539:
535:
519:
508:
466:
304:
cells native to their original environment, and will reject any other prey.
264:
250:
78:
2569:
2186:
2135:
2083:
2030:
1961:
1908:
1856:
1840:
1803:
1736:
1658:
1588:
1532:
2170:
2119:
2038:
1916:
1864:
1811:
1691:
Anna Karnkowska; Naoji Yubuki; Moe Maruyama; et al. (16 March 2023).
1596:
1557:(15 September 2016). "Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa".
1540:
2642:
2524:
2416:
2308:
2226:
1433:
916:
904:
865:
809:
680:
652:
643:
531:
515:
462:
98:
1632:
1444:
NaRL, is a crucial step of metabolic integration in the early stages of
575:
within the class Euglenophyceae, leaving the remaining euglenophyceans (
2595:
2477:
2369:
1363:
1014:(OTUs), were more abundant in waters with high temperatures (20â30°C).
959:
639:
348:
212:
1945:
1777:
1437:
1052:
is considered the transitional state during the establishment of the
908:
668:
546:
strips, four rows of microtubules supporting the feeding pocket, and
392:
and algal prey cells in the process of being digested. Together, the
276:
2203:
1615:"Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses"
994:
and Ocean Sampling Day campaign recovered an enormous diversity of
915:. The latter were surrounded by three membranes and contained 1â3
853:
603:
439:
366:
227:
208:
54:
2703:
2207:
1485:
Aika Yamaguchi; Naoji Yubuki; Brian S Leander (8 March 2012).
526:, a paraflagellar swelling, and a feeding pocket supported by
795:
became smaller and colorless, retaining at least one healthy
1405:-derived genes are abundant in other Euglenophyceae, while
659:
composed of 16 protein strips arranged helically below the
465:
isolated in 2010 from marine water samples collected at a
323:
with permanent chloroplasts. Scientists consider that the
1436:, which heterotrophic organisms are not capable of. This
327:
of all Euglenophyceae (a group of algae) was similar to
1349:. Particularly, its chloroplasts are obtained from the
331:. It likely stole chloroplasts from its preyâjust like
1366:
analyses revealed that there are genes encoded in the
226:, a group of algae. It is the only species within the
807:
were exposed to a variety of different algae (e.g.,
624:(G) and 16 pellicle strips (arrows). Scale bar: 1 Îźm
2632:
2514:
2406:
2298:
2216:
683:' or 'euglenoid movement', which allows for active
768:, double arrowhead: chloroplast. Scale bar: 10 Îźm.
695:composed of 1 to over 10 pigmented particles. The
347:, the remaining Euglenophyceae acquired permanent
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1390:. This common ancestor horizontally acquired the
485:, the microorganisms were shown to belong to the
1060:on the substrate, is capable of swimming in the
962:are formed to recycle intracellular substances.
1608:
1606:
986:. Because of this location, it is considered a
388:, meaning 'green', references the color of the
1424:In addition to kleptoplast-targeted proteins,
998:that belong to or are most closely related to
461:. It was created to describe a population of
41:Differential interference contrast microscopy
8:
315:is considered an evolutionary step between
2204:
1413:, meaning that the close association with
1382:algae) through multiple ancient events of
930:However, subsequent studies revealed that
507:, making it the first and only example of
31:
20:
2020:
2002:
1793:
1726:
1648:
1522:
1504:
1480:
642:that is capable of swimming by using two
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
872:individual can contain several ingested
307:Due to its unique mode of nutrition and
1456:
803:. During growth experiments, cells of
195:Yamaguchi, Yubuki & Leander, 2012
159:Yamaguchi, Yubuki & Leander, 2012
16:Monospecific genus of predatory algae
7:
1022:According to phylogenetic analyses,
675:(i.e. flexible euglenids), cells of
499:. The new species had a functioning
493:) and were described as the species
1131:
1124:
1114:
1107:
1097:
1090:
1083:
286:by engulfing themâa process called
1933:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1881:Environmental Microbiology Reports
1765:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
587:(Euglenophyceae plus a variety of
14:
840:light source for photosynthesis.
691:and a feeding pocket. There is a
555:In 2016, American protozoologist
481:, various growth experiments and
1560:European Journal of Protistology
938:('stealing of plastids'). After
750:
741:
732:
723:
413:
406:
396:means 'green grasper' in Latin.
65:
1448:towards permanent phototrophy.
559:assigned this genus to several
1417:began after the divergence of
1070:methionine adenosyltransferase
843:Upon exposition to the native
414:
1:
880:Chloroplasts and kleptoplasty
2068:10.1016/J.PROTIS.2020.125757
1409:-derived genes are minor in
781:that feeds on algae through
655:, cells are surrounded by a
271:and ingestion of food) and
267:(an organism that combines
2779:
1573:10.1016/J.EJOP.2016.09.003
1012:operational taxonomic unit
1002:, particularly within the
990:species. In addition, the
911:, without any penetrating
831:and non-native strains of
563:higher-level taxa: family
211:for 'green grasper') is a
2159:Plant and Cell Physiology
2108:Plant and Cell Physiology
1990:BMC Ecology and Evolution
1492:BMC Ecology and Evolution
1428:obtained a nucleus-coded
1324:Phylogenetic position of
1296:
1270:
1246:
1222:
1184:
1151:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1112:
1105:
1095:
1088:
1006:. These sequences, named
835:) while starved from the
249:. It was discovered in a
185:
178:
62:Scientific classification
60:
39:
30:
23:
1384:horizontal gene transfer
966:Distribution and habitat
518:penetrated by stacks of
458:BMC Evolutionary Biology
337:horizontal gene transfer
2004:10.1186/1471-2148-14-25
1893:10.1111/1758-2229.12817
1711:10.1073/PNAS.2220100120
1506:10.1186/1471-2148-12-29
1446:secondary endosymbiosis
996:environmental sequences
942:of the algal prey, its
864:euglenoid movement (or
552:as its preferred prey.
483:molecular phylogenetics
257:and described in 2012.
2763:Taxa described in 2012
1841:10.1002/BIES.201700149
992:TARA Oceans expedition
707:grains as a result of
625:
1555:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
1341:is the first case of
607:
557:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
424:class=notpageimage|
143:Cavalier-Smith, 2016
2171:10.1093/PCP/PCAD070
2120:10.1093/PCP/PCAD044
1705:(12): e2220100120.
1633:10.1098/RSOB.200407
856:(cell covering) of
703:grains, as well as
699:contains ellipsoid
503:but also exhibited
290:âand then uses the
275:species within the
263:is the first known
974:was reported in a
626:
534:, the presence of
2758:Euglenozoa genera
2740:
2739:
2712:Open Tree of Life
2210:Taxon identifiers
1946:10.1111/JEU.12959
1778:10.1111/JEU.12691
1430:nitrate reductase
1392:protein targeting
1336:
1335:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1285:
1284:
1259:
1258:
1235:
1234:
1199:
1198:
1164:
1163:
1004:Mediterranean Sea
899:and contained an
860:through repeated
298:can only feed on
200:
199:
160:
144:
130:
2770:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2625:
2624:
2612:
2611:
2599:
2598:
2586:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2480:
2468:
2467:
2455:
2454:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2385:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2165:(9): 1079â1081.
2154:
2148:
2147:
2114:(9): 1082â1090.
2102:
2096:
2095:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2024:
2006:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1797:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1730:
1688:
1671:
1670:
1652:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1526:
1508:
1482:
1401:. Additionally,
1215:
1177:
1132:
1125:
1115:
1108:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1078:
984:British Columbia
884:When describing
754:
745:
736:
727:
679:are capable of '
477:, Canada. After
475:British Columbia
417:
416:
410:
255:British Columbia
191:
158:
142:
125:
70:
69:
35:
21:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2576:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2212:
2202:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2051:
2050:
2046:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1690:
1689:
1674:
1612:
1611:
1604:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1484:
1483:
1458:
1454:
1319:
1310:
1286:
1260:
1236:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1020:
968:
932:R. viridis
921:R. viridis
882:
870:R. viridis
849:R. viridis
805:R. viridis
793:R. viridis
777:is an obligate
772:
771:
770:
769:
757:
756:
755:
747:
746:
738:
737:
729:
728:
717:
667:with discoidal
602:
597:
453:protistologists
436:
435:
434:
426:
420:
419:
418:
402:
373:comes from
363:
345:R. viridis
333:R. viridis
329:R. viridis
325:common ancestor
196:
193:
187:
174:
171:R. viridis
157:
141:
124:
64:
45:R. viridis
17:
12:
11:
5:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2695:
2682:
2669:
2664:Rapaza viridis
2654:
2638:
2636:
2634:Rapaza viridis
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2613:
2600:
2587:
2574:
2564:
2551:
2536:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2428:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2387:
2374:
2361:
2348:
2335:
2320:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2279:
2266:
2253:
2238:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2149:
2097:
2044:
1975:
1922:
1870:
1817:
1750:
1672:
1602:
1546:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1426:Rapaza viridis
1388:Rapaza viridis
1380:chromalveolate
1360:Transcriptomic
1339:Rapaza viridis
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:Petalomonadida
1295:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:MATX paralogue
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1119:Euglenophyceae
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1068:of the enzyme
1046:Euglenophyceae
1032:Euglenophyceae
1024:Rapaza viridis
1019:
1016:
972:Rapaza viridis
967:
964:
955:Rapaza viridis
925:Euglenophyceae
907:surrounded by
886:Rapaza viridis
881:
878:
775:Rapaza viridis
759:
758:
749:
748:
740:
739:
731:
730:
722:
721:
720:
719:
718:
716:
713:
709:photosynthesis
705:polysaccharide
671:. As in other
663:, and contain
629:Rapaza viridis
601:
598:
596:
593:
538:grains in the
496:Rapaza viridis
491:Euglenophyceae
432:Rapaza viridis
422:
421:
412:
411:
405:
404:
403:
401:
398:
362:
359:
313:Rapaza viridis
296:Rapaza viridis
269:photosynthesis
261:Rapaza viridis
224:Euglenophyceae
204:Rapaza viridis
198:
197:
194:
189:Rapaza viridis
183:
182:
176:
175:
168:
166:
162:
161:
150:
146:
145:
136:
132:
131:
127:Cavalier-Smith
119:
115:
114:
112:Euglenophyceae
109:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2775:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2062:(5): 125757.
2061:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:(2): e12959.
1939:
1935:
1934:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
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1562:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1547:
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1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
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1498:
1494:
1493:
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1481:
1479:
1477:
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1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
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1461:
1457:
1451:
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1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:kleptoplasty,
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1173:chloroplasts,
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:endosymbiotic
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:to all other
1029:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
980:Pachena Beach
977:
973:
965:
963:
961:
956:
952:
950:
945:
944:cell membrane
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:
887:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
846:
841:
838:
834:
830:
829:
824:
823:
818:
817:
812:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
780:
776:
767:
763:
753:
744:
735:
726:
714:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:cell membrane
658:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:
630:
623:
619:
618:mitochondrion
615:
611:
606:
599:
594:
592:
590:
589:heterotrophic
586:
582:
578:
574:
571:and subclass
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:Pachena Beach
468:
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
449:circumscribed
446:
445:
441:
433:
429:
428:Type locality
425:
409:
399:
397:
395:
394:binomial name
391:
387:
384:
383:specific name
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
358:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
274:
273:kleptoplastic
270:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
217:single-celled
214:
210:
206:
205:
192:
190:
184:
181:
180:Binomial name
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
163:
156:
155:
151:
148:
147:
140:
137:
134:
133:
128:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2633:
2515:
2407:
2299:
2217:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2059:
2053:
2047:
1994:
1988:
1978:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1887:(1): 78â91.
1884:
1880:
1873:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1772:(1): 4â119.
1769:
1763:
1753:
1702:
1696:
1624:
1620:Open Biology
1618:
1564:
1558:
1549:
1496:
1490:
1441:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1371:
1353:
1343:kleptoplasty
1338:
1337:
1325:
1297:
1271:
1247:
1223:
1207:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1172:
1154:Eutreptiales
1152:
1137:
1073:
1062:water column
1043:phototrophic
1036:phagotrophic
1028:sister group
1023:
1021:
1007:
999:
971:
970:The species
969:
954:
953:
949:food vacuole
940:phagocytosis
936:kleptoplasty
931:
929:
920:
892:
885:
883:
873:
869:
857:
848:
844:
842:
836:
832:
828:Scrippsiella
826:
820:
814:
808:
804:
792:
786:
783:phagocytosis
774:
773:
761:
689:microtubules
676:
665:mitochondria
638:, a type of
628:
627:
613:
581:Eutreptiales
572:
568:
564:
554:
547:
528:microtubules
513:
495:
494:
487:phototrophic
456:
443:
442:
437:
431:
390:chloroplasts
385:
378:
370:
364:
352:
344:
339:. After the
332:
328:
312:
309:phylogenetic
306:
299:
295:
292:chloroplasts
288:phagocytosis
260:
259:
246:
239:
231:
230:
203:
202:
201:
188:
186:
170:
169:
153:
152:
138:
121:
105:
48:
47:capturing a
44:
24:
18:
2658:Wikispecies
2540:Wikispecies
2432:Wikispecies
2324:Wikispecies
2242:Wikispecies
1567:: 250â276.
1440:, known as
1415:Pyramimonas
1407:Pyramimonas
1403:Tetraselmis
1398:Pyramimonas
1355:Tetraselmis
1328:within the
893:Tetraselmis
874:Tetraselmis
862:peristaltic
858:Tetraselmis
845:Tetraselmis
837:Tetraselmis
833:Tetraselmis
816:Pycnococcus
799:within its
797:chloroplast
788:Tetraselmis
685:peristaltic
633:unicellular
608:Transverse
549:Tetraselmis
522:, a robust
511:euglenids.
509:mixotrophic
505:phagotrophy
501:chloroplast
489:euglenids (
479:cultivation
451:in 2012 by
354:Pyramimonas
321:phototrophs
317:phagotrophs
301:Tetraselmis
222:within the
50:Tetraselmis
2753:Euglenozoa
2747:Categories
2195:Q125859336
2144:Q125859288
2092:Q101127864
1970:Q125859535
1745:Q125824653
1667:Q125548575
1627:: 200407.
1452:References
1372:R. viridis
1351:green alga
1347:Euglenozoa
1274:Ploeotiida
1249:Anisonemia
1225:Peranemida
1213:from algae
1139:Euglenales
1050:mixotrophy
1048:, because
1039:peranemids
913:thylakoids
890:green alga
822:Dunaliella
762:R. viridis
677:R. viridis
673:spirocutes
636:flagellate
622:Golgi body
614:R. viridis
600:Morphology
577:Euglenales
520:thylakoids
341:divergence
311:position,
284:microalgae
282:. It eats
280:Euglenozoa
220:flagellate
89:Euglenozoa
2673:AlgaeBase
2649:Q68527994
2555:AlgaeBase
2531:Q26769441
2447:AlgaeBase
2438:Rapazidae
2423:Q61996385
2408:Rapazidae
2339:AlgaeBase
2315:Q61996383
2257:AlgaeBase
2233:Q61996378
2179:0032-0781
2128:0032-0781
2076:1434-4610
2039:Q35092071
2013:1471-2148
1954:1066-5234
1917:Q92036403
1901:1758-2229
1865:Q49587603
1849:0265-9247
1828:BioEssays
1812:Q57086550
1786:1066-5234
1719:0027-8424
1641:2046-2441
1597:Q39151632
1581:0932-4739
1541:Q28728551
1515:1471-2148
1499:(1): 29.
1330:Euglenida
1102:Spirocuta
1066:paralogue
1018:Evolution
976:tide pool
917:pyrenoids
905:pyrenoids
897:membranes
801:cytoplasm
779:mixotroph
715:Predation
701:paramylon
697:cytoplasm
653:euglenids
648:posterior
612:image of
585:Euglenida
565:Rapazidae
561:monotypic
540:cytoplasm
536:paramylon
516:pyrenoids
467:tide pool
463:euglenids
361:Etymology
265:mixotroph
251:tide pool
240:Rapazidae
165:Species:
139:Rapazidae
99:Euglenida
79:Eukaryota
2643:Wikidata
2567:BioLib:
2525:Wikidata
2491:11905103
2417:Wikidata
2383:11905102
2330:Rapazida
2309:Wikidata
2300:Rapazida
2275:11907350
2227:Wikidata
2191:Wikidata
2187:37464867
2140:Wikidata
2136:37217185
2088:Wikidata
2084:33126020
2035:Wikidata
2031:24517416
1966:Wikidata
1962:36478494
1913:Wikidata
1909:31845515
1861:Wikidata
1857:28980324
1808:Wikidata
1804:30257078
1741:Wikidata
1737:36927158
1728:10041101
1663:Wikidata
1659:33715388
1593:Wikidata
1589:27889663
1537:Wikidata
1533:22401606
1434:nitrogen
1041:and the
960:vacuoles
866:metaboly
847:strain,
810:Navicula
681:metaboly
657:pellicle
644:flagella
616:showing
569:Rapazida
567:, order
544:pellicle
532:flagella
400:Taxonomy
349:plastids
247:Rapazida
135:Family:
122:Rapazida
85:Phylum:
75:Domain:
2730:1361413
2704:1361413
2691:1112050
2622:1361412
2609:1483922
2596:9593982
2570:1154243
2504:1450055
2478:9367207
2396:1450054
2370:9672632
2288:1450053
2248:Rapazia
2218:Rapazia
2055:Protist
2022:3923989
1795:6492006
1650:8061765
1524:3374381
1368:nucleus
1364:genomic
1345:within
1058:gliding
1026:is the
901:eyespot
876:cells.
669:cristae
640:protist
595:Biology
573:Rapazia
386:viridis
213:species
149:Genus:
118:Order:
95:Class:
2717:504158
2678:166816
2546:Rapaza
2516:Rapaza
2452:163210
2344:163209
2262:163208
2193:
2185:
2177:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2037:
2029:
2019:
2011:
1997:: 25.
1968:
1960:
1952:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1835:(11).
1810:
1802:
1792:
1784:
1743:
1735:
1725:
1717:
1665:
1657:
1647:
1639:
1595:
1587:
1579:
1539:
1531:
1521:
1513:
1438:enzyme
1419:Rapaza
1411:Rapaza
1326:Rapaza
1188:Rapaza
1074:Rapaza
1010:-like
1008:Rapaza
1000:Rapaza
988:marine
909:starch
766:stigma
760:LM of
693:stigma
524:stigma
444:Rapaza
371:Rapaza
277:phylum
237:family
232:Rapaza
154:Rapaza
129:, 2016
25:Rapaza
2725:WoRMS
2617:WoRMS
2604:IRMNG
2560:52351
2499:WoRMS
2486:IRMNG
2391:WoRMS
2378:IRMNG
2283:WoRMS
2270:IRMNG
854:theca
631:is a
620:(M),
542:, 16
440:genus
379:rapax
377:
375:Latin
369:name
367:genus
351:from
244:order
228:genus
209:Latin
106:Clade
2699:OBIS
2686:NCBI
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