499:" and so a threshold might be a reduction SO2 emissions "of at least 8.0 million tons per year". As such, any policy alternative that does not meet this threshold can be removed from consideration. If only a single policy alternative satisfies all the impact thresholds then it is the one that is considered a "go" for each impact. Otherwise it might be that all but a few policy alternatives are eliminated and those that remain need to be more closely examined in terms of their trade-offs so that a decision can be made.
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a difficult model to apply in the public sector because social problems can be very complex, ill-defined and interdependent. The problem lies in the thinking procedure implied by the model which is linear and can face difficulties in extra ordinary problems or social problems which have no sequences of happenings. This latter argument can be best illustrated by the words of Thomas R. Dye, the president of the
Lincoln Center for Public Service, who wrote in his book `Understanding Public Policy´ the following passage:
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situation as well as the alternative technical situations. It further assumes that you have or should or can obtain substantive knowledge of the cause and effect relationships relevant to the evaluation of the alternatives. In other words, it assumes that you have a thorough knowledge of all the alternatives and the consequences of the alternatives chosen. It further assumes that you can rank the alternatives and choose the best of it. The following are the limitations for the
Rational Decision Making Model:
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time, it presumes that this central actor is so fully in control of the apparatus of government that a decision once made is as good as implemented. There are no staffs on which to rely, no constituencies to placate, no generals or governors to cajole. By attributing all decision making to one central figure who is always fully in control and who acts only after carefully weighing all options, the
Rational Actor method allows scholars to filter out extraneous details and focus attention on central issues
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defining the problem, exploring for all the possible alternatives for that problem and gathering information this step says evaluate the information and the possible options to anticipate the consequences of each and every possible alternative that is thought of. At this point optional criteria for measuring the success or failure of the decision taken needs to be considered. The rational model of planning rest largely on objective assessment.
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increased consumption of transportation fuels has resulted in a trend of increasing greenhouse gas emissions from this source. Second, the dependence upon oil imports from the politically volatile Middle East generates concern over price fluctuations and possible interruptions in supply. Alternative fuel sources need to be used & substituted in place of fossil fuels to mitigate GHG emissions in the EU.
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168:, is a process for making logically sound decisions. This multi-step model and aims to be logical and follow the orderly path from problem identification through solution. Rational decision making is a multi-step process for making logically sound decisions that aims to follow the orderly path from problem identification through solution.
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The rational model of decision-making is a process for making sound decisions in policy making in the public sector. Rationality is defined as “a style of behavior that is appropriate to the achievement of given goals, within the limits imposed by given conditions and constraints”. It is important to
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Verifying, defining & detailing the problem (problem definition, goal definition, information gathering). This step includes recognizing the problem, defining an initial solution, and starting primary analysis. Examples of this are creative devising, creative ideas, inspirations, breakthroughs,
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At the other extreme, the numerous goals will require the policy impacts to be expressed using a variety of metrics that are not readily comparable. In such cases, the policy analyst may draw on the concept of utility to aggregate the various goals into a single score. With the utility concept, each
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The model of rational decision-making has also proven to be very useful to several decision making processes in industries outside the public sphere. Nonetheless, many criticisms of the model arise due to claim of the model being impractical and lying on unrealistic assumptions. For instance, it is
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However, there are a lot of assumptions, requirements without which the rational decision model is a failure. Therefore, they all have to be considered. The model assumes that we have or should or can obtain adequate information, both in terms of quality, quantity and accuracy. This applies to the
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Some criteria, such as economic benefit, will be more easily measurable or definable, while others such as environmental quality will be harder to measure or express quantitatively. Ultimately though, the set of decision criteria needs to embody all of the policy goals, and overemphasising the more
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As illustrated in Figure 1, rational policy analysis can be broken into 6 distinct stages of analysis. Step 2 highlights the need to understand which factors should be considered as part of the decision making process. At this part of the process, all the economic, social, and environmental factors
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There is no better illustration of the dilemmas of rational policy making in
America than in the field of health…the first obstacle to rationalism is defining the problem. Is our goal to have good health — that is, whether we live at all (infant mortality), how well we live (days lost to sickness),
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The approach of
Wiktorowicz and Deber is similar to Simon and they assert that the rational model tends to deal with “the facts” (data, probabilities) in steps 1 to 3, leaving the issue of assessing values to the final step. According to Wiktorowicz and Deber values are introduced in the final step
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Relating consequences to values— with all decisions and policies there will be a set of values which will be more relevant (for example, economic feasibility and environmental protection) and which can be expressed as a set of criteria, against which performance (or consequences) of each option can
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Defining The
Problem – the report identifies transportation fuels pose two important challenges for the European Union (EU). First, under the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol to the Climate Change Convention, the EU has agreed to an absolute cap on greenhouse gas emissions; while, at the same time
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Once policy alternatives have been evaluated, the next step is to decide which policy alternative should be implemented. This is shown as step 5 in Figure 1. At one extreme, comparing the policy alternatives can be relatively simple if all the policy goals can be measured using a single metric and
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Evaluative criteria are measurements to determine success and failure of alternatives. This step contains secondary and final analysis along with secondary solutions to the problem. Examples of this are site suitability and site sensitivity analysis. After going thoroughly through the process of
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emissions saved is calculated to be €229–2000. If the production of
European biofuels for transport is to be encouraged, exemption from excise duties is the instrument that incurs the least transactions costs, as no separate administrative or collection system needs to be established. A number of
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Determine the
Evaluation Criteria – this policy sets Environmental impacts/benefits (reduction of GHG’s as a measure to reducing climate change effects) and Economical efficiency (the costs of converting to biofuels as alternative to fossil fuels & the costs of production of biofuels from its
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A critical analyses and evaluation of each criterion is brought through. For example, strength and weakness tables of each alternative are drawn and used for comparative basis. The decision maker then weights the previously identified criteria in order to give the alternative policies a correct
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In its purest form, the
Rational Actor approach presumes that such a figure has complete freedom of action to achieve goals that he or she has articulated through a careful process of rational analysis involving full and objective study of all pertinent information and alternatives. At the same
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Displaying the impacts of policy alternatives can be done using a policy analysis matrix (PAM) such that shown in Table 1. As shown, a PAM provides a summary of the policy impacts for the various alternatives and examination of the matrix can reveal the tradeoffs associated with the different
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is defining the exact problem. Though we think that the problem identification is obvious, many times it is not. When defining the problem situation, framing is essential part of the process. With correct framing, the situation is identified and possible previous experience with same kind of
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Evaluating
Alternative Policies – Biofuels are an alternative motor vehicle fuel produced from biological material and are promoted as a transitional step until more advanced technologies have matured. By modelling the efficiency of the biofuel options the authors compute the economic and
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This activity is best done in groups, as different people may contribute different ideas or alternative solutions to the problem. Without alternative solutions, there is a chance of arriving at a non-optimal or a rational decision. For exploring the alternatives it is necessary to gather
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In similar lines, Wiktorowicz and Deber describe through their study on ‘Regulating biotechnology: a rational-political model of policy development’ the rational approach to policy development. The main steps involved in making a rational decision for these authors are the following:
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Select The Preferred Policy – The authors suggest that the overall best biofuel comes from the sugarcane in Brazil after comparing the economic & the environmental costs. The current cost of subsidising the price difference between European biofuels and fossil fuels per tonne of
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entrepreneurs are producing biofuels at the lower margin of the costs specified here profitably, once an excise duty rebate is given. It is likely that growth in the volume of the business will engender both economies of scale and innovation that will reduce costs substantially.
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Furthermore, as we have seen, in the context of policy rational models are intended to achieve maximum social gain. For this purpose, Simon identifies an outline of a step by step mode of analysis to achieve rational decisions. Ian Thomas describes Simon's steps as follows:
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However, as Thomas states the rational model provides a good perspective since in modern society rationality plays a central role and everything that is rational tends to be prized. Thus, it does not seem strange that “we ought to be trying for rational decision-making”.
464:."^8. For example, with a cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions the net financial cost in the first five years of policy implementation is a far easier impact to conceptualise than the more diffuse and uncertain impact of a country's improved position to influence
495:" rule can be a useful method for deciding amongst policy alternatives^8. Under this decision making regime, some or all policy impacts can be assigned thresholds which are used to eliminate at least some of the policy alternatives. In their example, one criterion "
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different potential sources) as its decision criteria. However, this paper does not exactly talk about the social impacts, this policy may have. It also does not compare the operational challenges involved between the different categories of biofuels considered.
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situation can be utilized. The rational decision making model is a group-based decision making process. If the problem is not identified properly then we may face a problem as each and every member of the group might have a different definition of the problem.
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The problems faced when using the rational model arise in practice because social and environmental values can be difficult to quantify and forge consensus around. Furthermore, the assumptions stated by Simon are never fully valid in a real world context.
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with biofuels has been proposed in the European Union (EU) between 2005–2010 as part of a strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from road transport, increase security of energy supply and support development of rural communities.
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To demonstrate the rational analysis process as described above, let’s examine the policy paper “Stimulating the use of biofuels in the European Union: Implications for climate change policy” by Lisa Ryan where the substitution of
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and how long we live (life spans and adult mortality)? Or is our goal to have good medical care — frequent visits to the doctor, wellequipped and accessible hospitals, and equal access to medical care by rich and poor alike?
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that are important to the policy decision need to be identified and then expressed as policy decision criteria. For example, the decision criteria used in the analysis of environmental policy is often a mix of —
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The process of identifying a suitably comprehensive decision criteria set is also vulnerable to being skewed by pressures arising at the political interface. For example, decision makers may tend to give
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Identifying Alternative Policies – The European Commission foresees that three alternative transport fuels: hydrogen, natural gas, and biofuels, will replace transport fossil fuels, each by 5% by 2020.
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This step encloses two to three final solutions to the problem and preliminary implementation to the site. In planning, examples of this are Planned Units of Development and downtown revitalizations.
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This step comprises a final solution and secondary implementation to the site. At this point the process has developed into different strategies of how to apply the solutions to the site.
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Based on the criteria of assessment and the analysis done in previous steps, choose the best solution generated. These four steps form the core of the Rational Decision Making Model.
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Identifying the decision criteria that will be important in solving the problem. The decision maker must determine the relevant factors to take into account when making the decision.
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This step includes final implementation to the site and preliminary monitoring of the outcome and results of the site. This step is the building/renovations part of the process.
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Many authors have attempted to interpret the above-mentioned steps, amongst others, Patton and Sawicki who summarize the model as presented in the following figure (missing):
425:— how policy impacts are distributed amongst different demographics. Factors that can affect the distribution of impacts include location, ethnicity, income, and occupation.
153:. The model has many limitations, particularly the lack of guidance on involving stakeholders and the community affected by planning, and other models of planning, such as
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Morgan M.G.; Kandlikar M.; Risbey J.; Dowlatabadi H. (19 March 1999). "Why Conventional Tools for Policy Analysis Are Often Inadequate for Problems of Global Change".
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impact is given a weighting such that 1 unit of each weighted impact is considered to be equally valuable (or desirable) with regards to the collective well-being.
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Choosing the preferred option— given the full understanding of all the problems and opportunities, all the consequences and the criteria for judging options.
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Considering the steps of Patton and Sawicki model as in Figure 1 above, this paper only follows components 1 to 5 of the rationalist policy analysis model:
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more weight to policy impacts that are concentrated, tangible, certain, and immediate than to impacts that are diffuse, intangible, uncertain, and delayed
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Legality — the potential for the policy to be implemented under current legislation versus the need to pass new legislation that accommodates the policy.
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Ryan L.; Convery F.; Ferreira S. (November 2006). "Stimulating the use of biofuels in the European Union: Implications for climate change policy".
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The rational planning model is used in planning and designing neighborhoods, cities, and regions. It has been central in the development of modern
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The rational planning model has fallen out of mass use as of the last decade. Rather than conceptualising human agents as rational planners,
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easily definable or measurable criteria, will have the undesirable impact of biasing the analysis towards a subset of the policy goals.
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Indeed, some of the assumptions identified above are also pin pointed out in a study written by the historian H.A. Drake, as he states:
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is a model of the planning process involving a number of rational actions or steps. Taylor (1998) outlines five steps, as follows:
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Wiktorowicz, Mary; Deber, Raisa (May 1997). "Regulating biotechnology: a rational-political Model of policy development".
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Intelligence gathering— data and potential problems and opportunities are identified, collected and analyzed.
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assumes accurate, stable and complete knowledge of all the alternatives, preferences, goals and consequences
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argued that the rational model could not be implemented without taking the political context into account.
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The decision-maker evaluates each alternative against the criteria and selects the preferred alternative.
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given equal weighting. In this case, the decision method is an exercise in benefit cost analysis (BCA).
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A brief list of the possible alternatives must be generated; these could succeed to resolve the problem.
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While the rational planning model was innovative at its conception, the concepts are controversial and
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The government is a rational and unitary actor and that its actions are perceived as rational choices,
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environmental costs of each biofuel option as per the evaluation criteria mentioned above.
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Modify future decisions and actions taken based on the above evaluation of outcomes.
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657:(12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp.
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note the model makes a series of assumptions in order for it to work, such as:
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Verify, define, detail the problem, give solution or alternative to the problem
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of the rational model, where the utility of each policy option is assessed.
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Uncertainty — the degree to which the level of policy impacts can be known.
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Defining the problem by analyzing the data and the information gathered.
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assumes rational, measurable criteria are available and agreed upon
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Environmental Policy: Australian Practice in the Context of Theory
431:— the extent to which the policy action may be opposed by current
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information. Technology may help with gathering this information.
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The very first step which is normally overlooked by the top level
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Table 1. Policy analysis matrix (PAM) for SO2 emissions control.
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992:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
445:— the capacity required to actually operationalize the policy.
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The comprehensive organization and analysis of the information
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The probability that each potential outcome would materialize
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Human-Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situation Action
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Discourse of rational planning model used in policy making
686:. Chicago: American Planning Association. pp. 175–6.
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Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance
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The value (or utility) placed on each potential outcome.
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argues, agents can better be understood as engaging in
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assumes a rational, reasonable, non – political world
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The model must be applied in a system that is stable,
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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904:Environmental Policy Analysis for Decision Making
932:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
649:Robbins, Stephen P.; Timothy A. Judge (2007).
381:Decision criteria for policy analysis — Step 2
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804:Basic methods of policy analysis and planning
472:Decision methods for policy analysis — Step 5
132:Identification of alternative plans/policies;
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826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
728:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
638:. London: Sage Publications. pp. 67–68.
466:global negotiations on climate change action
928:Weimer, David L.; Vining, Aidan R. (1989).
615:http://ewp.uoregon.edu/publications/working
419:— commonly expressed as benefits and costs.
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703:(3rd ed.). New York: The Free Press.
184:follows a series of steps detailed below:
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491:Weimer and Vining also suggest that the "
324:The potential consequences of each option
305:Assessing the consequences of all options
280:There are no limitations of time or cost.
249:Monitor and evaluate outcomes and results
135:Evaluation of alternative plans/policies;
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1245:Regional Planning Association of America
141:Monitoring of effects of plans/policies.
129:Definition of the problems and/or goals;
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930:Policy Analysis: Concepts and Practice
901:Loomis, John; Helfand, Gloria (2001).
819:
503:Case study of rational policy analysis
221:Generate objective assessment criteria
7:
2205:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1316:Professional transportation planner
241:Implement the preferred alternative
1005:Mastering the Politics of Planning
558:requires great deal of information
277:The policy problem is unambiguous,
230:Choose the best solution generated
14:
684:Planning Theory for Practitioners
138:Implementation of plans/policies;
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845:(12th ed.). Prentice Hall.
802:Patton, C., Sawicki, D. (1986).
636:Urban Planning Theory since 1945
23:
1713:Transferable development rights
1268:Environmental impact assessment
209:Generate all possible solutions
34:needs additional citations for
1339:Community economic development
1118:Planning and zoning commission
358:The policy is brought through.
162:rational decision-making model
1:
1007:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
781:10.1016/S0168-8510(96)00889-5
578:questionable processes today.
555:requires a great deal of time
429:Social/Cultural acceptability
16:Model of the planning process
1952:Planning Accreditation Board
1311:Transit-oriented development
1273:Recreation resource planning
746:. Sydney: Federation Press.
546:Requirements and limitations
497:is to minimize SO2 emissions
157:, are now also widely used.
957:10.1016/j.enpol.2005.06.010
843:Understanding Public Policy
682:Brooks, Michael P. (2002).
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1964:Professional organizations
1321:Urban freight distribution
1296:Transportation forecasting
2200:List of planning journals
2164:
1169:History of urban planning
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742:Thomas, Ian, ed. (2007).
724:Drake, H.A., ed. (2002).
352:priority in the decision.
58:"Rational planning model"
2136:Marine spatial planning
1648:Healthy community design
1226:Village design statement
1216:Preservation development
1211:Conservation development
1003:Benveniste, Guy (1994).
613:See working paper #2 at
443:Operational practicality
2243:Transportation planning
2151:Real estate development
1882:List of urban theorists
1378:City Beautiful movement
1306:Rational planning model
1288:Transportation planning
1278:Sustainable development
880:10.1023/A:1005469411776
841:Dye, Thomas R. (2007).
700:Administrative Behavior
697:Simon, Herbert (1976).
653:Organizational Behavior
166:organizational behavior
151:transportation planning
123:rational planning model
2195:List of planned cities
2131:Landscape architecture
1887:List of urban planners
1609:Conservation community
1446:Collaborative planning
1255:Environmental planning
1163:Comprehensive planning
988:Suchman, Lucy (2007).
634:Taylor, Nigel (1998).
155:collaborative planning
2106:Development economics
1957:Real estate education
1917:James Howard Kunstler
1842:Konstantinos Doxiadis
1723:Urban growth boundary
1663:Mixed-use development
1558:Intentional community
806:. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
602:Rationality and power
423:Distributional equity
164:, as it is called in
1658:Leapfrog development
1604:Complete Communities
1461:Intelligent urbanism
1388:Garden city movement
1331:Economic development
1263:Environmental design
302:Identifying problems
43:improve this article
2064:Communist countries
1688:Planning Permission
1625:Filtering (housing)
1599:Cluster development
1408:Settlement movement
1393:Indigenous planning
907:. Kluwer Academic.
417:Economic efficiency
1947:Planning education
1907:Elizabeth Farrelly
1751:High-rise urbanism
1589:Affordable housing
1128:World Urbanism Day
391:Ecological impacts
2233:Decision analysis
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2177:Cities portal
2101:Civil engineering
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1935:
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1732:Peri-urbanisation
1552:Planned community
1383:Dark-sky movement
1373:Car-free movement
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1301:Trip distribution
1237:Regional planning
1190:Urban green space
1158:Land-use planning
1133:Labor market area
1123:Growth management
1098:Metropolitan area
852:978-0-13-936948-3
753:978-1-86287-603-3
588:. Going further,
160:The very similar
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1812:Donald Appleyard
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1523:Mining community
1476:Radical planning
1423:Transition towns
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1174:Spatial planning
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1862:Peter Calthorpe
1817:Ebenezer Howard
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1471:Market urbanism
1466:Livable streets
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868:Climatic Change
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632:
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623:
610:
598:
586:situated action
574:
548:
539:
505:
474:
437:cultural values
407:habitat quality
383:
264:
256:
251:
243:
232:
223:
211:
190:
178:decision-making
174:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2256:
2254:
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2240:
2238:Urban planning
2235:
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2202:
2197:
2192:
2180:
2165:
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2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
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2098:
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2090:
2084:
2083:
2080:
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2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2017:United Kingdom
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1997:Czech Republic
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1927:Randal O'Toole
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:Patrick Geddes
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Kevin A. Lynch
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:Guy Benveniste
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Daniel Burnham
1804:
1802:Colin Buchanan
1799:
1797:Clarence Stein
1794:
1792:Clarence Perry
1789:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1744:
1739:
1737:Urban vitality
1734:
1725:
1720:
1715:
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1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:Healthy cities
1641:
1636:
1634:Brusselization
1630:Gentrification
1627:
1622:
1619:Eminent domain
1616:
1611:
1606:
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1491:Cities by type
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1451:Context theory
1448:
1442:
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1434:
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1420:
1415:
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1368:Athens Charter
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1177:
1171:
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1136:
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1125:
1120:
1115:
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1084:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
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1050:
1049:
1046:Urban planning
1044:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1010:
995:
980:
935:
920:
913:
893:
858:
851:
833:
812:
794:
775:(2): 115–138.
759:
752:
731:
716:
709:
689:
674:
668:978-0132431569
667:
641:
625:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
609:
606:
605:
604:
597:
594:
590:Guy Benveniste
573:
572:Current status
570:
569:
568:
565:
562:
559:
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547:
544:
543:
542:
537:
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477:alternatives.
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173:
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147:urban planning
143:
142:
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136:
133:
130:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2255:
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2239:
2236:
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2179:
2178:
2167:
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2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Public policy
2144:
2142:
2141:Public health
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Urban ecology
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2075:
2074:Ancient Egypt
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Lewis Mumford
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Raymond Unwin
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
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1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
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1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1779:practitioners
1774:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:Tract housing
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1698:Temporary use
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Planning gain
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Creative city
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Urban village
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Model village
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1508:Commuter town
1506:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1481:Urban renewal
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:Structuralism
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
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1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1340:
1337:
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1328:
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1276:
1274:
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1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Rural housing
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:Redevelopment
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
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1149:
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1083:
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1073:
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1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1040:
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1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1006:
999:
996:
991:
984:
981:
976:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:Energy Policy
939:
936:
931:
924:
921:
916:
914:0-7923-6500-3
910:
906:
905:
897:
894:
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862:
859:
854:
848:
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837:
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829:
823:
815:
813:0-13-060948-X
809:
805:
798:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:Health Policy
763:
760:
755:
749:
745:
738:
736:
732:
727:
720:
717:
712:
710:0-684-83582-7
706:
702:
701:
693:
690:
685:
678:
675:
670:
664:
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654:
645:
642:
637:
630:
627:
620:
616:
612:
611:
607:
603:
600:
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595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
571:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
552:
545:
534:
530:
527:
523:
519:
518:
517:
514:
511:
502:
500:
498:
494:
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485:
481:
478:
471:
469:
467:
463:
457:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
434:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:water quality
396:
392:
389:
388:
387:
380:
378:
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370:
369:
364:
357:
354:
350:
347:
344:
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261:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2210:
2187:
2168:
2096:Architecture
2069:Nazi Germany
1877:Thomas Adams
1857:Loretta Lees
1852:Le Corbusier
1822:Edmund Bacon
1787:Andrés Duany
1742:Urbanization
1728:Urban sprawl
1693:Rural flight
1673:Permeability
1668:Model cities
1540:Logging camp
1499:Company town
1413:Smart growth
1403:New Urbanism
1305:
1185:Urban design
1004:
998:
989:
983:
948:
944:
938:
929:
923:
903:
896:
871:
867:
861:
842:
836:
803:
797:
772:
768:
762:
743:
725:
719:
699:
692:
683:
677:
652:
644:
635:
629:
582:Lucy Suchman
577:
575:
549:
515:
510:fossil fuels
506:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
479:
475:
461:
458:
454:
433:social norms
395:biodiversity
384:
375:
371:
366:
365:
361:
337:
333:
315:
293:
287:
286:
283:
265:
257:
244:
236:
233:
224:
215:
212:
199:
191:
175:
161:
159:
144:
122:
120:
105:
99:October 2010
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2089:disciplines
1912:Jane Jacobs
1837:James Rouse
1718:Urban decay
1703:Third place
1678:Placemaking
1528:Pit village
1518:Global city
403:air quality
393:— such as
195:brainstorms
2227:Categories
1832:Ian McHarg
1777:Theorists/
1554:(New town)
1513:Ghost town
1352:Concepts/
1088:Urban area
621:References
411:population
409:, species
309:be judged.
202:management
69:newspapers
2121:Geography
2033:Barcelona
2012:Singapore
1987:Australia
1980:Countries
1594:Cityscape
1361:Movements
966:10197/870
822:cite book
493:go, no go
176:Rational
2189:Category
2038:Shanghai
1940:Training
1582:Concepts
1573:Boomtown
1563:Arcology
1535:Man camp
1503:Monotown
1456:Ekistics
1438:Theories
1354:theories
1195:Urbanism
1144:branches
1113:Planning
1108:Land use
1062:Theories
975:18400967
888:53603959
789:10167067
596:See also
254:Feedback
182:planning
2211:Commons
2087:Related
1900:Critics
1653:LEED-ND
1151:General
1081:General
1072:Outline
1057:History
608:Sources
83:scholar
2059:Africa
2043:Sydney
2026:Cities
2007:Serbia
2002:Russia
1973:Places
1769:People
1756:Zoning
1639:Infill
1103:Suburb
973:
911:
886:
849:
810:
787:
750:
707:
665:
413:, etc.
172:Method
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2052:Other
1992:China
1428:YIMBY
1398:NIMBY
1204:Rural
1176:(Eur)
1142:Major
1067:Index
971:S2CID
884:S2CID
659:156–8
90:JSTOR
76:books
1621:(US)
1228:(UK)
1165:(US)
1093:City
909:ISBN
847:ISBN
828:link
808:ISBN
785:PMID
748:ISBN
705:ISBN
663:ISBN
193:and
149:and
121:The
62:news
961:hdl
953:doi
876:doi
777:doi
435:or
180:or
45:by
2229::
1749:/
1730:/
1646:/
1632:/
1501:/
969:.
959:.
949:34
947:.
882:.
872:41
870:.
824:}}
820:{{
783:.
773:40
771:.
734:^
661:.
536:CO
468:.
405:,
401:,
397:,
291:.
197:.
1038:e
1031:t
1024:v
977:.
963::
955::
917:.
890:.
878::
855:.
830:)
816:.
791:.
779::
756:.
713:.
671:.
538:2
460:"
439:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
