483:, marking the transition to the first civilian Governor of the Porfiriato. The political collaboration between General Cantón and José María Ponce Solís, who had also served as the Mayor of Mérida from 1900 to 1902, came to an end. In the same year, the International Harvester emerged, resulting from the merger of sixteen American companies manufacturing agricultural machinery and cordage. This merger created a near-monopoly on henequen fiber, solidifying their control of the market. The henequen market's fate was sealed with a secret agreement between Olegario Molina, then governor (though formally separated from his henequen exporting company), and the International Harvester, which kept fiber prices artificially low in exchange for acquiring increasing volumes of the Yucatecan product.
443:
mobility and the ability to negotiate working conditions across haciendas. Additionally, he prioritized education by establishing rural schools on his properties to teach basic literacy to workers and their families. Notably, the
Hacienda de Dziuché became an early adopter of workers' unions, inspiring other landowners in Yucatán to follow suit. Cámara's progressive ideals were driven by his devout Catholicism and belief in treating workers with respect, while also recognizing the practical benefits of improved conditions in terms of productivity and profits. Although his reforms faced criticism from some who deemed them costly and detrimental to the henequen industry, they ultimately succeeded in enhancing the lives of thousands of workers in Yucatán.
391:
253:
542:"rich in dye wood, ideal for the cultivation of sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco, corn or cereals, as well as suitable for harvesting sea salt Among the productive activities of the plantation, we can highlight the exploitation of forest resources (dyewoods, precious woods for cabinetmaking, and hard woods for construction), as well as the extraction of resins (chicle), the production of sea salt, the cultivation of sugarcane, the development of tobacco, cocoa, cotton, banana, and vanilla plantations, the latter brought from
319:
182:
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henequen fiber bales, totaling around 13 million kilograms annually to the U.S. market—equivalent to roughly 28.6 million pounds. At that time, henequen was priced at US$ 9.48 per pound, resulting in the firm's substantial revenue of approximately US$ 272 million in 1900. Adjusted for inflation, this 1900 revenue would amount to approximately US$ 9.9 billion in 2023.
511:, the liberal governor of Yucatán between 1894 and 1897, managed to thrive both during his tenure and during the conservative government of Francisco Cantón, who was governor between 1898 and 1902. However, the Escalantes were always competitors, both in business and politics, of Olegario Molina, who, backed by the regime of
451:
In the late 19th century, Cámara joined forces with his brother-in-law, José María Ponce Solís, to establish the trading house José Ma. Ponce y Cía, which quickly became one of the primary exporters of henequen. Between 1898 and 1902, their firm was responsible for exporting approximately 16% of the
148:
Cámara was renowned for his progressive labor practices, exemplified by implementing reforms like establishing a minimum wage, an 8-hour workday, worker mobility, rural schools, and the right to unionize. Motivated by his
Catholic beliefs and driven by pragmatism, he sought to treat his workers with
442:
Influenced by his son-in-law, José María Pino Suárez, a lawyer and social reformer, Cámara implemented progressive labor practices, providing favorable working conditions for the workers in his mills. He introduced reforms such as establishing a minimum wage, an 8-hour workday, and ensuring worker
587:
In 1890, the
Mercantile Bank of Yucatán, S.A., the first bank in the region, was founded. Cámara was one of the bank's founders and participated in its first board of directors. The Mercantile Bank maintained close ties with the business interests of the Escalante and Cámara families. However, it
144:
and sugarcane. In partnership with José María Ponce Solís, he founded an exporting company that became one of the main henequen traders, and he also ventured into the financial sector by providing loans to henequen producers and entrepreneurs from other industries. His business interests spanned
495:
to a price maker, causing the price of henequen to plummet from approximately US$ 9.48 per pound to a fixed rate of just 8 cents per pound. Faced with this new market reality, Ponce and Cámara strategically decided to reduce their involvement in the henequen market and began diversifying their
922:
Importation of Sisal and Manila Hemp: Hearings Before the
Subcommittee of the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, United States Senate, Sixty-fourth Congress, First Session, on S. Res. 94, a Resolution Authorizing and Instructing the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry of the Senate to
562:
In his activities in The Cuyo
Agricultural Company, Cámara faced strong competition from the Compañía Colonizadora de la Costa Oriental de Yucatán, S.A., which involved the participation of Olegario Molina and several capitalists from Mexico City close to the group of
455:
In addition to their role as exporters, the company evolved into a financial institution, extending credit to both henequen producers and entrepreneurs from various sectors. Notably, they played a pivotal role in financing the construction of the railway connecting
207:
He was the firstborn child of the marriage between Don Nicolás de la Cámara y
Castillo (1823–1866), a well-known landowner, and Evarista Luján Domínguez (1832–1904). On his father's side, it was said that he "belonged to a family of ancient lineage." The
149:
respect while also boosting productivity and profitability. Despite facing criticism over the perceived costliness of the reforms, Cámara's efforts proved successful, significantly improving the lives of numerous workers in Yucatán. Notably, his children
918:
Forestry, United States
Congress Senate Committee on Agriculture and; Twine, United States Congress Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forestry Subcommittee to Investigate the Introduction of Sisal and Manila Hemp and the Production of Binding (1916).
546:. Likewise, for self-consumption by its inhabitants, corn, rice, beans, and all other available natural products were produced on the mentioned estate The dye wood exported by the Company was in demand in the European textile manufacturing markets of
1125:
567:. The incursion of this group into the economy of Yucatán was interpreted as part of the actions to curb the expansion of Yucatecan henequen producers, a aspect that was reinforced with the creation of the Territory of Quintana Roo.
522:(The Cuyo Agricultural Company), where he owned approximately one-fifth of the share capital. This company employed over 1,500 workers and controlled an extensive estate of 2,627 square kilometers (roughly the size of
608:
On June 20, 1874, he married María del Carmen Vales
Castillo at the Cathedral of San Ildefonso. María del Carmen was the daughter of Agustín Vales and María del Carmen Castillo Dafrota. María del Carmen's brother,
375:
His agricultural activities were not limited solely to henequen production but also included ownership of various sugar mills dedicated to sugarcane production. After Manuel
Cicerol, owner of Hacienda de Catmís in
923:
Investigate what
Companies and Corporations are Engaged in the Imporatation of Sisal and Manila Hemp, Etc. [Feb. 17-Apr. 27, 1916] ... Printed for the Use of the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry
145:
various sectors, including railways, banking, breweries, and the exploitation of various raw materials such as chewing gum, tobacco, cocoa, cotton, bananas, vanilla, and forest resources.
232:. Since their arrival on the Yucatán Peninsula in the first half of the 16th century, the Cámara family became one of the region's main landowners, a position they enjoyed throughout the
353:
In 1887, he partnered with the Villamil Vales family to establish the Compañía Particular de Fomento de Fincas, S.A., with the aim of exploiting and producing henequen. They acquired
620:
Out of their fourteen children, the surviving ones were Nicolás, María, Feliciana, Alfredo, Hortensia, María del Carmen, María Lucrecia, Raymundo, Leonor, Hernán, Jorge, and Elía.
479:
The sudden disappearance of the company can be attributed to a combination of political and economic factors. On the political front, General Cantón's government was replaced by
129:(May 14, 1850 – April 15, 1919) was a prominent Mexican entrepreneur, banker, landowner, and philanthropist who played a significant role in the economic expansion that the
496:
interests. In 1900, they ventured into a new business direction, opening Cervecería Yucateca, S.A., a brewery. This marked a significant shift in their business portfolio.
414:, Cámara's son-in-law. In Polyuc, Pino Suárez established a school to provide free education to the workers and allowed them to seek employment in other haciendas.
695:
1205:
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The Escalante family had been one of the main driving forces behind the henequen industry in the mid-19th century. The Escalantes, who were relatives of
1294:
1179:
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1038:
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907:(in Spanish). Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. 1993.
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were politicians closely associated with the Maderista movement and held the positions of Governor of Yucatán and Quintana Roo, respectively.
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592:, a severe economic crisis on an international level, both banks were greatly affected and were forced to merge under the supervision of the
346:. These two haciendas, together, had a combined area of 7,812 hectares (78.12 km) dedicated to henequen production, roughly the size of
876:
196:, following a three-hundred year old Cámara family tradition. The ceremony was officiated by José María Guerra y Rodríguez Correa, the
472:. This infrastructure was crucial for efficiently transporting henequen from the northeastern region of Mérida to the shipping ports.
534:
line with 60 platforms and 500 mules, a broad-gauge railway with 12 platforms and a locomotive, a 167-m-wide dock and even a 500-ton
193:
864:(in Spanish). Comisión Estatal para la Celebración del 175 Aniversario de la Independencia Nacional y 75 de la Revolución mexicana.
803:"Plantaciones agrícolas-forestales en la costa oriental de Yucatán: explotación forestal, colonización y arrendamiento, 1890–1910"
920:
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330:(pictured) stood out, together encompassing a total area of 7,812 hectares (78.12 km) dedicated to the exploitation of
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Together with Felipe Peón, Eusebio Escalante, and Rafael Hernández Escudero, Cámara was the owner of Hacienda Yokat in
387:
in Hoctún stands out, producing approximately 12,000 kilograms of sugar and around 10,000 kilograms of honey per year.
252:
390:
201:
1247:
902:
676:
613:, was a prominent banker, entrepreneur, and landowner who held the position of political leader of Mérida during the
530:) located in the northwest area of Yucatán, which was "crossed by 168 km of its own telephone lines, an animal-drawn
966:
623:
558:. As for chicle, its main destination was New York City, with an average commercialization of 400,000 kg per year."
431:
Once again associated with Escalante, Cámara was a co-owner of a 2,627 km property in Hacienda Santa María in
354:
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faced strong competition from the Yucatecan Bank, S.A., which was associated with the Molina family. Amid the
236:. On the other hand, through his mother, Raymundo descended from the Luján family, a well-known family of the
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270:) and completed the first two years of university in the preparatory classes for top engineering schools (
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53:
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In collaboration with Escalante, Agustín Vales, and other Yucatecan entrepreneurs, Cámara founded the
1279:
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745:
De la tumba y la vivienda: reflexiones desde la antropología urbana sobre la Mérida yucateca del 2000
661:
469:
369:
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225:
221:
130:
878:
L'Agriculture, la pêche et l'artisanat au Yucatan: prolétarisation de la paysannerie maya au Mexique
192:
Raymundo was born on May 14, 1850, in Mérida, Yucatán. Just five days later, he was baptized at the
1072:
687:
593:
465:
428:. Upon acquiring Polyuc, Peón continued to host Pino Suárez, becoming one of his main benefactors.
402:
produced approximately 12,000 kilograms of sugarcane and around 10,000 kilograms of honey per year.
32:
840:"Transición Política en Yucatán, 1928 – 1934. De un sistema tradicional a un sistema corporativo"
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942:
Los irredentos parias.: Los yaquis, Madero y Pino Suárez en las elecciones de Yucatán, 1911
575:
968:
Iglesia y poder: proyectos sociales, alianzas políticas y económicas en Yucatán, 1857–1917
480:
475:
However, by 1904, the operations of the firm led by Ponce Solís and Cámara drew to a halt.
380:, Cámara became the second most important sugarcane producer in the Yucatán Peninsula.
810:
Segundas Jornadas de Historia Económica de la Asociación Mexicana de Historia Económica
237:
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716:
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515:, maintained strong political and economic control over the state from 1902 to 1911.
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Familias Empresariales en México. Sucesión generacional y continuidad en el siglo XX
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Familias empresariales en México Sucesión generacional y continuidad en el siglo XX
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from 1911 to 1913. They were the parents of Alfredo Pino Cámara, who served as a
491:, the United States, being the primary importer of henequen, transitioned from a
691:
302:
287:
1180:"María Casimira Cámara Vales, la estoica esposa de un vicepresidente de México"
682:
Finally, Hernán married Jacinta Barbachano Bolio, and they were the parents of
224:, a Spanish nobleman and conquistador who arrived in Yucatán in 1539 alongside
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La evolución económica de Yucatán a través del siglo XIX: apuntes históricos
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and excelled in agricultural activities, particularly in the production of
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The Haciendas of Yokat and Polyuc were sold to Augusto L. Peón after the
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Cámara was also the owner of Hacienda de Tekik, a henequen hacienda in
488:
278:, where he earned an engineering degree. Additionally, he obtained a
213:
660:, a jurist and diplomat who participated in the negotiation of the
504:
Cámara also maintained close business ties with Eusebio Escalante.
1097:
Bonfil, Antonio Higuera; Vilesid, Lorena Careaga (2 August 2016).
574:
421:. It was a cattle ranch as well as a sugar and henequen hacienda.
418:
407:
323:
251:
180:
596:, forming the Banco Peninsular Mexicano, S.A. (currently part of
435:(Compañía Agrícola del Cuyo y Anexas, S.A.), roughly the size of
266:
in Paris, France, where he obtained a scientific baccalaureate (
862:
Lic. José María Pino Suárez: liberal revolucionario (1869–1913)
769:
Reyna, María del Carmen; Krammer, Jean-Paul (18 January 2018).
1206:"El Tratado de Tlatelolco: una mirada desde sus protagonistas"
944:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
775:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia.
406:
Similarly, he owned Hacienda Polyuc, a sugar mill located in
664:, which prohibited nuclear weapons in Latin America and the
314:
Henequen Hacienda Owner and Other Agricultural Activities
1009:
La servidumbre agraria en México en la época porfiriana
133:
experienced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
410:. Between 1906 and 1909, this hacienda was managed by
361:, Hacienda de Santa Cruz, and Hacienda de Subintal in
326:, among which the Haciendas of San Antonio Cámara and
1073:"$ 272,000,000 in 1900 → 2023 | Inflation Calculator"
1043:(in Spanish). Ediciones de la Universidad de Yucatán.
342:, including the Haciendas of San Antonio Cámara and
675:, a renowned pianist, and they were the parents of
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97:
77:
61:
39:
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1151:República, Senado de la; Republica, Senado de la.
1026:. Ediciones de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.
715:Almaraz, Araceli; Ramírez, Luis (16 August 2018).
801:González, Edgar Joel Rangel (14–16 August 2013).
1024:Sociedad, estructura agraria y estado en Yucatán
772:Apuntes para la historia de la cerveza en México
220:since the early 13th century and descended from
875:Breton, Yvan; Labrecque, Marie-France (1981).
696:National Institute of Anthropology and History
8:
338:Cámara was the owner of several estates in
1103:(in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Economica.
1057:Araceli Almaraz and Luis Alfonso Ramírez.
940:Ramos, Raquel Padilla (28 December 2018).
583:issued by Banco Mercantil de Yucatan, S.A.
464:, later expanding this network to include
31:
20:
971:(in Spanish). Editorial Nuestra América.
520:Compañía Agrícola del Cuyo y Anexas, S.A.
1061:. El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, A. C.
389:
383:Among the mills operated by Cámara, the
322:He was the owner of numerous estates in
317:
272:classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles
157:achieved prominent political careers as
881:(in French). Presses Université Laval.
707:
165:, respectively, while his son-in-law,
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933:
656:. They were also the grandparents of
538:." The land owned by the company was:
7:
1204:autores, Varios (18 February 2022).
992:Hernandez, Francisco Javier (1984).
812:(in Mexican Spanish). Archived from
796:
794:
792:
636:, the eldest daughter, received the
965:Rodríguez, Hernán Menéndez (1995).
274:). He continued his studies at the
1127:Banca y poder en México, 1800–1925
926:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
638:Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor
14:
1037:Molina, Víctor M. Suárez (1977).
904:Siglo XIX.: Cuadernos de historia
838:Pacheco Bailón, Fernando (2019).
679:, another distinguished pianist.
1290:Mexican financial businesspeople
860:Martín, Fidelio Quintal (1985).
262:He pursued his schooling at the
101:María del Carmen Vales Castillo
571:The Mercantile Bank of Yucatán
1:
1153:"Medalla Belisario Domínguez"
1022:Ramírez Baños, Othón (1990).
742:Avila, Rafael Cuesta (2001).
1252:. Who's Who in Mexico. 1972.
1100:Quintana Roo. Historia breve
1295:People from Mérida, Yucatán
355:Hacienda San Diego Tixcacal
293:He also pursued studies in
230:Spanish conquest of Yucatán
204:, the Governor of Yucatán.
202:Miguel Barbachano y Tarrazo
1311:
684:Fernando Cámara Barbachano
299:Royal Agricultural College
194:Cathedral of San Ildefonso
1178:Toraya, Betina González.
1124:Marichal, Carlos (1986).
500:Cuyo Agricultural Company
268:baccalauréat scientifique
30:
1130:(in Spanish). Grijalbo.
1007:Katz, Friedrich (2013).
677:Pablo Castellanos Cámara
646:Vice President of Mexico
295:agricultural engineering
171:Vice President of Mexico
18:Mexican business magnate
1249:Who's Notable in Mexico
284:Faculty of Law of Paris
257:Faculty of Law of Paris
228:, participating in the
72:Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
1285:Mexican businesspeople
673:Pablo Castellanos León
642:José María Pino Suárez
611:Agustín Vales Castillo
584:
560:
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412:José María Pino Suárez
403:
394:The sugar mill of the
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167:José María Pino Suárez
136:Cámara owned numerous
1159:(in European Spanish)
1077:www.in2013dollars.com
688:social anthropologist
640:in 1969. She married
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198:Archbishop of Yucatán
184:
127:Raymundo Cámara Luján
25:Raymundo Cámara Luján
1212:(in Mexican Spanish)
1184:www.lajornadamaya.mx
748:(in Spanish). UADY.
694:associated with the
628:Alfredo Cámara Vales
264:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
226:Francisco de Montejo
185:Coat of Arms of the
159:Governors of Yucatán
155:Alfredo Cámara Vales
1236:(in Spanish). 2004.
994:Personajes ilustres
847:Cámara de Diputados
819:on 11 November 2021
594:Ministry of finance
487:Due to this secret
447:Ponce Trading House
385:Hacienda de Dziuché
276:École polytechnique
200:, and witnessed by
1270:Pino-Cámara family
996:. Editorial Oasis.
686:, a distinguished
671:Hortensia married
658:Ismael Moreno Pino
585:
544:Papantla, Veracruz
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365:for this purpose.
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218:Kingdom of Castile
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1157:www.senado.gob.mx
1137:978-968-419-570-7
1110:978-607-16-4069-7
978:978-968-29-8433-4
951:978-607-539-239-4
888:978-2-7637-6918-9
782:978-607-539-042-0
755:978-970-698-015-1
728:978-607-479-295-9
662:Tlatelolco Treaty
242:Kingdom of Aragon
222:Juan de la Cámara
131:Yucatán Peninsula
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50:May 14, 1850
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1280:1919 deaths
1275:1850 births
1233:Heterofonía
692:museologist
509:Carlos Peón
493:price taker
305:, England.
303:Cirencester
288:La Sorbonne
177:Early years
78:Occupations
1264:Categories
1082:14 October
702:References
615:Porfiriato
532:Decauville
524:Luxembourg
462:Valladolid
437:Luxembourg
344:Chucmichén
328:Chucmichén
46:1850-05-14
823:18 August
666:Caribbean
556:Liverpool
536:steamship
282:from the
248:Education
212:had been
138:haciendas
90:landowner
581:banknote
552:Le Havre
470:Progreso
378:Tzucacab
348:Guernsey
332:henequen
214:knighted
142:henequen
106:Children
56:, Mexico
652:of the
650:Justice
624:Nicolás
598:Banamex
548:Hamburg
370:Timucuy
359:Opichén
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111:Nicolás
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634:María
579:1890
419:Ticul
408:Tekax
340:Temax
324:Temax
119:María
1218:2023
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1132:ISBN
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