1004:, the president of IH, in Havana. There, they concluded a secret pact in which the American conglomerate agreed to exclusively import henequen sold by Molina's company, acting as an intermediary between henequen plantation owners and the American markets. In return, Molina committed to "use all efforts within his power to depress the price of the sisal fiber" (henequen) and have McCormick "pay only those prices dictated from time to time by the I.H. Co." As a result of this secret agreement between McCormick and Molina, the price of henequen went from fluctuating around $ 9.48 USD per pound in the market to a fixed rate dictated by U.S. capitalists of only 8 cents per pound.
1040:, presided over by Governor Nicolás Cámara Vales, is evidence of this because it establishes the Commission's goals, many of which were previously proposed by the agricultural chamber: to manage the defense of the henequen industry, raise and sustain the fiber's price to a level that is profitable for the producers, withhold the quantities of henequen it deems necessary from the market, and open new markets for the fiber trade. Additionally, the supernumerary members and the manager of the
1036:
henequen growers accepted because it was their proposal. With the revenue, they intended to create an investment fund for the purchase of henequen directly from producers and its subsequent export without intermediaries through the commission. They aimed to continue the valorization program outlined by the agricultural chamber, as well as explore new alternative markets to the
American one. The decree creating the
1084:, Cámara's sister, became a widow at the age of 35 with six underage children, the youngest being only a few months old. Given the climate of violence and political instability in the capital, the relatives of the fallen president and vice-president were in imminent danger. Days earlier, the private residence of the Madero family had been reduced to ruins by a devastating fire started by a group of
949:, which lasted roughly between 1870 and 1920, the henequen industry had transformed Yucatán into Mexico's wealthiest and most industrialized state. Henequen accounted for nearly twenty percent of Mexico's total exports and out of Yucatán's haciendas came 90% of the sacks and rope consumed internationally. Both goods were considered essential in the context of the
1074:, being temporarily replaced by Fernando Solís León, the mayor of Mérida and a Maderist politician. Thus, Cámara was in the nation's capital, visiting his sister and brother-in-law, when he was caught up in the events of the Ten Tragic Days. On February 19, the Mexican government, led by president Madero, was overthrown in a military coup, replaced by general
1022:, established in 1912, was initiated and designed by the Chamber of Agriculture, which represented Yucatecan producers themselves rather than the State. Its primary purpose was to safeguard Mexican interests and protect the local henequen industry against the influence of American capitalism, notably embodied by figures such as Olegario Molina in Yucatán:
875:. Moreno, the nephew of Francisco Cantón, a former Yucatán governor, had run for the governorship against Pino Suárez in 1911. Despite his close ties to the old regime, Moreno had a strong following among the common people and incited them to rebel against the government. In January 1912, Cámara reported to the state congress that Moreno's followers (
1015:, a leading New York investment bank, that had financed the Escalantes also collapsed as a result. By 1910, Olegario Molina and Avelino Montes, his son-in-law, controlled more than 72% of the total henequen exports. It was, in effect, a monopoly established at the expense of Yucatecan producers and exporters.
553:
1030:
was the first attempt to regulate the market of an export product in Mexico. This proposal redefined the role of the state in the market, under the pressure of an organized group of producers. Ultimately, as a demonstration of their success as a lobbying group, in
January 1912, the Maderist governor
867:
Within a month of assuming power, Cámara organized the 1912 local extraordinary elections. Deciding to stand as a candidate, he resigned from the governorship so as not to influence the outcome, being replaced by Agustín Patrón Correa. After winning a popular mandate in the elections, he returned to
863:
to transfer their allegiance to José María Pino Suárez, who won the governorship despite a tight race against Delio Moreno. The gubernatorial term of Pino Suárez was cut short, however, when he was elected to the vice-presidency of the
Republic as a result of the 1911 presidential elections. After
981:
and henequen sacks throughout the
Americas. In other words, it almost became an article of first necessity in the entire world." By 1900, Yucatán was exporting 81 million kilograms of henequen to the United States each year, roughly 178.5 million pounds priced at $ 9.48 USD per pound. Solely from
1115:
In Mérida, however, Solís León had recognized the
Huertista dictatorship before being forced to resign from his position as interim governor. He was replaced by Arcadio Escobedo, a henequen plantation owner sympathetic to the Huertista dictatorship. Escobedo had been indirectly involved in the
1035:
also intended to intervene in fiber marketing by acting as a direct exporter, making it a competitor to the Molina-Montes monopoly and the
International Harvester Company. The Reguladora was created based on a cash reserve, established by an extraordinary state export tax on henequen that the
483:, to support José María Pino Suárez during the 1911 gubernatorial election. Subsequently, when Pino Suárez assumed the vicepresidency of Mexico, Cámara succeeded him as governor of Yucatán before being elected to his own term. During his tenure, he faced challenges such as the
883:"were unscrupulous agitators who, taking advantage of the ignorant credulity of field laborers, made them believe that the success of their cause depended on them becoming absolute owners of all lands and plantations, creating in them an agitation similar to what caused the
1127:
to Havana, under the protection of Márquez
Sterling, before settling in Europe as a self-imposed exile. Nonetheless, Nicolas continued to provide financial support for the armed uprising against the dictatorship. This rebellion was spearheaded by his brother,
60:
725:
The eldest of thirteen siblings, the Cámara Vales brothers were educated in a household which emphasized learning music and foreign languages; he played the violin and piano and spoke fluent
English, Spanish, French and German. He earned a
513:, Cámara and his family decided to exile themselves abroad, eventually settling in Europe. Nevertheless, Nicolas continued to finance the armed rebellion against the dictatorship which was led in the Southeast of Mexico by his brother,
982:
their exports to the United States, henequen exporters were generating annual revenue for Yucatán of roughly $ 1.7 billion USD. Adjusted for inflation, this 1900 annual revenue would amount to approximately $ 62 billion USD in 2023.
1067:, Cámara also founded a society to advocate for abstinence through the press, public meetings and anti-alcoholic literature. The society performed good service for a number of years but declined after the end of Cámara's tenure.
1371:
México, Escrito por: Música en México
Redacción Música en México tiene la misión de promover la música clásica-y la música nueva – en; Mundo, Y. De Dar a Conocer Una Selección De Las Actividades Musicales En El Resto Del.
754:
He married
Joaquina Millet Heredia. She was the daughter of José María Millet Hübbe, a prosperous businessman of French, German and Danish origin, and Joaquina Heredia Cacaño. The couple had two sons and a daughter:
1865:
491:
by American capitalists. Cámara's efforts to regulate the henequen market through the Regulatory Commission were instrumental in protecting Mexican interests against foreign monopolies.
1011:, Molina's main competitors had been eliminated, including the Escalante exporting house, a family that had founded the Yucatecan henequen industry in the mid-19th century.
1112:. Cámara Vales, in turn, decided to accompany his sister and nephews back to Mérida, where he believed they would be safer due to their family's influence and connections.
1159:. Finally returning to Yucatán after many years abroad, he served as the chairman of the Henequen Regulatory Commission. He died in Mexico City in 1956, aged 81.
1031:
Nicolás Cámara Vales (1911-1913) created this state-directed commission, which aimed to raise international henequen prices through a fiber retention policy. The
1204:
1956:
852:
184:
816:, why is the indigenous person who resides on the haciendas excluded from the participation that every Yucatecan is entitled to in the right to education?"
1981:
1290:
1966:
1788:
Zuleta, María Cecilia (2001). "Las fibras de la unión y la discordia una economía exportadora: el caso de las Cámaras agrícolas de Yucatán, 1894-1912".
1400:
1976:
1971:
1007:
Molina and his American partners managed to reduce prices to the point where several Mexican producers were on the verge of bankruptcy. After the
1328:
993:
Company (IH). After the merger, IH became the largest producer of binder twine, purchasing 80% of Yucatán's henequen. At that point, IH became
702:
907:
but was quelled by the government. After the rebellion was defeated, Moreno went into exile from Yucatán, joining the anti-Maderist forces of
1902:
1875:
1767:
1740:
1690:
1665:
1608:
1566:
1493:
1355:
1338:
623:
1477:
1821:
1143:
Cámara Vales remained in Europe throughout the remainder of the Revolution. During the Interwar period, he held various positions in the
613:
820:
The League gained significant influence in Yucatecan society in the early 20th century. By 1910, the League founded the Model School (
1894:
Catálogo del archivo de la Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1857-1968: Archivo Histórico del Centro de Estudios sobre la Universidad
1655:
1543:
Enciclopedia yucatanense, conmemorativa del IV centenario de Merida y Valladolid (Yucatan) patrocinada por el gobierno del estado
582:
1100:, the Cuban ambassador, the Madero family managed to embark for Havana before dispersing to various parts of the United States:
1804:
1639:
Villanueva Mukul, Eric. "Yucatán: historia y cultura henequenera la cosolidación del nacionalismo revolucionario (1938 - 80)".
1510:
927:
574:
544:. After many years abroad, he returned to Yucatán and played a key role as the chairman of the Henequen Regulatory Commission.
488:
627:
384:
247:
132:
1941:
1892:
593:
1373:
1961:
1056:, and not Molina, had more than 90% of henequen exports under its control. This was largely due to the efforts of General
687:
675:
667:
415:
287:
1092:
in the residence of the Japanese ambassador. Huerta's military officers, aware of this, threatened to burn the Japanese
954:
950:
1214:
671:
570:
407:
279:
220:
1479:
Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, United States Army: Authors and Subjects. 2nd series
1236:
592:, an old patrician family which could claim descent from several of the military commanders who had participated in
1097:
829:
446:
1838:
1556:
655:
578:
271:
263:
1919:
1598:
1133:
1078:. Subsequently, on February 22, Madero and Pino Suárez were assassinated on the orders of the military regime.
641:
631:
518:
388:
1081:
619:
239:
1455:
1148:
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514:
434:
255:
1044:
were members of the agricultural chamber, confirming that the Chamber had penetrated the structure of the
935:
841:
793:), an organization made up of progressive landowners committed to improving the conditions of laborers on
779:
663:
469:
376:
109:
71:
851:, a close friend of the Cámara family and of his brother-in-law, José María Pino Suárez. A member of the
825:
800:
in Yucatán and establishing rural schools. According to Gonzalo Cámara, the League was founded with the:
510:
442:
1706:
864:
Pino Suárez resigned as governor, the state congress appointed Cámara as interim governor of Yucatán.
833:
824:), based on liberal, secular, and egalitarian principles, inspired by the ideas of two Swiss thinkers,
566:
502:
which toppled the Madero administration, the country's first democratically elected government. As the
461:
395:
310:
163:
1292:
Indice-Resumen, alfabético y cronológico de los matrimonios del Sagrario de Mérida, Yucatán: 1882-1865
552:
1951:
1946:
1137:
986:
783:
731:
609:
601:
597:
522:
503:
423:
322:
1867:
Summer of Discontent, Seasons of Upheaval: Elite Politics and Rural Insurgency in Yucatán, 1876-1915
896:
848:
476:
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cause. During the 1911 gubernatorial election, Cámara was instrumental in convincing much of the
1144:
1093:
1088:"aristocrats" sympathetic to Huerta's cause. Faced with this situation, the Madero family sought
989:
organized the merger of several American agricultural harvesting equipment companies to form the
727:
710:
426:. In 1909, together with Gonzalo Cámara Zavala, his cousin, he founded the Social Action League (
380:
345:
326:
295:
589:
399:
235:
1823:
Enciclopedia yucatanense: Historia política, legislación, comunicaciones, industria henequenera
1898:
1871:
1763:
1736:
1686:
1661:
1604:
1562:
1334:
1089:
1075:
1057:
912:
698:
507:
499:
1070:
In January 1913, Cámara requested temporary leave from his position as governor to travel to
942:
who had exploited his political connections to seize control of henequen exports since 1902.
1101:
1012:
939:
714:
1357:
Enciclopedia yucatanense: conmemorativa del IV centenario de Mérida y Valladolid (Yucatán)
1001:
931:
916:
541:
495:
430:), a group of progressive landowners committed to improving the conditions of laborers on
789:
In 1909, Cámara joined his cousin Gonzalo Cámara to establish the Social Action League (
908:
691:
529:
479:, and he played a significant role in convincing the Yucatecan oligarchy, known as the
494:
In February 1913, amidst the political turmoil in Mexico, Cámara was caught up in the
1935:
1008:
970:
683:
679:
17:
1528:
Creación de la Liga de Acción Social, Yucatán, historia, leyenda, usos y costumbres
994:
860:
805:
706:
480:
453:
438:
30:
1757:
1657:
Chicle: The Chewing Gum of the Americas, From the Ancient Maya to William Wrigley
1600:
Yucatán's Gilded Age: Haciendas, Henequen, and International Harvester, 1860–1915
1295:(in Spanish). Academia Yucateca de Historia y Genealogía "Francisco de Montejo,".
1273:
Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM
1071:
1064:
962:
958:
697:
Alfredo Pino Cámara, another nephew, was a distinguished jurist, who served as
608:
who had been one of the founders of Mérida in 1542. He was also a descendant of
450:
1401:"María Casimira Cámara Vales, la estoica esposa de un vicepresidente de México"
1105:
1085:
946:
900:
775:
419:
364:
361:
317:
1759:
Del henequén a las maquiladoras: la política industrial en Yucatán, 1984-2001
1683:
Del henequén a las maquiladoras: la política industrial en Yucatán, 1984-2001
1120:
of one of his mayan slaves in 1908, causing a scandal in Yucatecan society.
705:
and was the judge responsible for instructing the famous murder case against
1209:
1124:
403:
372:
922:
During Cámara's tenure, the Regulatory Commission for the Henequen Market (
871:
During his tenure, he faced a rebellion led by Delio Moreno in the town of
422:
and returned to Mérida, where he opened the first children's clinic on the
59:
1117:
837:
794:
741:
659:
605:
465:
431:
411:
368:
978:
809:
735:
674:
was also a distinguished virtuoso pianist who studied at the Paris and
651:
648:
34:
441:. The League, influenced by the liberal and egalitarian principles of
379:
on two occasions between 1911 and 1913 during the early stages of the
1156:
1152:
537:
533:
573:, a wealthy landowner and businessman who made a fortune during the
1327:
Bonfil, Antonio Higuera; Vilesid, Lorena Careaga (2 August 2016).
1109:
966:
904:
709:, the Italian communist photographer. Similarly, his grandnephew,
551:
804:"imperative, transcendental, and urgent purpose of educating the
506:
against the Madero, Pino, and Cámara families worsened under the
1495:
Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift fuer oeffentliche Gesundheitspflege
974:
717:
and was the Mexican Ambassador to Germany and the Netherlands.
808:
of Yucatán. If education is to be declared not as a matter of
577:, and María del Carmen Vales Castillo. His maternal uncle was
1179:
1123:
At that point, Cámara decided to travel with his family on a
1762:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública.
1685:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública.
528:
He later also served as a diplomat, representing Mexico as
418:, graduating in 1896. During his career, he specialized in
1707:"$ 1,692,885,618.87 in 1900 → 2023 | Inflation Calculator"
1289:
Peón, Joaquín de Arrigunaga; Peón, Oswaldo Camara (1971).
778:
in Berlin, Cámara returned to Mérida and opened the first
1839:"La casa de Francisco I. Madero y el devastador incendio"
965:. Henequen "crossed all borders. It was sold everywhere:
581:, a Yucatecan industrialist and banker who served as the
402:, which had a prominent social position in Yucatán since
1476:
Office (U.S.), Library of the Surgeon-General's (1915).
475:
Cámara's liberal and democratic ideals aligned him with
1826:(in Spanish). Edición Oficial del Gobierno de Yucatán.
1515:(in Spanish). Edición Oficial del Gobierno de Yucatán.
1360:(in Spanish). Edición Oficial del Gobierno de Yucatán.
341:
333:
316:
306:
231:
210:
198:
190:
180:
170:
157:
152:
138:
126:
108:
98:
88:
70:
50:
1545:(in Spanish). Ed. oficial del gobierno de Yucatan.
1140:. In July 1914, the Huerta regime came to an end.
713:, was a lawyer and senior diplomat who served as
647:Hortensia Cámara Vales, his younger sister, was a
410:, a wealthy landowner and businessman. He studied
642:Governor of the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo
855:, Cámara campaigned in his native state for the
1792:– via Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana.
985:In early 1902, the renowned American financier
521:, along with Manuel Castillo Brito, the former
41: and the second or maternal family name is
1864:Wells, Allen; Joseph, Gilbert Michael (1996).
1530:(in Spanish). Mérida, Yucatán: Álvaro Salazar.
1444:. University of California Press. p. 207.
1205:"Leyes y Decretos de la Revolución en Yucatán"
686:, respectively. Nicolás was also the uncle of
1442:Shadows, Fire, Snow: The Life of Tina Modotti
1000:By October of the same year, Molina met with
616:, Gaspar and Melchor Pachecho, among others.
525:. In July 1914, the Huerta régime collapsed.
8:
1806:Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem
1374:"Pablo Castellanos Cámara, Stella Contreras"
847:Cámara's liberal ideals identified him with
832:. The school continues to operate today in
1333:(in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Economica.
1307:"María Cámara Vales, viuda de Pino Suárez"
1266:"María Cámara Vales, viuda de Pino Suárez"
58:
47:
1624:Montiel, Elsie. "Yucatán's Green Gold".
1456:"Ismael Moreno Pino, embajador eminente"
1561:(in Spanish). Inversiones Cares. 1998.
1168:
437:and establishing rural schools for the
1837:Alba, José Ignacio De (15 June 2019).
1731:Benítez, Fernando (4 September 2013).
1498:(in German). F. Vieweg und Sohn. 1900.
1136:, and Manuel Castillo Brito, a former
1096:to the ground. With the protection of
703:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
556:The Coat of Arms of the Cámara Family.
1891:Sánchez Arreola, Flora Elena (1998).
1820:Trujillo, Carlos A. Echánove (1944).
1783:
1781:
1779:
1654:Mathews, Jennifer P. (15 June 2009).
1541:Trujillo, Carlos A. Echánove (1944).
1509:Trujillo, Carlos A. Echánove (1944).
1354:Trujillo, Carlos A. Echánove (1944).
934:and his cronies. Molina was a former
596:. He was a direct-line descendant of
337:Pediatrician, politician and diplomat
7:
1924:. Austrian Federal Press Department.
1918:Bundespressedienst, Austria (1930).
1809:. American Issue Publishing Company.
1284:
1282:
1260:
1258:
1237:"Genealogía de Nicolás Cámara Vales"
1174:
1172:
569:on 25 April 1875, the eldest son of
383:. He was also the brother-in-law of
1132:, who had previously served as the
853:Progressive Constitutionalist Party
487:rebellion and the dominance of the
185:Progressive Constitutionalist Party
1803:Cherrington, Ernest Hurst (1930).
1603:. University of New Mexico Press.
1482:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
1463:Memorias de la Diplomacia Mexicana
926:) was established to organize the
624:Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor
25:
1982:Mexican people of Spanish descent
715:Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs
640:, his younger brother, served as
460:), which operates to this day in
1977:20th-century Mexican politicians
1957:Politicians from Yucatán (state)
214:María del Carmen Vales Castillo
1660:. University of Arizona Press.
1582:Ricalde, Alvaro Gamboa (1943).
1526:Cámara Zavala, Gónzalo (1913).
930:and break the monopoly held by
915:of February 1913, known as the
622:, his elder sister, earned the
1147:, representing his country as
911:and eventually supporting the
738:, graduating with the thesis "
1:
1870:. Stanford University Press.
1756:Sáenz, Rodolfo Canto (2001).
1735:(in Spanish). Ediciones Era.
1681:Sáenz, Rodolfo Canto (2001).
1586:(in Spanish). Impr. Standard.
1584:Yucatán desde 1910: 1910-1914
1429:. Ediciones Era. p. 108.
1972:Governors of Yucatán (state)
1330:Quintana Roo. Historia breve
951:Second Industrial Revolution
928:henequen industry in Yucatán
456:, founded the Model School (
360:(1875 — 1956) was a Mexican
33:, the first or paternal
1967:People from Mérida, Yucatán
1425:Poniatowska, Elena (1992).
662:pianist who studied at the
594:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
387:, who held the position of
1998:
961:as the world prepared for
830:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
765:Jorge Carlos Cámara Millet
688:Fernando Cámara Barbachano
668:Antoine François Marmontel
614:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
288:Fernando Cámara Barbachano
28:
1558:Yucatán en el tiempo: F-L
1440:Albers, Patricia (2002).
1399:Toraya, Betina González.
391:during the same period.
351:
148:
115:
77:
66:
57:
1134:governor of Quintana Roo
1052:By the end of 1917, the
750:Marriage and Descendants
672:Pablo Castellanos Cámara
632:Vice President of Mexico
519:governor of Quintana Roo
389:vice president of Mexico
280:Pablo Castellanos Cámara
1512:Enciclopedia yucatanese
1098:Manuel Márquez Sterling
1094:ambassadorial residence
991:International Harvester
634:between 1911 and 1913.
585:between 1902 and 1907.
194:Joaquina Millet Heredia
1921:The Austrian Year Book
1050:
889:
818:
806:Maya indigenous people
774:Having specialized in
664:Conservatoire de Paris
656:Pablo Castellanos León
628:José María Pino Suárez
626:in 1969. Her husband,
579:Agustín Vales Castillo
557:
439:Maya indigenous people
385:José María Pino Suárez
272:Pablo Castellanos León
264:Agustín Vales Castillo
248:José María Pino Suárez
133:José María Pino Suárez
1711:www.in2013dollars.com
1597:Wells, Allen (1985).
1024:
887:in the past century."
881:
826:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
802:
791:Liga de Acción Social
762:Nicolás Cámara Millet
676:Berlin Conservatories
571:Raymundo Cámara Luján
555:
511:military dictatorship
504:political persecution
428:Acción de Liga Social
408:Raymundo Cámara Luján
221:Raymundo Cámara Luján
144:Agustín Patrón Correa
94:Agustín Patrón Correa
1962:Liberalism in Mexico
1897:(in Spanish). UNAM.
1733:Los indios de México
1405:www.lajornadamaya.mx
1380:(in Mexican Spanish)
1138:governor of Campeche
997:, not price takers.
987:John Pierpont Morgan
895:rebellion spread to
732:University of Berlin
690:, the distinguished
638:Alfredo Cámara Vales
610:Francisco de Montejo
602:Spanish conquistador
523:governor of Campeche
435:haciendas in Yucatán
416:University of Berlin
406:. He was the son of
358:Nicolás Cámara Vales
323:University of Berlin
256:Alfredo Cámara Vales
52:Nicolás Cámara Vales
18:Nicolás Camára Vales
936:governor of Yucatán
861:Yucatecan oligarchy
849:Francisco I. Madero
812:but as a matter of
780:children's hospital
759:Berta Cámara Millet
477:Francisco I. Madero
377:governor of Yucatán
236:Pino- Cámara family
176:Mexico City, Mexico
110:Governor of Yucatán
104:Fernando Solís León
72:Governor of Yucatán
1942:Pino-Cámara family
1790:Política y Cultura
1145:diplomatic service
1060:starting in 1915.
728:Doctor of Medicine
711:Ismael Moreno Pino
620:María Cámara Vales
590:Pino-Cámara family
558:
381:Mexican Revolution
346:Doctor of Medicine
296:Ismael Moreno Pino
240:María Cámara Vales
1904:978-968-36-6652-9
1877:978-0-8047-2656-6
1769:978-968-6080-33-9
1742:978-607-445-295-2
1692:978-968-6080-33-9
1667:978-0-8165-2624-6
1610:978-0-8263-0781-1
1568:978-970-9071-03-0
1340:978-607-16-4069-7
1184:www.modelo.edu.mx
1090:diplomatic asylum
1076:Victoriano Huerta
1058:Salvador Alvarado
945:During Yucatán's
784:Yucatán peninsula
699:associate justice
598:Juan de la Cámara
489:henequen industry
424:Yucatán Peninsula
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955:naval arms races
940:cabinet minister
814:public necessity
588:A member of the
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932:Olegario Molina
917:Ten Tragic Days
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583:Mayor of Mérida
567:Mérida, Yucatán
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496:Ten Tragic Days
396:Mérida, Yucatán
394:He was born in
311:Mérida, Yucatán
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1314:Jurídicas UNAM
1298:
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1217:on 16 May 2013
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1149:Consul General
909:Pascual Orozco
822:Escuela Modelo
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730:degree at the
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654:. She married
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458:Escuela Modelo
404:colonial times
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684:Edwin Fischer
681:
680:Alfred Cortot
677:
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670:. Their son,
669:
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658:also a noted
657:
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575:henequen boom
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517:, the former
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454:intellectuals
452:
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400:Cámara family
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300:(grandnephew)
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49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
19:
1920:
1913:
1893:
1886:
1866:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1845:(in Spanish)
1842:
1832:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1758:
1751:
1732:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1710:
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1511:
1504:
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1471:
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1450:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1404:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1377:
1366:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1301:
1291:
1272:
1245:. Retrieved
1243:(in Spanish)
1240:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1208:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1142:
1122:
1114:
1080:
1069:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
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999:
995:price makers
984:
967:binder twine
959:Great Powers
957:between the
944:
923:
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890:
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876:
870:
866:
856:
846:
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739:
724:
707:Tina Modotti
696:
646:
636:
618:
587:
564:
527:
493:
484:
481:divine caste
474:
457:
427:
393:
357:
356:
140:Succeeded by
117:
100:Succeeded by
79:
42:
38:
31:Spanish name
26:
1952:1956 deaths
1947:1875 births
1072:Mexico City
1065:teetotaller
963:World War I
913:coup d'état
746:" (1896).
540:during the
500:coup d'état
398:, into the
128:Preceded by
90:Preceded by
1936:Categories
1849:14 October
1716:18 October
1410:25 January
1189:14 October
1163:References
1106:California
1054:Reguladora
1046:Reguladora
1042:Reguladora
1038:Reguladora
1033:Reguladora
1028:Reguladora
1020:Reguladora
947:Gilded Age
924:Reguladora
877:Morenistas
842:Valladolid
776:pediatrics
744:in Yucatán
630:served as
470:Valladolid
447:Pestalozzi
420:pediatrics
365:politician
342:Profession
334:Occupation
318:Alma mater
1210:Por Esto!
1125:steamboat
1086:Porfirian
893:Morenista
885:Caste War
868:power.
857:Maderista
798:haciendas
721:Education
548:Biography
485:Morenista
373:physician
307:Residence
260:(brother)
232:Relatives
211:Parent(s)
122:1911–1911
118:In office
84:1912–1913
80:In office
1427:Tinisima
1241:Geneanet
1118:homicide
1102:New York
953:and the
838:Chetumal
795:henequen
742:Pellagra
660:virtuoso
606:nobleman
565:Born in
466:Chetumal
443:Rousseau
432:henequen
412:medicine
369:diplomat
292:(nephew)
284:(nephew)
244:(sister)
225:(father)
217:(mother)
204:Nicolás
199:Children
166:, Mexico
29:In this
1275:. 1969.
1130:Alfredo
979:Germany
969:in the
901:Maxcanú
873:Opichén
810:utility
782:in the
736:Germany
701:of the
652:pianist
649:concert
515:Alfredo
414:at the
362:liberal
268:(uncle)
35:surname
1901:
1874:
1766:
1739:
1689:
1664:
1607:
1565:
1384:18 May
1337:
1247:18 May
1221:6 July
1157:Vienna
1153:Berlin
1108:, and
903:, and
897:Conkal
834:Mérida
678:under
666:under
600:, the
538:Vienna
534:Berlin
508:Huerta
462:Mérida
449:, two
202:Berta
191:Spouse
39:Cámara
1459:(PDF)
1310:(PDF)
1269:(PDF)
1110:Texas
1082:María
1026:"The
905:Temax
451:Swiss
206:Jorge
43:Vales
1899:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1851:2023
1764:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1718:2023
1687:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1626:UNAM
1605:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1412:2023
1386:2020
1335:ISBN
1249:2020
1223:2012
1191:2023
1155:and
1018:The
975:silk
938:and
891:The
840:and
828:and
740:The
682:and
604:and
536:and
468:and
445:and
371:and
171:Died
161:1875
158:Born
1151:in
977:in
734:in
532:in
327:M.D
37:is
1938::
1841:.
1778:^
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1571:.
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1388:.
1343:.
1316:.
1251:.
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1193:.
329:)
325:(
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20:)
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