993:, the president of IH, in Havana. There, they concluded a secret pact in which the American conglomerate agreed to exclusively import henequen sold by Molina's company, acting as an intermediary between henequen plantation owners and the American markets. In return, Molina committed to "use all efforts within his power to depress the price of the sisal fiber" (henequen) and have McCormick "pay only those prices dictated from time to time by the I.H. Co." As a result of this secret agreement between McCormick and Molina, the price of henequen went from fluctuating around $ 9.48 USD per pound in the market to a fixed rate dictated by U.S. capitalists of only 8 cents per pound.
1029:, presided over by Governor Nicolás Cámara Vales, is evidence of this because it establishes the Commission's goals, many of which were previously proposed by the agricultural chamber: to manage the defense of the henequen industry, raise and sustain the fiber's price to a level that is profitable for the producers, withhold the quantities of henequen it deems necessary from the market, and open new markets for the fiber trade. Additionally, the supernumerary members and the manager of the
1025:
henequen growers accepted because it was their proposal. With the revenue, they intended to create an investment fund for the purchase of henequen directly from producers and its subsequent export without intermediaries through the commission. They aimed to continue the valorization program outlined by the agricultural chamber, as well as explore new alternative markets to the
American one. The decree creating the
1073:, Cámara's sister, became a widow at the age of 35 with six underage children, the youngest being only a few months old. Given the climate of violence and political instability in the capital, the relatives of the fallen president and vice-president were in imminent danger. Days earlier, the private residence of the Madero family had been reduced to ruins by a devastating fire started by a group of
938:, which lasted roughly between 1870 and 1920, the henequen industry had transformed Yucatán into Mexico's wealthiest and most industrialized state. Henequen accounted for nearly twenty percent of Mexico's total exports and out of Yucatán's haciendas came 90% of the sacks and rope consumed internationally. Both goods were considered essential in the context of the
1063:, being temporarily replaced by Fernando Solís León, the mayor of Mérida and a Maderist politician. Thus, Cámara was in the nation's capital, visiting his sister and brother-in-law, when he was caught up in the events of the Ten Tragic Days. On February 19, the Mexican government, led by president Madero, was overthrown in a military coup, replaced by general
1011:, established in 1912, was initiated and designed by the Chamber of Agriculture, which represented Yucatecan producers themselves rather than the State. Its primary purpose was to safeguard Mexican interests and protect the local henequen industry against the influence of American capitalism, notably embodied by figures such as Olegario Molina in Yucatán:
864:. Moreno, the nephew of Francisco Cantón, a former Yucatán governor, had run for the governorship against Pino Suárez in 1911. Despite his close ties to the old regime, Moreno had a strong following among the common people and incited them to rebel against the government. In January 1912, Cámara reported to the state congress that Moreno's followers (
1004:, a leading New York investment bank, that had financed the Escalantes also collapsed as a result. By 1910, Olegario Molina and Avelino Montes, his son-in-law, controlled more than 72% of the total henequen exports. It was, in effect, a monopoly established at the expense of Yucatecan producers and exporters.
542:
1019:
was the first attempt to regulate the market of an export product in Mexico. This proposal redefined the role of the state in the market, under the pressure of an organized group of producers. Ultimately, as a demonstration of their success as a lobbying group, in
January 1912, the Maderist governor
856:
Within a month of assuming power, Cámara organized the 1912 local extraordinary elections. Deciding to stand as a candidate, he resigned from the governorship so as not to influence the outcome, being replaced by Agustín Patrón Correa. After winning a popular mandate in the elections, he returned to
852:
to transfer their allegiance to José María Pino Suárez, who won the governorship despite a tight race against Delio Moreno. The gubernatorial term of Pino Suárez was cut short, however, when he was elected to the vice-presidency of the
Republic as a result of the 1911 presidential elections. After
970:
and henequen sacks throughout the
Americas. In other words, it almost became an article of first necessity in the entire world." By 1900, Yucatán was exporting 81 million kilograms of henequen to the United States each year, roughly 178.5 million pounds priced at $ 9.48 USD per pound. Solely from
1104:
In Mérida, however, Solís León had recognized the
Huertista dictatorship before being forced to resign from his position as interim governor. He was replaced by Arcadio Escobedo, a henequen plantation owner sympathetic to the Huertista dictatorship. Escobedo had been indirectly involved in the
1024:
also intended to intervene in fiber marketing by acting as a direct exporter, making it a competitor to the Molina-Montes monopoly and the
International Harvester Company. The Reguladora was created based on a cash reserve, established by an extraordinary state export tax on henequen that the
472:, to support José María Pino Suárez during the 1911 gubernatorial election. Subsequently, when Pino Suárez assumed the vicepresidency of Mexico, Cámara succeeded him as governor of Yucatán before being elected to his own term. During his tenure, he faced challenges such as the
872:"were unscrupulous agitators who, taking advantage of the ignorant credulity of field laborers, made them believe that the success of their cause depended on them becoming absolute owners of all lands and plantations, creating in them an agitation similar to what caused the
1116:
to Havana, under the protection of Márquez
Sterling, before settling in Europe as a self-imposed exile. Nonetheless, Nicolas continued to provide financial support for the armed uprising against the dictatorship. This rebellion was spearheaded by his brother,
49:
714:
The eldest of thirteen siblings, the Cámara Vales brothers were educated in a household which emphasized learning music and foreign languages; he played the violin and piano and spoke fluent
English, Spanish, French and German. He earned a
502:, Cámara and his family decided to exile themselves abroad, eventually settling in Europe. Nevertheless, Nicolas continued to finance the armed rebellion against the dictatorship which was led in the Southeast of Mexico by his brother,
971:
their exports to the United States, henequen exporters were generating annual revenue for Yucatán of roughly $ 1.7 billion USD. Adjusted for inflation, this 1900 annual revenue would amount to approximately $ 62 billion USD in 2023.
1056:, Cámara also founded a society to advocate for abstinence through the press, public meetings and anti-alcoholic literature. The society performed good service for a number of years but declined after the end of Cámara's tenure.
1360:
México, Escrito por: Música en México
Redacción Música en México tiene la misión de promover la música clásica-y la música nueva – en; Mundo, Y. De Dar a Conocer Una Selección De Las Actividades Musicales En El Resto Del.
743:
He married
Joaquina Millet Heredia. She was the daughter of José María Millet Hübbe, a prosperous businessman of French, German and Danish origin, and Joaquina Heredia Cacaño. The couple had two sons and a daughter:
1854:
480:
by American capitalists. Cámara's efforts to regulate the henequen market through the Regulatory Commission were instrumental in protecting Mexican interests against foreign monopolies.
1000:, Molina's main competitors had been eliminated, including the Escalante exporting house, a family that had founded the Yucatecan henequen industry in the mid-19th century.
1101:. Cámara Vales, in turn, decided to accompany his sister and nephews back to Mérida, where he believed they would be safer due to their family's influence and connections.
1148:. Finally returning to Yucatán after many years abroad, he served as the chairman of the Henequen Regulatory Commission. He died in Mexico City in 1956, aged 81.
1020:
Nicolás Cámara Vales (1911-1913) created this state-directed commission, which aimed to raise international henequen prices through a fiber retention policy. The
1193:
1945:
841:
173:
805:, why is the indigenous person who resides on the haciendas excluded from the participation that every Yucatecan is entitled to in the right to education?"
1970:
1279:
1955:
1777:
Zuleta, María Cecilia (2001). "Las fibras de la unión y la discordia una economía exportadora: el caso de las Cámaras agrícolas de Yucatán, 1894-1912".
1389:
1965:
1960:
996:
Molina and his American partners managed to reduce prices to the point where several Mexican producers were on the verge of bankruptcy. After the
1317:
982:
Company (IH). After the merger, IH became the largest producer of binder twine, purchasing 80% of Yucatán's henequen. At that point, IH became
691:
896:
but was quelled by the government. After the rebellion was defeated, Moreno went into exile from Yucatán, joining the anti-Maderist forces of
1891:
1864:
1756:
1729:
1679:
1654:
1597:
1555:
1482:
1344:
1327:
612:
1466:
1810:
1132:
Cámara Vales remained in Europe throughout the remainder of the Revolution. During the Interwar period, he held various positions in the
602:
809:
The League gained significant influence in Yucatecan society in the early 20th century. By 1910, the League founded the Model School (
1883:
Catálogo del archivo de la Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes, 1857-1968: Archivo Histórico del Centro de Estudios sobre la Universidad
1644:
1532:
Enciclopedia yucatanense, conmemorativa del IV centenario de Merida y Valladolid (Yucatan) patrocinada por el gobierno del estado
571:
1089:, the Cuban ambassador, the Madero family managed to embark for Havana before dispersing to various parts of the United States:
1793:
1628:
Villanueva Mukul, Eric. "Yucatán: historia y cultura henequenera la cosolidación del nacionalismo revolucionario (1938 - 80)".
1499:
916:
563:
533:. After many years abroad, he returned to Yucatán and played a key role as the chairman of the Henequen Regulatory Commission.
477:
616:
373:
236:
121:
1930:
1881:
582:
1362:
1950:
1045:, and not Molina, had more than 90% of henequen exports under its control. This was largely due to the efforts of General
676:
664:
656:
404:
276:
1081:
in the residence of the Japanese ambassador. Huerta's military officers, aware of this, threatened to burn the Japanese
943:
939:
1203:
660:
559:
396:
268:
209:
1468:
Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, United States Army: Authors and Subjects. 2nd series
1225:
581:, an old patrician family which could claim descent from several of the military commanders who had participated in
1086:
818:
435:
1827:
1545:
644:
567:
260:
252:
1908:
1587:
1122:
1067:. Subsequently, on February 22, Madero and Pino Suárez were assassinated on the orders of the military regime.
630:
620:
507:
377:
1070:
608:
228:
1444:
1137:
1118:
979:
873:
861:
802:
786:
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503:
423:
244:
1033:
were members of the agricultural chamber, confirming that the Chamber had penetrated the structure of the
924:
830:
782:), an organization made up of progressive landowners committed to improving the conditions of laborers on
768:
652:
458:
365:
98:
60:
840:, a close friend of the Cámara family and of his brother-in-law, José María Pino Suárez. A member of the
814:
789:
in Yucatán and establishing rural schools. According to Gonzalo Cámara, the League was founded with the:
499:
431:
1695:
853:
Pino Suárez resigned as governor, the state congress appointed Cámara as interim governor of Yucatán.
822:
813:), based on liberal, secular, and egalitarian principles, inspired by the ideas of two Swiss thinkers,
555:
491:
which toppled the Madero administration, the country's first democratically elected government. As the
450:
384:
299:
152:
1281:
Indice-Resumen, alfabético y cronológico de los matrimonios del Sagrario de Mérida, Yucatán: 1882-1865
541:
1940:
1935:
1126:
975:
772:
720:
598:
590:
586:
511:
492:
412:
311:
1856:
Summer of Discontent, Seasons of Upheaval: Elite Politics and Rural Insurgency in Yucatán, 1876-1915
885:
837:
465:
1295:
1254:
848:
cause. During the 1911 gubernatorial election, Cámara was instrumental in convincing much of the
1133:
1082:
1077:"aristocrats" sympathetic to Huerta's cause. Faced with this situation, the Madero family sought
978:
organized the merger of several American agricultural harvesting equipment companies to form the
716:
699:
415:. In 1909, together with Gonzalo Cámara Zavala, his cousin, he founded the Social Action League (
369:
334:
315:
284:
578:
388:
224:
1812:
Enciclopedia yucatanense: Historia política, legislación, comunicaciones, industria henequenera
1887:
1860:
1752:
1725:
1675:
1650:
1593:
1551:
1323:
1078:
1064:
1046:
901:
687:
496:
488:
1059:
In January 1913, Cámara requested temporary leave from his position as governor to travel to
931:
who had exploited his political connections to seize control of henequen exports since 1902.
1090:
1001:
928:
703:
1346:
Enciclopedia yucatanense: conmemorativa del IV centenario de Mérida y Valladolid (Yucatán)
990:
920:
905:
530:
484:
419:), a group of progressive landowners committed to improving the conditions of laborers on
778:
In 1909, Cámara joined his cousin Gonzalo Cámara to establish the Social Action League (
897:
680:
518:
468:, and he played a significant role in convincing the Yucatecan oligarchy, known as the
483:
In February 1913, amidst the political turmoil in Mexico, Cámara was caught up in the
1924:
997:
959:
672:
668:
1517:
Creación de la Liga de Acción Social, Yucatán, historia, leyenda, usos y costumbres
983:
849:
794:
695:
469:
442:
427:
19:
1746:
1646:
Chicle: The Chewing Gum of the Americas, From the Ancient Maya to William Wrigley
1589:
Yucatán's Gilded Age: Haciendas, Henequen, and International Harvester, 1860–1915
1284:(in Spanish). Academia Yucateca de Historia y Genealogía "Francisco de Montejo,".
1262:
Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM
1060:
1053:
951:
947:
686:
Alfredo Pino Cámara, another nephew, was a distinguished jurist, who served as
597:
who had been one of the founders of Mérida in 1542. He was also a descendant of
439:
1390:"María Casimira Cámara Vales, la estoica esposa de un vicepresidente de México"
1094:
1074:
935:
889:
764:
408:
353:
350:
306:
1748:
Del henequén a las maquiladoras: la política industrial en Yucatán, 1984-2001
1672:
Del henequén a las maquiladoras: la política industrial en Yucatán, 1984-2001
1109:
of one of his mayan slaves in 1908, causing a scandal in Yucatecan society.
694:
and was the judge responsible for instructing the famous murder case against
1198:
1113:
392:
361:
911:
During Cámara's tenure, the Regulatory Commission for the Henequen Market (
860:
During his tenure, he faced a rebellion led by Delio Moreno in the town of
411:
and returned to Mérida, where he opened the first children's clinic on the
48:
1106:
826:
783:
730:
648:
594:
454:
420:
400:
357:
967:
798:
724:
663:
was also a distinguished virtuoso pianist who studied at the Paris and
640:
637:
23:
430:. The League, influenced by the liberal and egalitarian principles of
368:
on two occasions between 1911 and 1913 during the early stages of the
1145:
1141:
526:
522:
562:, a wealthy landowner and businessman who made a fortune during the
1316:
Bonfil, Antonio Higuera; Vilesid, Lorena Careaga (2 August 2016).
1098:
955:
893:
698:, the Italian communist photographer. Similarly, his grandnephew,
540:
793:"imperative, transcendental, and urgent purpose of educating the
495:
against the Madero, Pino, and Cámara families worsened under the
1484:
Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift fuer oeffentliche Gesundheitspflege
963:
706:
and was the Mexican Ambassador to Germany and the Netherlands.
797:
of Yucatán. If education is to be declared not as a matter of
566:, and María del Carmen Vales Castillo. His maternal uncle was
1168:
1112:
At that point, Cámara decided to travel with his family on a
1751:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública.
1674:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública.
517:
He later also served as a diplomat, representing Mexico as
407:, graduating in 1896. During his career, he specialized in
1696:"$ 1,692,885,618.87 in 1900 → 2023 | Inflation Calculator"
1278:
Peón, Joaquín de Arrigunaga; Peón, Oswaldo Camara (1971).
767:
in Berlin, Cámara returned to Mérida and opened the first
1828:"La casa de Francisco I. Madero y el devastador incendio"
954:. Henequen "crossed all borders. It was sold everywhere:
570:, a Yucatecan industrialist and banker who served as the
391:, which had a prominent social position in Yucatán since
1465:
Office (U.S.), Library of the Surgeon-General's (1915).
464:
Cámara's liberal and democratic ideals aligned him with
1815:(in Spanish). Edición Oficial del Gobierno de Yucatán.
1504:(in Spanish). Edición Oficial del Gobierno de Yucatán.
1349:(in Spanish). Edición Oficial del Gobierno de Yucatán.
330:
322:
305:
295:
220:
199:
187:
179:
169:
159:
146:
141:
127:
115:
97:
87:
77:
59:
39:
1534:(in Spanish). Ed. oficial del gobierno de Yucatan.
1129:. In July 1914, the Huerta regime came to an end.
702:, was a lawyer and senior diplomat who served as
636:Hortensia Cámara Vales, his younger sister, was a
399:, a wealthy landowner and businessman. He studied
631:Governor of the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo
844:, Cámara campaigned in his native state for the
1781:– via Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana.
974:In early 1902, the renowned American financier
510:, along with Manuel Castillo Brito, the former
30: and the second or maternal family name is
1853:Wells, Allen; Joseph, Gilbert Michael (1996).
1519:(in Spanish). Mérida, Yucatán: Álvaro Salazar.
1433:. University of California Press. p. 207.
1194:"Leyes y Decretos de la Revolución en Yucatán"
675:, respectively. Nicolás was also the uncle of
1431:Shadows, Fire, Snow: The Life of Tina Modotti
989:By October of the same year, Molina met with
605:, Gaspar and Melchor Pachecho, among others.
514:. In July 1914, the Huerta régime collapsed.
8:
1795:Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem
1363:"Pablo Castellanos Cámara, Stella Contreras"
836:Cámara's liberal ideals identified him with
821:. The school continues to operate today in
1322:(in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Economica.
1296:"María Cámara Vales, viuda de Pino Suárez"
1255:"María Cámara Vales, viuda de Pino Suárez"
47:
36:
1613:Montiel, Elsie. "Yucatán's Green Gold".
1445:"Ismael Moreno Pino, embajador eminente"
1550:(in Spanish). Inversiones Cares. 1998.
1157:
426:and establishing rural schools for the
1826:Alba, José Ignacio De (15 June 2019).
1720:Benítez, Fernando (4 September 2013).
1487:(in German). F. Vieweg und Sohn. 1900.
1125:, and Manuel Castillo Brito, a former
1085:to the ground. With the protection of
692:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
545:The Coat of Arms of the Cámara Family.
1880:Sánchez Arreola, Flora Elena (1998).
1809:Trujillo, Carlos A. Echánove (1944).
1772:
1770:
1768:
1643:Mathews, Jennifer P. (15 June 2009).
1530:Trujillo, Carlos A. Echánove (1944).
1498:Trujillo, Carlos A. Echánove (1944).
1343:Trujillo, Carlos A. Echánove (1944).
923:and his cronies. Molina was a former
585:. He was a direct-line descendant of
326:Pediatrician, politician and diplomat
7:
1913:. Austrian Federal Press Department.
1907:Bundespressedienst, Austria (1930).
1798:. American Issue Publishing Company.
1273:
1271:
1249:
1247:
1226:"Genealogía de Nicolás Cámara Vales"
1163:
1161:
558:on 25 April 1875, the eldest son of
372:. He was also the brother-in-law of
1121:, who had previously served as the
842:Progressive Constitutionalist Party
476:rebellion and the dominance of the
174:Progressive Constitutionalist Party
1792:Cherrington, Ernest Hurst (1930).
1592:. University of New Mexico Press.
1471:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
1452:Memorias de la Diplomacia Mexicana
915:) was established to organize the
613:Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor
14:
1971:Mexican people of Spanish descent
704:Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs
629:, his younger brother, served as
449:), which operates to this day in
1966:20th-century Mexican politicians
1946:Politicians from Yucatán (state)
203:María del Carmen Vales Castillo
1649:. University of Arizona Press.
1571:Ricalde, Alvaro Gamboa (1943).
1515:Cámara Zavala, Gónzalo (1913).
919:and break the monopoly held by
904:of February 1913, known as the
611:, his elder sister, earned the
1136:, representing his country as
900:and eventually supporting the
727:, graduating with the thesis "
1:
1859:. Stanford University Press.
1745:Sáenz, Rodolfo Canto (2001).
1724:(in Spanish). Ediciones Era.
1670:Sáenz, Rodolfo Canto (2001).
1575:(in Spanish). Impr. Standard.
1573:Yucatán desde 1910: 1910-1914
1418:. Ediciones Era. p. 108.
1961:Governors of Yucatán (state)
1319:Quintana Roo. Historia breve
940:Second Industrial Revolution
917:henequen industry in Yucatán
445:, founded the Model School (
349:(1875 — 1956) was a Mexican
22:, the first or paternal
1956:People from Mérida, Yucatán
1414:Poniatowska, Elena (1992).
651:pianist who studied at the
583:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
376:, who held the position of
1987:
950:as the world prepared for
819:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
754:Jorge Carlos Cámara Millet
677:Fernando Cámara Barbachano
657:Antoine François Marmontel
603:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
277:Fernando Cámara Barbachano
17:
1547:Yucatán en el tiempo: F-L
1429:Albers, Patricia (2002).
1388:Toraya, Betina González.
380:during the same period.
340:
137:
104:
66:
55:
46:
1123:governor of Quintana Roo
1041:By the end of 1917, the
739:Marriage and Descendants
661:Pablo Castellanos Cámara
621:Vice President of Mexico
508:governor of Quintana Roo
378:vice president of Mexico
269:Pablo Castellanos Cámara
1501:Enciclopedia yucatanese
1087:Manuel Márquez Sterling
1083:ambassadorial residence
980:International Harvester
623:between 1911 and 1913.
574:between 1902 and 1907.
183:Joaquina Millet Heredia
1910:The Austrian Year Book
1039:
878:
807:
795:Maya indigenous people
763:Having specialized in
653:Conservatoire de Paris
645:Pablo Castellanos León
617:José María Pino Suárez
615:in 1969. Her husband,
568:Agustín Vales Castillo
546:
428:Maya indigenous people
374:José María Pino Suárez
261:Pablo Castellanos León
253:Agustín Vales Castillo
237:José María Pino Suárez
122:José María Pino Suárez
1700:www.in2013dollars.com
1586:Wells, Allen (1985).
1013:
876:in the past century."
870:
815:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
791:
780:Liga de Acción Social
751:Nicolás Cámara Millet
665:Berlin Conservatories
560:Raymundo Cámara Luján
544:
500:military dictatorship
493:political persecution
417:Acción de Liga Social
397:Raymundo Cámara Luján
210:Raymundo Cámara Luján
133:Agustín Patrón Correa
83:Agustín Patrón Correa
1951:Liberalism in Mexico
1886:(in Spanish). UNAM.
1722:Los indios de México
1394:www.lajornadamaya.mx
1369:(in Mexican Spanish)
1127:governor of Campeche
986:, not price takers.
976:John Pierpont Morgan
884:rebellion spread to
721:University of Berlin
679:, the distinguished
627:Alfredo Cámara Vales
599:Francisco de Montejo
591:Spanish conquistador
512:governor of Campeche
424:haciendas in Yucatán
405:University of Berlin
395:. He was the son of
347:Nicolás Cámara Vales
312:University of Berlin
245:Alfredo Cámara Vales
41:Nicolás Cámara Vales
925:governor of Yucatán
850:Yucatecan oligarchy
838:Francisco I. Madero
801:but as a matter of
769:children's hospital
748:Berta Cámara Millet
466:Francisco I. Madero
366:governor of Yucatán
225:Pino- Cámara family
165:Mexico City, Mexico
99:Governor of Yucatán
93:Fernando Solís León
61:Governor of Yucatán
1931:Pino-Cámara family
1779:Política y Cultura
1134:diplomatic service
1049:starting in 1915.
717:Doctor of Medicine
700:Ismael Moreno Pino
609:María Cámara Vales
579:Pino-Cámara family
547:
370:Mexican Revolution
335:Doctor of Medicine
285:Ismael Moreno Pino
229:María Cámara Vales
1893:978-968-36-6652-9
1866:978-0-8047-2656-6
1758:978-968-6080-33-9
1731:978-607-445-295-2
1681:978-968-6080-33-9
1656:978-0-8165-2624-6
1599:978-0-8263-0781-1
1557:978-970-9071-03-0
1329:978-607-16-4069-7
1173:www.modelo.edu.mx
1079:diplomatic asylum
1065:Victoriano Huerta
1047:Salvador Alvarado
934:During Yucatán's
773:Yucatán peninsula
688:associate justice
587:Juan de la Cámara
478:henequen industry
413:Yucatán Peninsula
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1169:"Escuela Modelo"
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1002:Thebaud Brothers
944:naval arms races
929:cabinet minister
803:public necessity
577:A member of the
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991:Cyrus McCormick
921:Olegario Molina
906:Ten Tragic Days
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572:Mayor of Mérida
556:Mérida, Yucatán
552:
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531:interwar period
485:Ten Tragic Days
385:Mérida, Yucatán
383:He was born in
300:Mérida, Yucatán
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1303:Jurídicas UNAM
1287:
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1243:
1217:
1206:on 16 May 2013
1185:
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1138:Consul General
898:Pascual Orozco
811:Escuela Modelo
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719:degree at the
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681:anthropologist
643:. She married
551:
550:Family Origins
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519:consul-general
447:Escuela Modelo
393:colonial times
364:who served as
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1832:Pie de Página
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673:Edwin Fischer
670:
669:Alfred Cortot
666:
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659:. Their son,
658:
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650:
647:also a noted
646:
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564:henequen boom
561:
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506:, the former
505:
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487:, a military
486:
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452:
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443:intellectuals
441:
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398:
394:
390:
389:Cámara family
386:
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339:
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289:(grandnephew)
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114:
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82:
76:
70:
65:
62:
58:
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45:
38:
33:
29:
25:
21:
16:
1909:
1902:
1882:
1875:
1855:
1848:
1836:. Retrieved
1834:(in Spanish)
1831:
1821:
1811:
1804:
1794:
1787:
1778:
1747:
1740:
1721:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:
1690:
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1638:
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1439:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1393:
1383:
1371:. Retrieved
1366:
1355:
1345:
1338:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1290:
1280:
1261:
1234:. Retrieved
1232:(in Spanish)
1229:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:the original
1197:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1172:
1131:
1111:
1103:
1069:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1006:
995:
988:
984:price makers
973:
956:binder twine
948:Great Powers
946:between the
933:
912:
910:
881:
879:
871:
865:
859:
855:
845:
835:
810:
808:
792:
779:
777:
762:
742:
728:
713:
696:Tina Modotti
685:
635:
625:
607:
576:
553:
516:
482:
473:
470:divine caste
463:
446:
416:
382:
346:
345:
129:Succeeded by
106:
89:Succeeded by
68:
31:
27:
20:Spanish name
15:
1941:1956 deaths
1936:1875 births
1061:Mexico City
1054:teetotaller
952:World War I
902:coup d'état
735:" (1896).
529:during the
489:coup d'état
387:, into the
117:Preceded by
79:Preceded by
1925:Categories
1838:14 October
1705:18 October
1399:25 January
1178:14 October
1152:References
1095:California
1043:Reguladora
1035:Reguladora
1031:Reguladora
1027:Reguladora
1022:Reguladora
1017:Reguladora
1009:Reguladora
936:Gilded Age
913:Reguladora
866:Morenistas
831:Valladolid
765:pediatrics
733:in Yucatán
619:served as
459:Valladolid
436:Pestalozzi
409:pediatrics
354:politician
331:Profession
323:Occupation
307:Alma mater
1199:Por Esto!
1114:steamboat
1075:Porfirian
882:Morenista
874:Caste War
857:power.
846:Maderista
787:haciendas
710:Education
537:Biography
474:Morenista
362:physician
296:Residence
249:(brother)
221:Relatives
200:Parent(s)
111:1911–1911
107:In office
73:1912–1913
69:In office
1416:Tinisima
1230:Geneanet
1107:homicide
1091:New York
942:and the
827:Chetumal
784:henequen
731:Pellagra
649:virtuoso
595:nobleman
554:Born in
455:Chetumal
432:Rousseau
421:henequen
401:medicine
358:diplomat
281:(nephew)
273:(nephew)
233:(sister)
214:(father)
206:(mother)
193:Nicolás
188:Children
155:, Mexico
18:In this
1264:. 1969.
1119:Alfredo
968:Germany
958:in the
890:Maxcanú
862:Opichén
799:utility
771:in the
725:Germany
690:of the
641:pianist
638:concert
504:Alfredo
403:at the
351:liberal
257:(uncle)
24:surname
1890:
1863:
1755:
1728:
1678:
1653:
1596:
1554:
1373:18 May
1326:
1236:18 May
1210:6 July
1146:Vienna
1142:Berlin
1097:, and
892:, and
886:Conkal
823:Mérida
667:under
655:under
589:, the
527:Vienna
523:Berlin
497:Huerta
451:Mérida
438:, two
191:Berta
180:Spouse
28:Cámara
1448:(PDF)
1299:(PDF)
1258:(PDF)
1099:Texas
1071:María
1015:"The
894:Temax
440:Swiss
195:Jorge
32:Vales
1888:ISBN
1861:ISBN
1840:2023
1753:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1707:2023
1676:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1615:UNAM
1594:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1401:2023
1375:2020
1324:ISBN
1238:2020
1212:2012
1180:2023
1144:and
1007:The
964:silk
927:and
880:The
829:and
817:and
729:The
671:and
593:and
525:and
457:and
434:and
360:and
160:Died
150:1875
147:Born
1140:in
966:in
723:in
521:in
316:M.D
26:is
1927::
1830:.
1767:^
1698:.
1450:.
1392:.
1365:.
1301:.
1270:^
1260:.
1246:^
1228:.
1196:.
1171:.
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1761:.
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1659:.
1632:.
1617:.
1602:.
1560:.
1454:.
1403:.
1377:.
1332:.
1305:.
1240:.
1214:.
1182:.
318:)
314:(
34:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
