165:
581:
484:
302:) under the Ministry of Heavy Industry, later the Ministry of Metallurgy and Machine Building. After 1948, although the Reșița Works remained the most important heavy industry producers in Romania, they were gradually marginalized as well, with a series of units being shut down: metal structures and bridges (1953-1958); petroleum extraction equipment (1954-1955); railroad switches (1955); transformers, electric equipment and medium-sized
537:
569:
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557:
605:
496:
472:
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508:
36:
149:. However, there is no documentary evidence to support this claim. Since their opening, the development and fortunes of the works have been deeply entwined with the history of the city itself. An important element of their success was due to their relative self-sufficiency; over time, the works tended to use raw materials and energy sources produced on-site.
153:
28:
17:
365:; and the programs to develop rail transport, the naval fleet, the metallurgical, mining and chemical industries—was undertaken without a certain degree of involvement from the Reșița Works, whether by incorporating or producing machines and equipment. Additionally, their products were exported to nearly forty countries.
192:; this included the machine works, the old industrial platform of today's UCM Reșița, where the first St.E.G. workshops were also built between 1886 and 1891. By surface area, over 90% of the company properties were forests, but they also included iron, coal and copper mines; vineyards; roads; and limestone quarries.
207:; a factory for petroleum extraction equipment; an armaments factory; a factory for electric machinery; and a locomotives factory with a capacity of 100 units per year. Among the main products generated were steam locomotives, including repairs; mounted wheels, including axles; wheel bandages, metal bridges,
460:
and steam laminating workshop. In addition, two villas belonging to the UCM authorities are listed, as well as a number of those belonging to the UDR leadership. Although blast furnace #1 was demolished, the remaining one, representing the fifth generation of blast furnaces on the same site, was left
405:
became increasingly commonplace; finally, in June 2001, the government announced it would go to court to scrap the contract because of the nationwide "economic and social destabilization" risked by allowing the situation to continue. The process was restarted in 2003, and the following year, the
392:
in 1996. Its first privatization in 2000, undertaken by a government eager to be divested of a debt-ridden entity, was a failure. CSR's takeover by an
American company accused of failing to fulfill its promise of improving the plant led to labor unrest. This was exploited by the extremist
144:
and the concession for building and operating a railway network of some 5,000 km (3,100 mi), and was financed by one French and two
Austrian banks. A persistent legend holds that in the late 1880s, metal produced at Reșița was sent to France to be used in building the
112:
was the focus of activity, but machinery manufacturing gradually gained prominence, becoming the main occupation in the last quarter of the 19th century. For decades, the two complemented each other within the same integrated factory. Until 1855, the works belonged to the
285:
the company, along with 350 others. For over a year, it kept its former name but was gradually integrated into the new government structure. A decree issued in August 1949 led to its effective disaggregation by the end of the year, and its components were folded into two
298:(the machine production division). Thus, for the first time, the Reșița Works were divided in two. In September 1954, with the end of the SovRom period, they were reunited into one entity, the Reșița Metallurgical Works (
107:
proving inadequate for its industrial needs. The works trace their origins to July 3, 1771, when the first furnaces and forges were inaugurated, making it the oldest industrial factory in present-day
Romania. At first,
388:
in 1989, and CSR had begun to decline by 1993. In
December 1994, a demonstration of the 6,800 remaining workers and 30,000 Reșița residents brought about investments and new equipment. CSR became a
775:
361:, no significant economic development program on a national scale—including the program to develop the energy supply through thermoelectric and hydroelectric machines and equipment; the
707:
75:). They have played a crucial role in the industrial development both of the region and of Romania as a whole, and their evolution has been largely synonymous with that of their host city.
132:
In 1855, with the empire facing financial crisis and looking to sell, the works were bought by an international consortium, the
Imperial Royal Privileged Austrian State Railway Company (
445:, it regained the UCMR name in 1991, and underwent a privatization process starting in 1993. This concluded in 2003, when the state sold the remainder of its shares. Largely owned by a
461:
standing due to its symbolic significance in the city's cultural identity and contribution to the industrial landscape. By the early 1990s, the works had caused serious air, water and
1073:
453:
848:
985:
449:
company and with some 2500 employees, it is involved with machining operations on machine tools, welding, heat and thermochemical treatments and electroplating.
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247:. In terms of revenue and number of employees, the company was the largest in Romania, with the latter figure reaching 22,892 in 1948. In 1939, following the
799:
964:
704:
536:
325:
At the same time, significant technological advances were incorporated. Among the devices introduced were steam turbines and turbo generators; new
129:
pieces coming directly from the furnaces, rods forged from iron, hoops for cart wheels, tools, nails and utensils for agricultural and home use.
1078:
568:
1083:
248:
136:
or St.E.G.). Aside from the Reșița Works, this company also owned land and mining, metalworking and railway properties in the Banat and
181:
1013:
993:
895:
828:
580:
519:
414:, it has been known as TMK Reșița since 2006. It produces tubular billets, heavy round profiles and blooms, and started putting out
259:'s one-tenth share in Reșița. Together with other incursions into Romanian industry, this move seriously undermined the attempts of
556:
184:, including the Banat, a 1920 royal decree transformed St.E.G.'s Romanian holdings into the Steel Works and Domains of Reșița (
20:
495:
373:
On April 1, 1962, the works were again split into two separate entities meant to operate in tandem: the Reșița Steel Works (
1024:
279:
267:
215:; electric machinery and equipment such as motors, generators and transformers; petroleum extraction equipment, including
173:
60:
733:
421:
UCMR was under the control of various ministries, its name being changed in 1973 to Reșița
Machine Building Enterprise (
266:
to maintain an independent foreign policy. Subsequently, commercial and technical management ended up in the hands of
188:; U.D.R. or U.D.R.I.N.) company. A "workshops directorate" belonging to the company was built on the left bank of the
906:
867:
755:
282:
244:
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483:
169:
362:
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879:
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mills; a foundry; a forge; a factory for bridges and metal structures; a factory for mounted wheels; an old
59:. Founded in 1771 and operating under a single structure until 1948 and then from 1954 to 1962, during the
200:
658:
457:
394:
114:
93:
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621:
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776:"Turnul Eiffel 'Made in Reșița, România'. Falsa legendă urbană care încă umflă orgoliul multor români"
592:
543:
507:
334:
604:
547:
471:
442:
385:
263:
236:
951:
884:
Modern
Romania: The End of Communism, the Failure of Democratic Reform, and the Theft of a Nation
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989:
891:
824:
738:
415:
342:
330:
89:
456:: the UCM locomotive factory, and from the CSR, blast furnace #2, the brick factory and the
661:, at the Association for Industrial Archaeology in Romania site; accessed February 14, 2012
803:
711:
358:
346:
315:
260:
212:
208:
204:
118:
441:
and an institute for research and planning hydroelectric equipment in Reșița. After the
337:; hydroelectric units including hydraulic turbines, generators and rotation regulators;
462:
398:
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350:
326:
307:
303:
256:
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434:
338:
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252:
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109:
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in 2007. By 2011, the number of employees had fallen to 800, from 10,400 in 1990.
48:
965:"Ultimul furnal din spaţiul intracarpatic, muzeul ţinut captiv de conducerea TMK"
936:
688:
397:, which took control of regular demonstrations where slogans against joining the
921:
780:
716:
526:
446:
357:. At the same time, steam locomotives were phased out. During four decades of a
354:
232:
196:
195:
Starting in the 1920s, the works had the following divisions: blast furnaces; a
235:
and gear reducers; and armaments, such as artillery, gun carriages, 75 mm
1006:
Pushing back the
Boundaries: the European Union and Central and Eastern Europe
240:
122:
1039:
1026:
887:
820:
224:
126:
35:
465:, making Reșița among the most severely polluted areas of Eastern Europe.
849:"Combinatul Siderurgic Reșița, colosul industrial anihilat de capitalism"
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306:(1957); mounted wheels (1959); moveable bridges and cranes (after 1973);
220:
216:
104:
100:
97:
71:), the latter renamed in 1973 as the Reșița Machine Building Enterprise (
152:
27:
425:; ICMR). Between 1969 and 1973, it was the hub of Reșița Plants Group (
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137:
56:
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and other rail equipment; metal frames for buildings and factories;
16:
319:
163:
151:
121:, which exercised control through the Banat Mining Directorate in
52:
34:
26:
15:
626:
402:
452:
Four industrial elements of the Reșița Works are listed as
345:; equipment for the chemical and metallurgical industries;
92:, which then ruled the Banat, was interested in developing
47:
are two companies, TMK Reșița and UCM Reșița, located in
806:
at the Reșița City Hall site; accessed
February 14, 2012
574:
1996 postage stamp commemorating 225 years of operations
63:
they were known respectively as the Reșița Steel Works (
952:
705:"Disputa pentru un patrimoniu de 17 milioane de franci"
659:
Protecţia patrimoniului industrial al Banatului Montan
134:
K.u.K Oberprivillegierte Staatseisenbahn Gesellschaft
429:), which also included a metal structures plant in
239:antitank and antiaircraft guns; coastal artillery;
939:at the UCM Reșița site; accessed February 14, 2012
924:at the UCM Reșița site; accessed February 14, 2012
909:at the TMK Reșița site; accessed February 14, 2012
870:at the TMK Reșița site; accessed February 14, 2012
691:at the UCM Reșița site; accessed February 14, 2012
96:in the province, and began building furnaces for
562:Visit by Ceaușescu to the machine factory (1978)
762:, Nr. 327, May 2010; accessed February 13, 2012
971:, 5 September 2011; accessed February 14, 2012
855:, 13 February 2011; accessed February 14, 2012
423:Întreprinderea de Construcții de Mașini Reșița
377:; CSR) and the Reșița Machine Building Plant (
73:Întreprinderea de Construcții de Mașini Reșița
817:The Economy of East Central Europe, 1815-1989
742:, 7 November 2010; accessed February 18, 2012
689:UCM Reșița - evoluția și dezvoltarea istorică
501:Machine workers during nationalization (1948)
39:The historic blast furnace #2, completed 1962
8:
1008:, p.162. Manchester University Press, 1999,
784:, September 19, 2016; accessed March 7, 2018
734:"Furnalul de la Govăjdie, lăsat în paragină"
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
67:) and as the Reșița Machine Building Plant (
318:and related devices (1977); and locomotive
1074:Historic monuments in Caraș-Severin County
863:
861:
530:announcement of a new blast furnace (1962)
720:, 11 May 2006; accessed February 14, 2012
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982:The Environment in Eastern Europe: 1990
840:
838:
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406:state sold it off. A subsidiary of the
586:Reșița coats of arms: interwar period
7:
379:Uzina Constructoare de Mașini Reșița
69:Uzina Constructoare de Mașini Reșița
294:(the iron extraction division) and
249:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
245:Brandt 60 and 120 mm LR Gun-mortars
186:Uzinele de Fier și Domeniile Reșița
158:Uzinele de Fier și Domeniile Reșița
369:Split and subsequent privatization
182:union of Transylvania with Romania
14:
1069:Companies of Caraș-Severin County
21:Dormition of the Theotokos Church
603:
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125:. By 1815, they were producing
1:
1079:Companies established in 1771
375:Combinatul Siderurgic Reșița
300:Combinatul Metalurgic Reșița
176:produced by the Reșița Works
103:in Reșița in 1769, those at
65:Combinatul Siderurgic Reșița
156:Share of the Reșița Works (
1105:
1084:Steel companies of Romania
268:Reichswerke Hermann Göring
140:, a locomotive factory in
756:"Furnalul de la Govăjdia"
172:had its armor plates and
23:flanked by blast furnaces
657:Ioana Irina Iamandescu,
437:, a mechanical plant in
257:Československá Zbrojovka
937:Capacităţi de producţie
333:and bogies; electrical
296:Sovrom Utilaj Petrolier
117:of what had become the
31:The steel works in 1970
427:Grupul de Uzine Reșița
278:In June 1948, the new
177:
170:Mareșal tank destroyer
161:
40:
32:
24:
433:, a machine plant in
395:Greater Romania Party
386:Communist regime fell
363:nuclear power program
167:
155:
94:extractive metallurgy
84:Beginnings and growth
38:
30:
19:
954:, p.900; 902-03; 922
513:Steel workers (1950)
353:and large hydraulic
1036: /
548:Ion Gheorghe Maurer
443:Romanian Revolution
199:plant; steelworks;
160:), issued June 1926
802:2011-06-05 at the
710:2017-09-05 at the
622:Galați steel works
542:Workers welcoming
454:historic monuments
331:diesel locomotives
310:equipment such as
178:
162:
41:
33:
25:
1040:45.295°N 21.903°E
980:Robert Atkinson,
754:Daniel I. Iancu,
739:Evenimentul Zilei
544:Nicolae Ceaușescu
343:marine propulsion
209:railroad switches
90:Habsburg monarchy
1096:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1033:
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1029:
1016:
1002:
996:
978:
972:
963:Oana Bejenariu,
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940:
935:
931:
925:
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847:Oana Bejenariu,
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652:
607:
598:Communist period
595:
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571:
559:
539:
522:
510:
498:
489:Diesel generator
486:
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381:; UCMR or UCM).
316:turbo generators
290:joint ventures,
280:Communist regime
213:moveable bridges
1104:
1103:
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815:David Turnock,
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804:Wayback Machine
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771:
770:
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732:Ciprian Iancu,
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712:Wayback Machine
703:Lucia Honiges,
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359:planned economy
351:hydraulic pumps
349:equipment like
347:fluid mechanics
327:air compressors
304:electric motors
276:
274:Nationalization
205:machine factory
119:Austrian Empire
86:
81:
12:
11:
5:
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1100:
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1089:Blast furnaces
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399:European Union
390:public company
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339:Diesel engines
312:steam turbines
308:thermal energy
275:
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227:, pump units,
180:Following the
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1004:Mike Mannin,
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896:0-8147-3172-4
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829:0-2034-8622-6
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922:Generalităţi
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760:Dilema Veche
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355:servo motors
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283:nationalized
277:
233:crown blocks
194:
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147:Eiffel Tower
133:
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110:metalworking
87:
72:
68:
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45:Reșița Works
44:
42:
1043: /
610:Present day
477:Gear wheels
292:Sovrommetal
253:Nazi regime
241:naval mines
1058:Categories
1031:21°54′11″E
1028:45°17′42″N
435:Caransebeș
255:took over
225:drill bits
55:region of
888:NYU Press
886:, p.301.
821:Routledge
819:, p.255.
439:Timișoara
221:couplings
217:pumpjacks
127:cast iron
51:, in the
984:, p.51.
969:Adevărul
890:, 2005.
853:Adevărul
823:, 2004.
800:Archived
781:Adevărul
717:Adevărul
708:Archived
616:See also
527:Scînteia
458:puddling
335:bushings
322:(1981).
264:Carol II
223:, heavy
115:Treasury
101:smelting
98:iron ore
988:, 1991
907:Profile
868:History
797:Istoric
412:OAO TMK
408:Russian
237:Vickers
231:parts,
201:rolling
138:Bohemia
123:Oravița
79:History
57:Romania
1064:Reșița
1012:
992:
894:
827:
550:(1968)
416:blanks
320:bogies
288:SovRom
251:, the
243:; and
197:coking
142:Vienna
49:Reșița
633:Notes
447:Swiss
431:Bocșa
410:firm
105:Bocșa
53:Banat
1010:ISBN
990:ISBN
986:IUCN
892:ISBN
825:ISBN
627:FAUR
546:and
403:NATO
401:and
384:The
341:for
261:King
168:The
88:The
43:The
174:gun
1060::
967:,
882:,
860:^
851:,
835:^
778:,
758:,
736:,
714:,
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329:;
314:,
270:.
219:,
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