84:. Their first attempts to improve the optophone all ended in failures, and users were still unable to read more than 5 words per minutes in average, even after long training sessions. This observation led Liberman to suppose that the limitation was cognitive rather than technical, and to formulate his
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were used to scan a line of printed text. Each cell generated a different tone (G, C, D, E, G8) when detecting black print, so that each character was associated with a specific time-varying chords of tones. With some practice, blind users were able to interpret this audio output as a meaningful
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to work on a reading machine for the blind, the first system that would scan text and produce continuous speech. Early reading machines were desk-based and large, found in libraries, schools, and hospitals or owned by wealthy individuals. In 2009, a cellphone running
92:. Therefore, a reading machine cannot simply convert the printed characters into a series of abstract sounds, rather it must be able to identify the characters and to produce a speech sound as output using a
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88:. He realized that the speech signal was not heard like an acoustic "alphabet" or "cipher," but as a "code" of overlapping speech gestures, due to
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Cooper, FS; Gaitenby, JH; Nye, PW (May 1984). "Evolution of reading machines for the blind: Haskins
Laboratories' research as a case history".
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message. However, the reading speed of this device was very slow (approximately one word per minute).
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used this machine to give his signature sound off, "And that's the way it is, January 13, 1976."
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people to access printed materials. It scans text, converts the image into text by means of
122:'s Cognitive Information Processing Group in the Research Laboratory of Electronics at the
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From 1944 until up to the 1970s, new prototypes of reading machine were developed at
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152:"Seeking a reading machine for the blind and discovering the speech code"
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The first commercial reading machine for the blind was developed by
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205:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
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44:The first prototype of reading machine, called
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150:Shankweiler, D; Fowler, CA (February 2015).
72:. The research project was conducted by
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131:software works as a reading machine.
124:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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86:motor theory of speech perception
56:in 1913. Five vertically-aligned
129:National Federation of the Blind
36:to read out what it has found.
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50:Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe
30:optical character recognition
231:"Kurzweil Computer Products"
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101:Kurzweil Computer Products
250:Retrieved 3 January 2015
68:under contract from the
70:Veterans Administration
48:, was developed by Dr.
248:RLE Timeline 1960-1979
120:Samuel Jefferson Mason
107:Corporation) in 1975.
159:History of Psychology
54:Birmingham University
295:Assistive technology
74:Caryl Parker Haskins
66:Haskins Laboratories
22:assistive technology
300:Blindness equipment
103:(later acquired by
114:In the mid-1960s,
94:speech synthesizer
78:Franklin S. Cooper
34:speech synthesizer
261:"Mobile Products"
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24:that allows
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265:KNFB Reader
118:joined Dr.
40:Development
32:and uses a
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275:2010-10-19
135:References
127:Kurzweil-
46:optophone
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217:6396402
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183:S2CID
155:(PDF)
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