1527:
40:
867:
855:
3275:
which depends on prices which may vary geographically for example, can be adjusted in a similar way. For example, the total value of a good produced in a region of a country depends on both the amount and the price. To compare the output of different regions, the nominal output in a region can be
1515:
of the commodity bundle in aggregate remains the same over time. The real values of individual goods or commodities may rise or fall against each other, in relative terms, but a representative commodity bundle as a whole retains its real value as a constant from one period to the next.
1892:
4666:
3258:
real interest rate is approximately the historical nominal interest rate minus inflation. Looking forward into the future, the expected real interest rate is approximately the nominal interest rate minus the expected inflation rate.
2867:
The real wage each year measures the buying power of the hourly wage in common terms. In this example, the real wage rate increased by 20 percent, meaning that an hour's wage would buy 20% more goods in year 2 compared with year 1.
967:
At a single point of time, a commodity bundle consists of a list of goods, and each good in the list has a market price and a quantity. The market value of the good is the market price times the quantity at that point of time. The
2727:
972:
value of the commodity bundle at a point of time is the total market value of the commodity bundle, depending on the market price, and the quantity, of each good in the commodity bundle which are current at the time.
2098:
1606:
Real values can be found by dividing the nominal value by the growth factor of a price index. Using the price index growth factor as a divisor for converting a nominal value into a real value, the real value at time
4659:
2808:(CPI) is applicable to consumers. So for wage earners as consumers, an appropriate way to measure real wages (the buying power of wages) is to divide the nominal wage (after-tax) by the growth factor in the CPI.
1989:
2622:
2488:
4652:
5570:
5575:
1440:
2963:
2814:(GDP) is a measure of aggregate output. Nominal GDP in a particular period reflects prices that were current at the time, whereas real GDP compensates for inflation. Price indices and the U.S.
2336:
1668:
2171:
1498:
948:
compensates for inflation so economists can exclude inflation from growth figures, and see how much an economy actually grows. Nominal GDP would include inflation, and thus be higher.
5560:
980:
is the relative price of a commodity bundle. A price index can be measured over time, or at different locations or markets. If it is measured over time, it is a series of values
3121:
5550:
3243:
2794:
1764:
5540:
1601:
5545:
964:, which is used to represent the sum total of goods across the economy to which the goods belong, for the purpose of comparison across different times (or locations).
4815:
4675:
3186:
3155:
3058:
3027:
2996:
2366:
2257:
2230:
2203:
1730:
1703:
1285:
1222:
1175:
1125:
1094:
1067:
1005:
1756:
1357:
1311:
1552:
1331:
1242:
1195:
1148:
1025:
5058:
4683:
4629:
4585:
897:
829:
5418:
5365:
3296:
2634:
5276:
4883:
3445:
4888:
4679:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4644:
2001:
5254:
5259:
4788:
3463:
5507:
2815:
1902:
3568:
2499:
5403:
3421:
2377:
2819:
5249:
5467:
890:
5201:
1554:
of a quantity, such as wages or total production, to obtain its real value. The real value is the value expressed in terms of
4067:
3532:
3492:
1530:
Comparison of real and nominal gas prices 1996 to 2016, illustrating the formula for conversion. Here the base year is 2016.
1526:
1364:
2818:
are constructed from bundles of commodities and their respective prices. In the case of GDP, a suitable price index is the
5229:
4945:
4248:
4037:
4027:
3720:
490:
228:
5608:
5111:
4187:
4160:
3371:
2892:
2265:
5207:
5139:
1617:
5425:
4614:
4595:
4172:
4017:
3983:
3968:
3947:
3942:
945:
839:
59:
49:
5312:
5307:
5266:
5482:
5457:
5234:
5021:
4939:
4589:
4165:
3855:
3845:
3541:
2110:
883:
833:
363:
353:
1247:
If the price of the commodity bundle has increased by one percent over the first period after the base date, then
5502:
5492:
5239:
3735:
3409:
1447:
243:
5392:
5180:
4619:
4565:
4308:
4263:
4102:
3973:
3850:
812:
550:
505:
358:
127:
71:
5342:
5337:
5332:
4323:
565:
5497:
5487:
5477:
5472:
5462:
4853:
4273:
4107:
4097:
4087:
4077:
3815:
3805:
3765:
3755:
3635:
3561:
515:
323:
313:
273:
263:
170:
93:
5174:
5006:
5244:
4443:
4288:
4148:
4091:
4047:
4010:
3760:
3700:
3675:
3645:
3630:
2811:
685:
530:
268:
208:
165:
112:
4258:
500:
5430:
5413:
5408:
5397:
5360:
5355:
5349:
4960:
4929:
4827:
4575:
4233:
4218:
4192:
4131:
3810:
3750:
3730:
3725:
3480:
3158:
3070:
819:
475:
460:
318:
258:
238:
233:
3195:
2746:
1887:{\displaystyle r_{t}={\frac {P_{0}\cdot Q_{t}}{P_{t}}}{\Bigg /}{\frac {P_{0}\cdot Q_{t-1}}{P_{t-1}}}-1}
4996:
4841:
4624:
4328:
4072:
4042:
3995:
3958:
3884:
3835:
3800:
3740:
3705:
3640:
3441:
3331:
3311:
3301:
3272:
2805:
570:
392:
343:
308:
248:
213:
117:
107:
54:
5095:
4950:
4858:
4810:
4778:
4759:
4554:
4363:
4223:
4182:
4082:
4062:
4022:
3978:
3963:
3919:
3860:
3785:
3775:
3745:
3668:
3356:
3291:
3286:
1511:
The nominal value of a commodity bundle tends to change over time. In contrast, by definition, the
796:
605:
465:
427:
368:
293:
283:
253:
180:
88:
5603:
5580:
5565:
5555:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5514:
4832:
4800:
4609:
4580:
4538:
4343:
4052:
4032:
4000:
3914:
3909:
3889:
3840:
3780:
3770:
3715:
3710:
3554:
3501:
3376:
3366:
3189:
2881:
1564:
824:
780:
585:
422:
417:
397:
348:
288:
278:
223:
218:
190:
185:
155:
23:
1069:
is the value of the index at the base date. For example, if the base date is (the end of) 1992,
1822:
933:
for which it can be exchanged at a given time. Real value takes into account inflation and the
5301:
5295:
5289:
4895:
4868:
4805:
4793:
4754:
4723:
4473:
4448:
4398:
4358:
4238:
4126:
3929:
3865:
3830:
3820:
3690:
3459:
3417:
3351:
3321:
934:
930:
715:
690:
640:
600:
480:
437:
373:
338:
328:
160:
122:
78:
3413:
1758:. It measures by how much the buying power of the quantity has changed over a single period.
5382:
5377:
5223:
5212:
4873:
4863:
4773:
4733:
4728:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4523:
4468:
4453:
4438:
4423:
4403:
4353:
4333:
4313:
4268:
3875:
3825:
3795:
3790:
3680:
3618:
3451:
1555:
1520:
961:
938:
765:
710:
695:
680:
665:
645:
595:
575:
555:
510:
383:
333:
303:
298:
4713:
3164:
3133:
3036:
3005:
2974:
2845:
If for years 1 and 2 (possibly a span of 20 years apart), the nominal wage and price level
2344:
2235:
2208:
2181:
1708:
1681:
1263:
1200:
1153:
1103:
1072:
1045:
983:
39:
5451:
5441:
5191:
5132:
5127:
5121:
4634:
4528:
4493:
4458:
4393:
4318:
4303:
4197:
4153:
3990:
3924:
3899:
3894:
3870:
3613:
3598:
3336:
3316:
3246:
3127:
859:
770:
735:
700:
635:
560:
545:
432:
407:
402:
378:
150:
145:
1735:
1336:
1290:
4740:
4718:
4548:
4533:
4498:
4483:
4463:
4433:
4283:
4253:
3904:
3625:
3593:
3528:
3346:
1537:
1316:
1227:
1180:
1150:
and the next one, is normally constant regular time interval, such as a calendar year.
1133:
1010:
790:
775:
740:
725:
705:
675:
525:
495:
412:
102:
98:
5597:
5168:
5162:
5153:
5147:
5089:
5080:
5071:
5053:
5042:
5030:
5000:
4822:
4513:
4503:
4478:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4388:
4378:
4348:
4338:
4243:
4143:
4116:
3880:
3400:
2369:
755:
745:
720:
660:
655:
650:
630:
620:
590:
580:
485:
388:
3455:
4912:
4905:
4900:
4769:
4764:
4708:
4543:
4488:
4383:
4373:
4368:
4293:
4138:
3663:
3603:
2831:
871:
785:
730:
625:
615:
610:
535:
83:
3361:
5322:
4878:
4837:
4783:
4518:
4508:
4298:
4177:
4121:
3608:
3487:
3268:
2722:{\displaystyle =1+g_{t}-i_{t}-g_{t}i_{t}+i_{t}^{2}+{\text{higher order terms.}}}
1031:
977:
760:
750:
540:
175:
5106:
4428:
4228:
4005:
2826:(that is, in prices current for each designated year), and real GDP is called
670:
470:
1096:
is the value of the index at (the end of) 1992. The price index is typically
4917:
4848:
4749:
4745:
4278:
4208:
3655:
3585:
3577:
3326:
3306:
911:
520:
451:
31:
2093:{\displaystyle ={\frac {Q_{t}}{Q_{t-1}}}({\frac {P_{t}}{P_{t-1}}})^{-1}-1}
1333:
is the change in the price index divided by the price index value at time
854:
4057:
3537:
3341:
2822:
In the U.S. National Income and
Product Accounts, nominal GDP is called
3505:
3253:
1984:{\displaystyle ={\frac {P_{t-1}\cdot Q_{t}}{P_{t}\cdot Q_{t-1}}}-1}
3490:(1979). "The Welfare Basis of Real Income Comparisons: A Survey".
3029:
is the rate of increase of the same quantity in nominal terms, and
2617:{\displaystyle 1+r_{t}=(1+g_{t})(1-i_{t}+i_{t}^{2}-i_{t}^{3}+...)}
922:
1244:, divided by the value of the commodity bundle at the base date.
2859:
then real wages using year 1 as the base year are respectively:
4648:
3550:
2863:$ 10 (= $ 10/1.00) in year 1 and $ 12 (= $ 16/1.333) in year 2.
2483:{\displaystyle (1+i_{t})^{-1}=1-i_{t}+i_{t}^{2}-i_{t}^{3}+...}
3276:
adjusted by repricing the goods at common or average prices.
3546:
2886:
As was shown in the section above on the real growth rate,
1224:
equals 100 times the value of the commodity bundle at time
2834:
the same quantity of commodities as in the base year).
1534:
The price index is applied to adjust the nominal value
1435:{\displaystyle i_{t}={\frac {P_{t}-P_{t-1}}{P_{t-1}}}}
3473:
O'Donnell, R. (1987). "Real and
Nominal Quantities".
3198:
3167:
3136:
3073:
3039:
3008:
2977:
2895:
2749:
2637:
2502:
2380:
2347:
2268:
2238:
2211:
2184:
2113:
2004:
1905:
1767:
1738:
1711:
1684:
1620:
1567:
1540:
1450:
1367:
1339:
1319:
1293:
1266:
1230:
1203:
1183:
1156:
1136:
1106:
1075:
1048:
1013:
986:
2998:
is the rate of increase of a quantity in real terms,
2852:
nominal wage rate: $ 10 in year 1 and $ 16 in year 2
1523:, with the price level fixed 100 at the base date.
5440:
5376:
5321:
5275:
5190:
5105:
5052:
4959:
4928:
4564:
4206:
3940:
3689:
3654:
3584:
3529:
DataBasics: Deflating
Nominal Values to Real Values
3379:– for price conversions in Knowledge (XXG) articles
3399:
3237:
3180:
3149:
3115:
3052:
3021:
2990:
2958:{\displaystyle 1+r_{t}={\frac {1+g_{t}}{1+i_{t}}}}
2957:
2788:
2721:
2616:
2482:
2368:between −1 and 1 (i.e. ±100 percent), we have the
2360:
2331:{\displaystyle 1+r_{t}={\frac {1+g_{t}}{1+i_{t}}}}
2330:
2251:
2224:
2197:
2165:
2092:
1983:
1886:
1750:
1724:
1697:
1662:
1595:
1546:
1492:
1434:
1351:
1325:
1305:
1279:
1236:
1216:
1189:
1169:
1142:
1119:
1088:
1061:
1019:
999:
1663:{\displaystyle {\frac {P_{0}\cdot Q_{t}}{P_{t}}}}
2855:price level: 1.00 in year 1 and 1.333 in year 2,
1561:The index price divided by its base-year value
952:Commodity bundles, price indices and inflation
929:is considered and measured against the actual
921:refers to value measured in terms of absolute
4660:
3562:
2166:{\displaystyle ={\frac {1+g_{t}}{1+i_{t}}}-1}
891:
8:
3126:In the case where the growing quantity is a
1603:gives the growth factor of the price index.
1519:Real values can for example be expressed in
3515:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
3475:The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics
2800:Real wages and real gross domestic products
1493:{\displaystyle ={\frac {P_{t}}{P_{t-1}}}-1}
4667:
4653:
4645:
3569:
3555:
3547:
898:
884:
18:
3297:Constant Item Purchasing Power Accounting
3229:
3216:
3203:
3197:
3172:
3166:
3141:
3135:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3072:
3044:
3038:
3013:
3007:
2982:
2976:
2946:
2928:
2915:
2906:
2894:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2748:
2714:
2705:
2700:
2687:
2677:
2664:
2651:
2636:
2593:
2588:
2575:
2570:
2557:
2535:
2513:
2501:
2462:
2457:
2444:
2439:
2426:
2404:
2394:
2379:
2352:
2346:
2319:
2301:
2288:
2279:
2267:
2243:
2237:
2216:
2210:
2189:
2183:
2148:
2130:
2117:
2112:
2075:
2057:
2047:
2041:
2024:
2014:
2008:
2003:
1960:
1947:
1935:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1864:
1847:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1812:
1801:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1737:
1716:
1710:
1689:
1683:
1652:
1641:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1587:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1539:
1470:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1418:
1401:
1388:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1338:
1318:
1292:
1271:
1265:
1229:
1208:
1202:
1182:
1161:
1155:
1135:
1130:The length of time between each value of
1111:
1105:
1080:
1074:
1053:
1047:
1012:
991:
985:
3447:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
2804:The bundle of goods used to measure the
1525:
1177:is the value of the price index at time
1034:price index is calculated relative to a
3403:Corporate Finance: A Valuation Approach
3390:
30:
1732:in real terms since the previous date
1100:to start at 100 at the base date, so
7:
3398:Benninga, Simon; Oded Sarig (1997).
3064:and as a first-order approximation,
2816:National Income and Product Accounts
1705:is the change in a nominal quantity
4971:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
3517:. Vol. v. 4. pp. 104–05.
3116:{\displaystyle r_{t}=g_{t}-i_{t}.}
14:
4684:Commonwealth of Nations countries
3513:Usher, D. (1987). "Real Income".
3477:. Vol. v. 4. pp. 97–98.
3238:{\displaystyle r_{t}=g_{t}-i_{t}}
2841:
2789:{\displaystyle r_{t}=g_{t}-i_{t}}
16:Value in economics and accounting
4092:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
3483:'s early distinction vindicated)
3252:Looking back into the past, the
3192:; the first-order approximation
865:
853:
38:
4680:recessions in the United States
3456:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_940-2
3450:(2nd ed.). pp. 1–32.
937:of an asset in relation to its
140:Concepts, theory and techniques
3533:Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
3493:Journal of Economic Literature
2830:(that is, in dollars that can
2611:
2544:
2541:
2522:
2401:
2381:
2205:is the nominal growth rate of
2072:
2038:
1611:relative to the base date is:
1:
4028:Critique of political economy
3372:Real prices and ideal prices
5426:1997 Asian financial crisis
5059:Civil War-era United States
1596:{\displaystyle P_{t}/P_{0}}
1503:expressed as a percentage.
946:real gross domestic product
5625:
5202:Post–World War I recession
5022:Post-Napoleonic Depression
4166:Real business-cycle theory
3542:Bureau of Labor Statistics
3444:(2008) . "Index Numbers".
3263:Cross-sectional comparison
2879:
2849:of goods are respectively
5112:2nd Industrial Revolution
5045:(1836–1838 and 1839–1843)
4961:1st Industrial Revolution
4729:Price-and-wage stickiness
4690:
4606:
3410:The McGraw-Hill Companies
3271:data, as above, but also
3060:is the rate of inflation,
5393:1990s United States boom
5181:Financial crisis of 1914
3538:CPI Inflation Calculator
2736:Hence as a first-order (
128:JEL classification codes
5208:Depression of 1920–1921
5140:Depression of 1882–1885
5054:Early Victorian Britain
4789:Real and nominal values
3806:Industrial organization
3636:Computational economics
2740:linear) approximation,
2259:is the inflation rate.
944:In macroeconomics, the
314:Industrial organization
171:Computational economics
5313:Recession of 1969–1970
5308:Recession of 1960–1961
5267:Recession of 1937–1938
4011:Modern monetary theory
3676:Experimental economics
3646:Pluralism in economics
3631:Mathematical economics
3239:
3182:
3151:
3117:
3054:
3023:
2992:
2959:
2824:GDP in current dollars
2812:Gross domestic product
2790:
2723:
2618:
2484:
2362:
2332:
2253:
2226:
2199:
2167:
2094:
1985:
1888:
1752:
1726:
1699:
1664:
1597:
1548:
1531:
1494:
1436:
1353:
1327:
1307:
1281:
1238:
1218:
1191:
1171:
1144:
1121:
1090:
1063:
1021:
1001:
166:Experimental economics
5431:Early 2000s recession
5398:Early 1990s recession
5350:Early 1980s recession
4930:Commercial revolution
4828:Nominal interest rate
3240:
3188:is the corresponding
3183:
3181:{\displaystyle r_{t}}
3159:nominal interest rate
3152:
3150:{\displaystyle g_{t}}
3118:
3055:
3053:{\displaystyle i_{t}}
3024:
3022:{\displaystyle g_{t}}
2993:
2991:{\displaystyle r_{t}}
2960:
2791:
2724:
2619:
2485:
2363:
2361:{\displaystyle i_{t}}
2333:
2254:
2252:{\displaystyle i_{t}}
2227:
2225:{\displaystyle Q_{t}}
2200:
2198:{\displaystyle g_{t}}
2168:
2095:
1986:
1889:
1753:
1727:
1725:{\displaystyle Q_{t}}
1700:
1698:{\displaystyle r_{t}}
1678:The real growth rate
1665:
1598:
1549:
1529:
1521:constant 1992 dollars
1495:
1437:
1354:
1328:
1308:
1282:
1280:{\displaystyle i_{t}}
1239:
1219:
1217:{\displaystyle P_{t}}
1197:after the base date.
1192:
1172:
1170:{\displaystyle P_{t}}
1145:
1122:
1120:{\displaystyle P_{0}}
1091:
1089:{\displaystyle P_{0}}
1064:
1062:{\displaystyle P_{0}}
1022:
1002:
1000:{\displaystyle P_{t}}
4997:Copper Panic of 1789
3885:Social choice theory
3641:Behavioral economics
3332:Inflation accounting
3312:Financial repression
3302:Cost-of-living index
3273:cross-sectional data
3196:
3165:
3134:
3071:
3037:
3006:
2975:
2893:
2806:Consumer Price Index
2747:
2635:
2500:
2378:
2345:
2266:
2236:
2209:
2182:
2111:
2002:
1903:
1765:
1736:
1709:
1682:
1618:
1565:
1538:
1448:
1365:
1337:
1317:
1291:
1264:
1228:
1201:
1181:
1154:
1134:
1104:
1073:
1046:
1011:
984:
393:Social choice theory
5609:Valuation (finance)
5333:1973–1975 recession
5277:Post–WWII expansion
4951:Great Frost of 1709
4779:Neutrality of money
4760:Classical dichotomy
4676:Economic expansions
3969:American (National)
3669:Economic statistics
3357:Neutrality of money
3292:Classical dichotomy
3287:Aggregation problem
2876:Real interest rates
2716:higher order terms.
2710:
2598:
2580:
2467:
2449:
1751:{\displaystyle t-1}
1352:{\displaystyle t-1}
1306:{\displaystyle t-1}
860:Business portal
181:Operations research
161:National accounting
5515:COVID-19 recession
5175:Panic of 1910–1911
5007:Panic of 1796–1797
4833:Real interest rate
4801:Economic expansion
3377:Template:Inflation
3367:Real interest rate
3235:
3190:real interest rate
3178:
3147:
3113:
3050:
3019:
2988:
2955:
2882:Real interest rate
2786:
2719:
2696:
2614:
2584:
2566:
2480:
2453:
2435:
2358:
2328:
2249:
2222:
2195:
2163:
2090:
1981:
1884:
1748:
1722:
1695:
1660:
1593:
1558:in the base year.
1544:
1532:
1490:
1432:
1349:
1323:
1303:
1277:
1234:
1214:
1187:
1167:
1140:
1117:
1086:
1059:
1017:
997:
191:Industrial complex
186:Middle income trap
5591:
5590:
5302:Recession of 1958
5296:Recession of 1953
5290:Recession of 1949
4987:Thirteen Colonies
4794:Velocity of money
4724:Paradox of thrift
4642:
4641:
4173:New institutional
3465:978-1-349-95121-5
3352:National accounts
3322:Index (economics)
2953:
2873:
2872:
2717:
2326:
2155:
2069:
2036:
1973:
1876:
1818:
1658:
1547:{\displaystyle Q}
1482:
1430:
1326:{\displaystyle t}
1237:{\displaystyle t}
1190:{\displaystyle t}
1143:{\displaystyle t}
1020:{\displaystyle t}
931:goods or services
925:amounts, whereas
908:
907:
5616:
5383:Great Regression
5378:Great Moderation
5224:Great Depression
5213:Roaring Twenties
4734:Underconsumption
4704:Effective demand
4695:Aggregate demand
4669:
4662:
4655:
4646:
3846:Natural resource
3681:Economic history
3619:Mechanism design
3571:
3564:
3557:
3548:
3518:
3509:
3478:
3469:
3428:
3427:
3407:
3395:
3245:is known as the
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3221:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3082:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3017:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2842:
2820:GDP price index.
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2692:
2691:
2682:
2681:
2669:
2668:
2656:
2655:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2597:
2592:
2579:
2574:
2562:
2561:
2540:
2539:
2518:
2517:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2466:
2461:
2448:
2443:
2431:
2430:
2412:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2118:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2052:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2019:
2018:
2009:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1910:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1674:Real growth rate
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1556:purchasing power
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1006:
1004:
1003:
998:
996:
995:
958:commodity bundle
939:purchasing power
900:
893:
886:
872:Money portal
870:
869:
868:
858:
857:
354:Natural resource
146:Economic systems
42:
19:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5452:Great Recession
5444:
5442:Information Age
5436:
5385:
5381:
5372:
5325:
5323:Great Inflation
5317:
5279:
5271:
5194:
5192:Interwar period
5186:
5122:Long Depression
5114:
5110:
5101:
5061:
5057:
5048:
4963:
4955:
4932:
4924:
4889:U.S. recessions
4884:U.K. recessions
4816:U.S. expansions
4686:
4673:
4643:
4638:
4635:Business portal
4602:
4601:
4600:
4560:
4324:von Böhm-Bawerk
4212:
4211:
4202:
3974:Ancient thought
3952:
3951:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3685:
3650:
3614:Contract theory
3599:Decision theory
3580:
3575:
3525:
3512:
3486:
3472:
3466:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3337:Inflation hedge
3317:Fisher equation
3282:
3265:
3247:Fisher equation
3225:
3212:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3128:financial asset
3100:
3087:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2942:
2935:
2924:
2917:
2902:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2840:
2828:GDP in dollars
2802:
2776:
2763:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2683:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2633:
2632:
2553:
2531:
2509:
2498:
2497:
2422:
2400:
2390:
2376:
2375:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2315:
2308:
2297:
2290:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2144:
2137:
2126:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2071:
2053:
2043:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1900:
1860:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1808:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1734:
1733:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1648:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1583:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1536:
1535:
1509:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1445:
1414:
1397:
1384:
1383:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1335:
1334:
1315:
1314:
1289:
1288:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1253:
1226:
1225:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1179:
1178:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1132:
1131:
1127:is set to 100.
1107:
1102:
1101:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1009:
1008:
987:
982:
981:
960:is a sample of
954:
904:
866:
864:
852:
845:
844:
815:
805:
804:
803:
802:
566:von Böhm-Bawerk
454:
443:
442:
204:
196:
195:
151:Economic growth
141:
133:
132:
74:
72:classifications
17:
12:
11:
5:
5622:
5620:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5596:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5571:United Kingdom
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5503:United Kingdom
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5448:
5446:
5445:(2007–present)
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5414:United Kingdom
5411:
5406:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5361:United Kingdom
5358:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5338:United Kingdom
5329:
5327:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5255:United Kingdom
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5198:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5128:United Kingdom
5118:
5116:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5004:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4967:
4965:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4936:
4934:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4835:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4743:
4741:Business cycle
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4719:Overproduction
4716:
4711:
4706:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4095:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4038:Disequilibrium
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3851:Organizational
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3626:Macroeconomics
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3594:Microeconomics
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3535:
3524:
3523:External links
3521:
3520:
3519:
3510:
3484:
3470:
3464:
3442:Diewert, W. E.
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:Money illusion
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3264:
3261:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3175:
3171:
3144:
3140:
3124:
3123:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3062:
3061:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3030:
3016:
3012:
3000:
2999:
2985:
2981:
2966:
2965:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2880:Main article:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2839:
2836:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2355:
2351:
2341:For values of
2339:
2338:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2246:
2242:
2219:
2215:
2192:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2162:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2013:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1977:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1719:
1715:
1692:
1688:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1543:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1486:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1322:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1274:
1270:
1259:inflation rate
1251:
1233:
1211:
1207:
1186:
1164:
1160:
1139:
1114:
1110:
1083:
1079:
1056:
1052:
1016:
994:
990:
953:
950:
906:
905:
903:
902:
895:
888:
880:
877:
876:
875:
874:
862:
847:
846:
843:
842:
837:
827:
822:
816:
811:
810:
807:
806:
801:
800:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
457:
456:
455:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
359:Organizational
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
205:
203:By application
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
142:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
69:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
57:
52:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5621:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5576:United States
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5508:United States
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5419:United States
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5367:
5366:United States
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5343:United States
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5260:United States
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5169:Panic of 1907
5167:
5164:
5163:Panic of 1901
5161:
5158:
5155:
5154:Panic of 1893
5152:
5149:
5148:Baring crisis
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5133:United States
5131:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5090:Panic of 1866
5088:
5085:
5082:
5081:Panic of 1857
5079:
5076:
5073:
5072:Panic of 1847
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5043:Panic of 1837
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5031:Panic of 1825
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
5001:Panic of 1792
4998:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4946:Slump of 1706
4944:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Balance sheet
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4823:Interest rate
4821:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4219:de Mandeville
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4161:New classical
4159:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:Malthusianism
4115:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:Institutional
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3881:Public choice
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Participation
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Institutional
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:Expeditionary
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Environmental
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3423:0-07-005099-6
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3394:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3173:
3169:
3160:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3045:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3014:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2370:Taylor series
2353:
2349:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2244:
2240:
2217:
2213:
2190:
2186:
2160:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1978:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1881:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1717:
1713:
1690:
1686:
1673:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1541:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1487:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1320:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1287:between time
1272:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1231:
1209:
1205:
1184:
1162:
1158:
1137:
1128:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1081:
1077:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1014:
992:
988:
979:
974:
971:
965:
963:
959:
951:
949:
947:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
917:
913:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
882:
881:
879:
878:
873:
863:
861:
856:
851:
850:
849:
848:
841:
838:
835:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
809:
808:
799:
798:
794:
792:
789:
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461:de Mandeville
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389:Public choice
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364:Participation
362:
360:
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327:
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324:Institutional
322:
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307:
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302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
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274:Expeditionary
272:
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267:
265:
264:Environmental
262:
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137:
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129:
126:
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109:
106:
104:
100:
97:
95:
94:International
92:
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82:
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77:
76:
73:
70:Branches and
67:
66:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
5493:South Africa
5250:South Africa
5096:Black Friday
4913:Unemployment
4770:Money supply
4765:Disinflation
4709:General glut
4630:Publications
4586:Publications
4553:
4149:Neoclassical
4139:Mercantilism
4048:Evolutionary
3910:Sociological
3883: /
3781:Geographical
3761:Evolutionary
3736:Digitization
3701:Agricultural
3664:Econometrics
3604:Price theory
3514:
3497:
3491:
3488:Sen, Amartya
3474:
3446:
3404:
3401:
3393:
3266:
3254:
3251:
3125:
3063:
2967:
2885:
2866:
2858:
2846:
2827:
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2810:
2803:
2737:
2735:
2492:
2340:
2177:
1677:
1608:
1605:
1560:
1533:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1361:
1258:
1256:
1248:
1246:
1129:
1097:
1039:
1035:
1029:
975:
969:
966:
957:
955:
943:
926:
918:
915:
909:
830:Publications
795:
418:Sociological
391: /
289:Geographical
269:Evolutionary
244:Digitization
209:Agricultural
113:Mathematical
84:Econometrics
5561:New Zealand
5519:2020–2022;
5483:New Zealand
5456:2007–2009;
5402:1990–1991;
5386:(1982–2007)
5354:1980–1982;
5326:(1973–1982)
5304:(1957–1958)
5298:(1953–1954)
5292:(1948–1949)
5280:(1945–1973)
5245:New Zealand
5228:1929–1939;
5204:(1918–1919)
5195:(1918–1939)
5177:(1910–1912)
5171:(1907–1908)
5165:(1902–1904)
5156:(1893–1897)
5150:(1890–1891)
5126:1873–1879;
5115:(1870–1914)
5098:(1869–1870)
5092:(1865–1867)
5083:(1857–1858)
5074:(1847–1848)
5062:(1840–1870)
5033:(1825–1826)
5024:(1815–1821)
5009:(1796–1799)
5003:(1789–1793)
4975:1772–1774;
4964:(1760–1840)
4942:(1430–1490)
4940:Great Slump
4933:(1000–1760)
4879:Stagflation
4838:Yield curve
4784:Price level
4424:von Neumann
4193:Supply-side
4178:Physiocracy
4122:Marginalism
3811:Information
3751:Engineering
3731:Development
3726:Demographic
3609:Game theory
3586:Theoretical
3500:(1): 1–45.
3412:. pp.
3269:time-series
1032:time series
978:price index
666:von Neumann
319:Information
259:Engineering
239:Development
234:Demographic
176:Game theory
118:Methodology
5598:Categories
5526:Bangladesh
5463:Bangladesh
5107:Gilded Age
4859:Depression
4811:Stagnation
4581:Economists
4454:Schumacher
4359:Schumpeter
4329:von Wieser
4249:von Thünen
4209:Economists
4108:Circuitism
4073:Humanistic
4068:Historical
4043:Ecological
4033:Democratic
4006:Chartalism
3996:Behavioral
3959:Mainstream
3920:Statistics
3915:Solidarity
3836:Managerial
3801:Humanistic
3796:Historical
3741:Ecological
3706:Behavioral
3540:from U.S.
3481:Adam Smith
3435:References
1513:real value
1507:Real value
1098:normalized
1007:over time
927:real value
825:Economists
696:Schumacher
601:Schumpeter
571:von Wieser
491:von Thünen
452:economists
428:Statistics
423:Solidarity
344:Managerial
309:Humanistic
304:Historical
249:Ecological
214:Behavioral
108:Mainstream
5604:Inflation
5566:Singapore
5521:Australia
5498:Sri Lanka
5458:Australia
5404:Australia
5230:Australia
5220:1926–1927
5217:1923–1924
5183:(1913–14)
5159:1899–1900
5015:1807–1810
5012:1802–1804
4993:1785–1788
4918:Sahm rule
4849:Recession
4750:Inflation
4746:Deflation
4499:Greenspan
4464:Samuelson
4444:Galbraith
4414:Tinbergen
4354:von Mises
4349:Heckscher
4309:Edgeworth
4188:Stockholm
4183:Socialist
4083:Keynesian
4063:Happiness
4023:Classical
3984:Mutualism
3979:Anarchist
3964:Heterodox
3861:Personnel
3821:Knowledge
3786:Happiness
3776:Financial
3746:Education
3721:Democracy
3656:Empirical
3578:Economics
3362:Numéraire
3327:Inflation
3307:Deflation
3267:Not only
3223:−
3098:−
2774:−
2671:−
2658:−
2582:−
2551:−
2451:−
2420:−
2406:−
2158:−
2085:−
2077:−
2062:−
2029:−
1976:−
1965:−
1954:⋅
1929:⋅
1921:−
1879:−
1869:−
1852:−
1841:⋅
1795:⋅
1743:−
1635:⋅
1485:−
1475:−
1423:−
1406:−
1395:−
1344:−
1313:and time
1298:−
1040:reference
912:economics
741:Greenspan
706:Samuelson
686:Galbraith
656:Tinbergen
596:von Mises
591:Heckscher
551:Edgeworth
369:Personnel
329:Knowledge
294:Happiness
284:Financial
254:Education
229:Democracy
123:Political
89:Heterodox
32:Economics
5551:Malaysia
5536:Botswana
5488:Pakistan
5478:Malaysia
4982:Scotland
4842:Inverted
4806:Recovery
4610:Category
4590:journals
4576:Glossary
4529:Stiglitz
4494:Rothbard
4474:Buchanan
4459:Friedman
4449:Koopmans
4439:Leontief
4419:Robinson
4304:Marshall
4154:Lausanne
4058:Georgism
4053:Feminist
4001:Buddhist
3991:Austrian
3890:Regional
3866:Planning
3841:Monetary
3771:Feminist
3716:Cultural
3711:Business
3342:Interest
3280:See also
2832:purchase
834:journals
820:Glossary
771:Stiglitz
736:Rothbard
716:Buchanan
701:Friedman
691:Koopmans
681:Leontief
661:Robinson
546:Marshall
450:Notable
398:Regional
374:Planning
349:Monetary
279:Feminist
224:Cultural
219:Business
24:a series
22:Part of
5556:Namibia
5144:1887–88
5086:1860–61
5077:1853–54
5068:1845–46
5039:1833–34
5036:1828–29
5027:1822–23
4977:England
4869:Rolling
4755:Chronic
4625:Outline
4596:Schools
4588: (
4549:Piketty
4544:Krugman
4409:Kuznets
4399:Kalecki
4374:Polanyi
4264:Cournot
4259:Bastiat
4244:Ricardo
4234:Malthus
4224:Quesnay
4127:Marxian
4018:Chicago
3948:history
3943:Schools
3930:Welfare
3900:Service
3691:Applied
3506:2723639
3255:ex post
2838:Example
1254:= 101.
970:nominal
916:nominal
840:Schools
832: (
791:Piketty
786:Krugman
651:Kuznets
641:Kalecki
616:Polanyi
506:Cournot
501:Bastiat
486:Ricardo
476:Malthus
466:Quesnay
438:Welfare
408:Service
79:Applied
55:Outline
50:History
5581:Zambia
5541:Canada
5531:Belize
5468:Canada
5433:(2001)
5409:Canada
5356:Canada
5235:Canada
4906:Supply
4901:Demand
4874:Shapes
4864:Global
4774:demand
4699:Supply
4534:Thaler
4514:Ostrom
4509:Becker
4504:Sowell
4484:Baumol
4389:Myrdal
4384:Sraffa
4379:Frisch
4369:Knight
4364:Keynes
4339:Fisher
4334:Veblen
4319:Pareto
4299:Menger
4294:George
4289:Jevons
4284:Walras
4274:Gossen
4198:Thermo
3876:Public
3871:Policy
3826:Labour
3791:Health
3504:
3462:
3420:
2968:where
2232:, and
2178:where
1042:date.
776:Thaler
756:Ostrom
751:Becker
746:Sowell
726:Baumol
631:Myrdal
626:Sraffa
621:Frisch
611:Knight
606:Keynes
581:Fisher
576:Veblen
561:Pareto
541:Menger
536:George
531:Jevons
526:Walras
516:Gossen
384:Public
379:Policy
334:Labour
299:Health
156:Market
5546:India
5473:India
5240:India
4896:Shock
4714:Model
4620:Lists
4615:Index
4566:Lists
4539:Hoppe
4524:Lucas
4489:Solow
4479:Arrow
4469:Simon
4434:Lange
4429:Hicks
4404:Röpke
4394:Hayek
4344:Pigou
4314:Clark
4229:Smith
4144:Mixed
4103:Post-
3925:Urban
3905:Socio
3895:Rural
3531:from
3502:JSTOR
3385:Notes
3157:is a
962:goods
935:value
923:money
919:value
813:Lists
781:Hoppe
766:Lucas
731:Solow
721:Arrow
711:Simon
676:Lange
671:Hicks
646:Röpke
636:Hayek
586:Pigou
556:Clark
471:Smith
433:Urban
413:Socio
403:Rural
103:Macro
99:Micro
60:Index
5286:1945
5018:1812
4682:and
4678:and
4555:more
4279:Marx
4269:Mill
4254:List
4132:Neo-
4088:Neo-
3460:ISBN
3418:ISBN
3161:and
2738:i.e.
1257:The
1036:base
797:more
521:Marx
511:Mill
496:List
4519:Sen
4239:Say
4098:New
3831:Law
3452:doi
2493:so
1038:or
1027:.
941:.
910:In
761:Sen
481:Say
339:Law
5600::
3498:17
3496:.
3458:.
3416:.
3414:21
3408:.
3249:.
3130:,
1359::
1030:A
976:A
956:A
914:,
101:/
26:on
5380:/
5109:/
5056:/
4999:/
4840:/
4772:/
4748:/
4697:/
4668:e
4661:t
4654:v
4592:)
4094:)
4090:(
3950:)
3946:(
3570:e
3563:t
3556:v
3508:.
3479:(
3468:.
3454::
3426:.
3231:t
3227:i
3218:t
3214:g
3210:=
3205:t
3201:r
3174:t
3170:r
3143:t
3139:g
3111:.
3106:t
3102:i
3093:t
3089:g
3085:=
3080:t
3076:r
3046:t
3042:i
3015:t
3011:g
2984:t
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2948:t
2944:i
2940:+
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2926:g
2922:+
2919:1
2913:=
2908:t
2904:r
2900:+
2897:1
2847:P
2782:t
2778:i
2769:t
2765:g
2761:=
2756:t
2752:r
2712:+
2707:2
2702:t
2698:i
2694:+
2689:t
2685:i
2679:t
2675:g
2666:t
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2649:g
2645:+
2642:1
2639:=
2612:)
2609:.
2606:.
2603:.
2600:+
2595:3
2590:t
2586:i
2577:2
2572:t
2568:i
2564:+
2559:t
2555:i
2548:1
2545:(
2542:)
2537:t
2533:g
2529:+
2526:1
2523:(
2520:=
2515:t
2511:r
2507:+
2504:1
2478:.
2475:.
2472:.
2469:+
2464:3
2459:t
2455:i
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2441:t
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2433:+
2428:t
2424:i
2417:1
2414:=
2409:1
2402:)
2396:t
2392:i
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2385:1
2382:(
2354:t
2350:i
2321:t
2317:i
2313:+
2310:1
2303:t
2299:g
2295:+
2292:1
2286:=
2281:t
2277:r
2273:+
2270:1
2245:t
2241:i
2218:t
2214:Q
2191:t
2187:g
2161:1
2150:t
2146:i
2142:+
2139:1
2132:t
2128:g
2124:+
2121:1
2115:=
2088:1
2080:1
2073:)
2065:1
2059:t
2055:P
2049:t
2045:P
2039:(
2032:1
2026:t
2022:Q
2016:t
2012:Q
2006:=
1979:1
1968:1
1962:t
1958:Q
1949:t
1945:P
1937:t
1933:Q
1924:1
1918:t
1914:P
1907:=
1882:1
1872:1
1866:t
1862:P
1855:1
1849:t
1845:Q
1836:0
1832:P
1823:/
1814:t
1810:P
1803:t
1799:Q
1790:0
1786:P
1779:=
1774:t
1770:r
1746:1
1740:t
1718:t
1714:Q
1691:t
1687:r
1654:t
1650:P
1643:t
1639:Q
1630:0
1626:P
1609:t
1589:0
1585:P
1580:/
1574:t
1570:P
1542:Q
1488:1
1478:1
1472:t
1468:P
1462:t
1458:P
1452:=
1426:1
1420:t
1416:P
1409:1
1403:t
1399:P
1390:t
1386:P
1379:=
1374:t
1370:i
1347:1
1341:t
1321:t
1301:1
1295:t
1273:t
1269:i
1252:1
1249:P
1232:t
1210:t
1206:P
1185:t
1163:t
1159:P
1138:t
1113:0
1109:P
1082:0
1078:P
1055:0
1051:P
1015:t
993:t
989:P
899:e
892:t
885:v
836:)
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