356:). This species measures 18–23 cm (7.1–9.1 in) in length, spans 34–41 cm (13–16 in) across the wings and weighs 40–56 g (1.4–2.0 oz). Among the standard measurements, the wing chord is 9.5–12.6 cm (3.7–5.0 in), the tail is 7–8.2 cm (2.8–3.2 in), the bill is 1.9–2.3 cm (0.75–0.91 in) and the tarsus is 1.8–2.2 cm (0.71–0.87 in). Its back is barred with black and white horizontal stripes. The red-cockaded woodpecker's most distinguishing feature is a black cap and nape that encircle large white cheek patches. Rarely visible, except perhaps during the breeding season and periods of
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the same night the boxes are installed. Alpha males usually reside in the best cavity, alpha females in the second best cavity until breeding season when their male partners allow their cavity to turn into the nest cavity. Juveniles are left with the lower quality cavities or no cavities at all, forcing them to roost on a branch outside overnight. Due to the fact that each family member requires a cavity to roost, land managers may choose to insert additional artificial cavities to boost survival of juveniles. Red-cockaded woodpeckers will even recolonize abandoned ranges when cavities are created.
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monitored, however, to ensure that no hindrance is given to the woodpecker. Adjustments must also be made as the tree grows. Southern flying squirrel exclusion devices may be considered as well. A study suggested that managers establish new woodpecker clusters away from streams and limit the use of excess cavities, both factors important in the recruitment of flying squirrels. Application of capsaicin on flying squirrel at cavities could be a cost-effective method.
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The most respected and latest approach is to carve out a nesting cavity in the tree and insert a man-made rot-resistant wooden box with a PVC pipe small enough for only a red-cockaded woodpecker to fit through. These boxes, also known as "inserts", can last up to 10 years. The older and less used approach is to drill a cavity into the tree in hopes that the birds will settle there and nest.
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also been managed to make them more appealing. The use of controlled burning has been used to reduce deciduous growth around nesting colonies. The red-cockaded woodpecker has been shown to prefer nesting sites with less deciduous growth. The use of controlled burning must be exercised with caution due to the highly flammable resin barriers formed by the woodpecker.
507:) are most commonly preferred, but other species of southern pine are also acceptable. While other woodpeckers bore out cavities in dead trees where the wood is rotten and soft, the red-cockaded woodpecker is the only one that excavates cavities exclusively in living pine trees. The older pines favored by the red-cockaded woodpecker often suffer from a
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territory is related to both habitat suitability and population density. Where red-cockaded woodpeckers occur at high densities, individuals appear to spend more time in territorial defense, potentially at the expense of foraging and time allocated to reproduction, resulting in reduced clutch size and fledgling production.
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Due to the energetically expensive process of excavating new cavities, more energy is expended competing for existing home ranges rather than colonizing new areas. Cavities are highly sought-out resources by all cavity dwelling species and red-cockadeds have been observed roosting in them as early as
671:
In an effort to increase the red-cockaded woodpecker population, states such as Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, and
Georgia's wildlife management are creating artificial cavities in Longleaf Pine trees. There are two methods in which wildlife management officers use to insert cavities in long leaf pines.
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Due to the high importance of nesting habitat on the woodpecker's reproduction, much management has been dedicated to create ideal and more numerous nesting sites. Nesting clusters have been spared from forestry activity to preserve old-growth, large diameter trees. The nesting sites themselves have
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in the breeding male's roost cavity. Group members incubate the small white eggs for 10–13 days. Once hatched, the nestlings remain in the nest cavity for about 26–29 days. Upon fledging, the young often remain with the parents, forming groups of up to nine or more members, but more typically three
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and possibly other predators. The typical territory for a group ranges from about 125 to 200 acres (500,000 to 800,000 m), but observers have reported territories running from a low of around 60 acres (240,000 m), to an upper extreme of more than 600 acres (2.40 km). The size of a particular
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In addition to the creation of new cavities, methods for protecting existing cavities are also used. The most common technique employed is a restrictor plate. The plate prevents other species from enlarging or changing the shape of the cavity entrance. These restrictor plates must be carefully
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biologists. By removing available habitat for the endangered species, landowners are able to benefit economically and maintain construction rights to the property. This led to the development of the Safe Harbor
Agreements in which landowners agreed to manage their land in consistency with the
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428:, usually males from the previous breeding season, help incubate the eggs and raise the young. Juvenile females generally leave the group before the next breeding season, in search of solitary male groups. The main predators of red-cockaded nests are
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also represent a threat. Studies have also explored the possibility that southern flying squirrels might have a negative impact on red-cockaded woodpecker populations due competition over cavities and predation on eggs and nestlings.
1183:
Garabedian, J.E.; Moorman, C.E.; Peterson, M.N.; Kilgo, J.C. (2018). "Evaluating interactions between space‐use sharing and defence under increasing density conditions for the group‐territorial Red‐cockaded
Woodpecker
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Conner, Richard N.; Rudolph, D. Craig; Saenz, Daniel; Schaefer, Richard R. 1996. Red-cockaded woodpecker nesting success, forest structure, and southern flying squirrels in Texas. Wilson
Bulletin. 108(4):
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and west to southeast
Oklahoma and eastern Texas, representing about one percent of the woodpecker's original population (over 1 million individuals at one point). They have become locally extinct (
1101:
Jackson, J. A. (1994). Red-cockaded
Woodpecker (Dryobates borealis), version 2.0. In The Birds of North America (A. F. Poole and F. B. Gill, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
1487:
Martin, Emily J.; Gigliotti, Franco N.; Ferguson, Paige F.B. (2021). "Synthesis of Red-cockaded
Woodpecker management strategies and suggestions for regional specificity in future management".
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trees so that the woodpeckers would not nest in their trees. By eliminating the trees on a piece of privately owned land, the land owners no longer have to abide by the requirements of the
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605:), often enlarge cavities created by red-cockaded woodpeckers, making the tree uninhabitable to the red-cockaded woodpecker, but providing habitat for larger birds like
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called red heart rot which attacks the center of the trunk, causing the inner wood, the heartwood, to become soft. Cavities are generally excavated over 1 to 3 years.
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when habitable pines are removed. When a larger cluster of birds gets split up, it is difficult for the young to find mates and eventually becomes an issue regarding
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to four members. There is only one pair of breeding birds within each group, and they normally only raise a single brood each year. The other group members, called
2175:
2080:
1390:
Carole K. Copeyon; Jeffrey R. Walters; J. H. Carter III (Oct 1991). "Induction of Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Group Formation by Artificial Cavity Construction".
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conservation of a species of special conservation concern in return for relaxed ESA protection rules that allow a more flexible management of their own land.
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2015:
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The red-cockaded woodpecker is small- to mid-sized species, being intermediate in size between North
America's two most widespread woodpeckers (the
2180:
2067:
1827:
1453:
1425:
J.H. Carter, III; Jeffrey R. Walters; Steven H. Everhart; Phillip D. Doerr (Spring 1989). "Restrictors for Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker Cavities".
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364:, hence its name. The species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN and as Endangered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
518:(12,000 to 240,000 m). The average cluster is about 10 acres (40,000 m). Cavity trees that are being actively used have numerous, small
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645:. While dispersing in search of new places to settle, the red-cockaded woodpecker encounters habitats of competing woodpecker species.
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396:. The vast majority of foraging is on pines, with a strong preference for large trees, though they will occasionally forage on
95:
1832:
1326:
Richard N. Conner; Brian A. Locke (Winter 1979). "Effects of a Prescribed Burn on Cavity Trees of Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers".
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Conner, Richard N.; Rudolph, D. Craig (1991). "Forest Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Populations".
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337:
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481:. Today it is estimated that there are about 5,000 groups of red-cockaded woodpeckers, or 12,500 birds, from Florida to
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1252:"Competition for Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Roost and Nest Cavities: Effects of Resin Age and Entrance Diameter"
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The aggregate of cavity trees is called a cluster and may include 1 to 20 or more cavity trees on 3 to 60
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Private landowners are prohibited from modifying habitats or taking animals that are protected by the
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The red-cockaded woodpecker has been the focus of conservation efforts even before the passing of the
1979:
1925:
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412:
2007:
1806:
1516:"Capsaicin as a tool for repelling southern flying squirrels from red-cockaded woodpecker cavities"
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598:
572:
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55:
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Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
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in southern pine forest ecosystems. Their cavities are used secondarily by at least 27 species of
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1454:"Effectiveness of flying squirrel excluder devices on red-cockaded woodpecker cavities"
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Saenz, Daniel; Conner, Richard N.; Shackelford, Clifford E.; Rudolph, Craig D. (1998).
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692:(ESA). In response to the listing of the red-cockaded woodpecker, it became common in
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A little bit more about the red-cockaded woodpecker and a few other endangered birds
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NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer
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526:. The birds keep the sap flowing apparently as a cavity defense mechanism against
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1935:
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by Hans Winkler, David A. Christie & David Nurney. Houghton Mifflin (1995),
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defense, the male has a small red streak on each side of its black cap called a
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Pool, Nathan (2014). Powers, Karen; Siciliano Martina, Leila (eds.).
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Woodpeckers: An Identification Guide to the Woodpeckers of the World
1997:
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1277:. Vol. 110. Wilson Ornithological Society. pp. 362–367.
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1984:
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may compete with red-cockaded woodpeckers for unenlarged nests.
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runs from April to June. The breeding female lays three to four
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species, frequently having the same mate for several years. The
152:
1679:
1580:"The Endangered Species Act: Making Innocent Species the Enemy"
716:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
1645:
The Nature Conservancy's Species page: Red Cockaded woodpecker
592:
584:
523:
489:) in Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, and Tennessee.
1250:
Rudolph, D. Craig; Conner, Richard N.; Turner, Janet (1990).
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The red-cockaded woodpecker makes its home in fire-dependent
1578:
Stroup, Richard L. (1 April 1995). Shaw, Jane S. (ed.).
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Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies
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Historically, this woodpecker's range extended in the
372:
The red-cockaded woodpecker feeds primarily on ants,
2122:
1882:
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764:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22681158A179376787.en
336:. It is a federally endangered species under the
652:in 1973. In Florida, pairs are being released at
887:AOS Checklist of North and Middle American Birds
2191:Native birds of the Southeastern United States
1612:. US Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from
1294:
1292:
883:(Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Pic à face blanche)"
1554:"Endangered Species Act Doesn't Save Species"
1357:"The Red Hills of Georgia (transcript, p. 6)"
1307:(3). Wilson Ornithological Society: 446–457.
1017:All About Birds, TheCornellLab of Ornithology
821:All About Birds, TheCornellLab of Ornithology
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684:Intentional habitat destruction by landowners
8:
407:Red-cockaded woodpeckers are a territorial,
2196:Endemic birds of the Eastern United States
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231:
86:
64:
40:
31:
1622:"Red-cockaded Woodpecker US Distribution"
762:
696:for landowners to begin cutting down the
637:The red-cockaded woodpecker suffers from
1584:Property and Environment Research Center
1066:Environmental Conservation Online System
950:Environmental Conservation Online System
1213:
1211:
1013:"Red-cockaded Woodpecker: Life History"
728:
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1147:
906:
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2176:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1650:Red-cockaded woodpecker photo gallery
1552:Burnett, H. Sterling (13 July 2017).
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1132:
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252:
7:
667:Male at nest cavity in longleaf pine
2206:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot
817:"Red-cockaded Woodpecker Range Map"
750:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1671:W.G.Jones State Forest, Conroe, TX
1392:The Journal of Wildlife Management
1068:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
952:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
797:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe
25:
889:. American Ornithological Society
547:The red-cockaded woodpecker is a
49:Female with insect prey in mouth
1514:Meyer, Robert; Cox, Jim (2019).
1219:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1155:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
656:and other privately-owned land.
109:
1656:on the Internet Bird Collection
739:BirdLife International (2020).
555:, including small birds (e.g.,
2181:NatureServe vulnerable species
1654:Red-cockaded woodpecker videos
1103:https://doi.org/10.2173/bna.85
702:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
338:Endangered Species Act of 1973
279:Dendrocopos borealis hylonomus
1:
1541:– via UtahStateLibrary.
1353:Georgia Public Broadcasting:
255:Dendrocopos borealis borealis
785:NatureServe (3 March 2023).
617:. Smaller animals, like the
579:), and invertebrates (e.g.,
1640:BirdLife Species Factsheet.
1520:Human–Wildlife Interactions
1489:Ornithological Applications
384:, wood-boring insects, and
263:Picoides borealis hylonomus
2227:
1058:"Red-cockaded woodpecker (
1019:. Cornell University. 2023
987:"Red-Cockaded Woodpecker (
942:"Red-cockaded woodpecker (
823:. Cornell University. 2023
447:southeastern United States
287:Picoides borealis borealis
1610:"Red-cockaded woodpecker"
1501:10.1093/ornithapp/duab031
1427:Wildlife Society Bulletin
1328:Wildlife Society Bulletin
859:: Leiden, the Netherlands
757:: e.T22681158A179376787.
461:, as far west as eastern
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230:
211:
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106:Scientific classification
104:
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
627:southern flying squirrel
565:great crested flycatcher
441:Distribution and habitat
35:Red-cockaded woodpecker
2201:Birds described in 1809
1872:Leuconotopicus-borealis
1807:red-cockaded-woodpecker
1720:Leuconotopicus borealis
1690:Leuconotopicus borealis
1558:The Heartland Institute
1452:Loeb, Susan C. (1996).
1221:Red-cockaded Woodpecker
1186:Leuconotopicus borealis
1157:Red-cockaded Woodpecker
845:Leuconotopicus borealis
743:Leuconotopicus borealis
571:), herpetofauna (e.g.,
322:Leuconotopicus borealis
317:red-cockaded woodpecker
215:Leuconotopicus borealis
18:Red-cockaded Woodpecker
2211:ESA endangered species
690:Endangered Species Act
668:
654:DuPuis Management Area
650:Endangered Species Act
619:red-bellied woodpecker
539:
2107:Paleobiology Database
666:
639:habitat fragmentation
623:red-headed woodpecker
537:
921:Animal Diversity Web
607:eastern screech owls
599:Pileated woodpeckers
413:cooperative breeding
332:to the southeastern
295:Dendrocopos borealis
1586:. Issue Number PS-3
1301:The Wilson Bulletin
1275:The Wilson Bulletin
1256:The Wilson Bulletin
573:broad-headed skinks
388:, and occasionally
56:Conservation status
1355:Georgia Outdoors.
1119:2013-11-06 at the
881:Dryobates borealis
789:Dryobates borealis
669:
603:Dryocopus pileatus
567:), mammals (e.g.,
540:
522:wells which exude
306:(Vieillot, 1809)
271:Dryobates borealis
2163:
2162:
2094:Open Tree of Life
1913:picoides-borealis
1884:Picoides borealis
1745:Picoides_borealis
1682:Taxon identifiers
1667:, Species Profile
1202:10.1111/ibi.12576
1114:Longleaf Alliance
1060:Picoides borealis
989:Picoides borealis
944:Picoides borealis
915:Picoides borealis
852:Catalogue of Life
847:(Vieillot, 1809)"
643:species dispersal
615:American kestrels
557:eastern bluebirds
354:hairy woodpeckers
313:
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303:Picoides borealis
299:
298:(Vieillot, 1809)
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784:
783:
779:
769:
767:
738:
737:
730:
725:
711:
686:
635:
561:tufted titmouse
545:
505:Pinus palustris
443:
404:in cornfields.
370:
346:
226:
219:
213:
200:
108:
100:
91:
87:
80:
71:Near Threatened
69:
65:
58:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2186:Leuconotopicus
2183:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2144:
2128:
2126:
2124:Picus borealis
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2103:
2090:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2025:
2012:
2002:
1989:
1976:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1888:
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1634:External links
1632:
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1618:
1616:on 2004-04-06.
1604:
1601:
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1570:
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1398:(4): 549–556.
1382:
1345:
1334:(4): 291–293.
1318:
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1239:
1207:
1196:(4): 816–831.
1175:
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1094:
1079:
1049:
1046:978-0395720431
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1004:
1001:on 2008-05-15.
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698:long-leaf pine
685:
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634:
631:
577:gray treefrogs
544:
541:
538:Detail of head
501:Longleaf pines
442:
439:
417:nesting season
369:
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240:Current range
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1369:on 2007-06-28
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1229:on 2021-03-18
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1199:
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733:
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694:Eastern Texas
691:
683:
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427:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
402:corn earworms
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
341:
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334:United States
331:
328:
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318:
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264:
261:
256:
253:
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210:
207:
206:Binomial name
203:
199:
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38:
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1625:
1614:the original
1588:. Retrieved
1583:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1526:(1): 79–86.
1523:
1519:
1509:
1492:
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1482:
1472:– via
1466:. Retrieved
1461:
1457:
1447:
1433:(1): 68–72.
1430:
1426:
1420:
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1391:
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1371:. Retrieved
1364:the original
1354:
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1227:the original
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1070:. Retrieved
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1016:
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949:
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886:
880:
873:
861:. Retrieved
857:Species 2000
850:
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825:. Retrieved
820:
811:
799:. Retrieved
794:
788:
780:
768:. Retrieved
754:
748:
742:
714:
687:
678:
674:
670:
658:
647:
636:
633:Conservation
602:
597:
546:
513:
504:
491:
444:
409:nonmigratory
406:
400:and even on
382:caterpillars
371:
361:
347:
321:
320:
316:
314:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
214:
212:
196:
195:
183:
29:
2029:iNaturalist
1815:iNaturalist
1714:Wikispecies
1262:(1): 23–36.
569:evening bat
553:vertebrates
434:corn snakes
432:, although
378:cockroaches
358:territorial
344:Description
96:NatureServe
92:Vulnerable
2170:Categories
1867:Xeno-canto
1503:. duab031.
1373:2007-05-14
1233:2017-03-19
1169:2017-03-19
879:"species:
723:References
611:wood ducks
528:rat snakes
487:extirpated
455:New Jersey
430:rat snakes
327:woodpecker
163:Piciformes
2139:Q27927462
1705:Q27074917
1532:2155-3874
1464:: 303–311
770:5 January
479:Tennessee
398:hardwoods
191:Species:
129:Kingdom:
123:Eukaryota
2133:Wikidata
2047:10940693
1893:Wikidata
1846:22681158
1797:10742338
1758:22681158
1753:BirdLife
1699:Wikidata
1590:21 March
1563:21 March
1537:21 March
1468:21 March
1141:697-711.
1117:Archived
1072:20 March
1023:20 March
956:22 April
926:20 March
893:20 March
827:20 March
801:20 March
709:See also
497:savannas
483:Virginia
475:Kentucky
471:Missouri
467:Oklahoma
459:Maryland
368:Behavior
246:Synonyms
223:Vieillot
169:Family:
143:Chordata
139:Phylum:
133:Animalia
119:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
2153:9736115
2021:2477828
1985:1047044
1921:Avibase
1899:Q575963
1833:1145281
1439:3782042
1412:3809497
1340:3781867
1313:4163048
1283:4163960
543:Ecology
451:Florida
426:helpers
394:berries
386:spiders
374:beetles
362:cockade
330:endemic
325:) is a
225:, 1809)
179:Genus:
173:Picidae
159:Order:
149:Class:
94: (
74: (
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2005:FEIS:
1998:DENPBO
1969:ECOS:
1962:recwoo
1936:recwoo
1908:ARKive
1820:792993
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1949:7WGCK
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1435:JSTOR
1408:JSTOR
1367:(PDF)
1360:(PDF)
1336:JSTOR
1309:JSTOR
1279:JSTOR
1091:16047
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589:moths
581:wasps
520:resin
516:acres
463:Texas
449:from
390:fruit
350:downy
2148:GBIF
2081:NCBI
2068:ITIS
2016:GBIF
2008:pibo
1993:EPPO
1972:7614
1841:IUCN
1828:ITIS
1792:GBIF
1766:BOLD
1592:2023
1565:2023
1539:2023
1528:ISSN
1470:2023
1190:Ibis
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1042:ISBN
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593:ants
585:bees
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465:and
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315:The
153:Aves
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1944:CoL
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