1278:, wow and flutter, pitch error, nonlinearity, print-through, and degeneration with copying, but the tape media was even more expensive than professional analog open reel tape, and the linear nature of tape still placed restrictions on access, and winding time to find a particular spot was still a significant drawback. Also, while the quality of digital tape did not progressively degrade with use of the tape, the physical sliding of the tape over the heads and guides meant that the tape still did wear, and eventually, that wear would lead to digital errors and permanent loss of quality if the tape was not copied before reaching that point.
40:
482:
waste. For the first time, audio could be manipulated as a physical entity, and the recording process was greatly economized by eliminating the requirement for a highly trained disc-cutting engineer to be present at every recording session. Once a tape machine was installed and calibrated, there was no need for any attendant engineering, other than to spool or replace the tape being used on it. Daily maintenance consisted of cleaning and occasionally
532:
659:
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568:, delays and echo by re-directing the signal through one or more additional tape machines, while recording the composite result to another. These innovations appeared on pop recordings shortly after multi-tracking recorders were introduced, although, Les Paul had been using tape echo and speed-manipulation effects on his single-track recordings from the 1940s and '50s.
344:
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1077:), head gap size, head quality, and general head design and technology. and the machine's mechanical alignment affect the quality of the recording. The regulation of tape tension affects contact between the tape and the heads and has a significant impact on the recording and reproduction of high frequencies. Due to the
397:
478:. Tape saturation is a unique form of distortion that many artists find satisfying. Though with modern technology, these forms of distortion can be simulated digitally, it is not uncommon for some artists to record directly onto digital equipment and then re-record the tracks to analog reel tape or vice versa.
374:, to enable Mullin to develop a commercial production model of the tape recorder. Using Mullin's tape recorders, and with Mullin as his chief engineer, Crosby became the first American performer to master commercial recordings on tape and the first to regularly pre-record his radio programs on the medium.
1068:
Editing is done either with a razor blade—by physically cutting and splicing the tape on a metal splicing block, in a manner similar to motion picture film editing—or electronically by dubbing segments onto an edit tape. The former method preserves the full quality of the recording but not the intact
1270:
Best known for its lines of tape media and professional analog recorders, with its M series of multitrack and 2-track machines, the Mincom division of 3M spent several years developing a digital recording system, including two years of joint research with the BBC. The result was the 3M Digital Audio
1132:
In the 1980s, several manufacturers produced certain tape formulations blending polyurethane and polyester as backing material which tended to absorb humidity over many years in storage and partially deteriorate. This problem would only be discovered after an archived tape was opened and required to
552:
figures. Tape can accommodate multiple parallel tracks, allowing not just stereo recordings, but multitrack recordings too. This gives the producer of the final edit much greater flexibility, allowing a performance to be remixed long after the performance was originally recorded. This innovation was
519:
tapes the edit occurs on one channel a split-second before the other. Long, angled splices can also be used to create a perceptible dissolve from one sound to the next; periodic segments can induce rhythmic or pulsing effects. The use of reels to supply and collect the tape makes it easy for editors
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from one tape machine to another multiple times, layering new vocal or instrument parts on top of previously recorded tracks. While this had been done in the past using phonograph discs, that process was cumbersome and resulted in degraded audio quality after only one or two overdubs. A disc had to
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The track width is one of two major machine factors controlling SNR, the other being tape speed. S/N ratio varies directly with track width, due to the
Gaussian nature of tape noise; doubling the track width doubles the SNR. With good electronics and comparable heads, 8-track cartridges should have
611:
The first prerecorded reel-to-reel tapes were introduced in the United States in 1949; the catalog contained fewer than ten titles with no popular artists. In 1952, EMI started selling pre-recorded tapes in Great
Britain. The tapes were two-sided and mono (2 tracks) and were duplicated in real time
303:
signal to the tape. In 1939, one machine was found to make consistently better recordings than other ostensibly identical models, and when it was taken apart a minor flaw was noticed. Instead of DC, it was introducing an AC bias signal to the tape, and this was quickly adapted to new models using a
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In general, the faster the speed, the better the reproduction quality. Higher tape speeds spread the signal longitudinally over more tape area, reducing the effects of dropouts that can be audible from the medium, and noticeably improve high-frequency response. Slower tape speeds conserve tape and
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More elaborate systems, especially those for professional use, are equipped with multiple motors, such as a three-motor system that uses a separate motor for each reel, and a third motor solely to drive the capstan. Such systems may have a motor shaft directly attached to the capstan, to minimize
781:
More elaborate systems, especially those for professional use, have often been equipped with multiple, separate but adjacent heads, such as a three-head system that uses one head for record, another for playback, and a third for erasing (demagnetizing) the tape. Some may even have multiple record
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of 1970. This was achieved by injecting a signal and letting it "record under vacuum" (without tape, recording infinitely). The amplified signal thus obtained could be distorted by considerably increasing the volume. Also the first single of the group "Qué pena me das", has an abrupt ending with
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The extremely short wavelengths used by digital tape formats meant that tape and tape transport cleanliness was an important issue. Specks of dust or dirt were large enough in relation to the signal wavelengths that contamination by such dirt could render a recording unplayable. Advanced digital
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system in 1956 by Ampex, which segmented the fields of a television image by recording (and reproducing) several tracks at a high-speed across the width of the tape per field of video by way of a vertically spinning headwheel with four separate video heads mounted on its edge (a technique called
710:
Pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes are also available once again, albeit somewhat expensively as a very high-quality audiophile product, through "The Tape
Project", as well as several other independent studios and record labels. Since 2007, The Tape Project has released their own albums, as well as
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The great practical advantage of tape for studios was twofold: it allowed a performance to be recorded without the 30-minute time limitation of a phonograph disc, and it permitted a recorded performance to be edited or erased and re-recorded again and again on the same piece of media without any
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reel, the spool of tape gradually increased in diameter, resulting in it pulling the tape across the recording head increasingly faster. In certain circumstances, it could result in playback at speeds different from the recording speed, resulting in distorted sound, particularly if the tape was
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format. The majority of the catalog contained classical recordings, with a few jazz and movie soundtrack albums. Barclay-Crocker tapes were duplicated on modified Ampex 440 machines at four times the playback speed, unlike popular reel tapes which were duplicated at 16 times the playback speed.
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of sorts on a 16-track tape recorder by overdubbing their own voices many dozens of times, singing only a single note each time. The cumulative result was a total of 630 voices spread evenly over an octave-and-a-half of proper musical scale notes, with each of the distinct notes assigned to an
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is an electro-mechanical, polyphonic tape replay keyboard that uses a bank of parallel linear magnetic audio tape strips. Playback heads underneath each key enable the playing of pre-recorded sounds. Each of the tape strips has a playing time of approximately eight seconds after which the tape
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A recording on magnetic audio tape is accessed sequentially. Not only is jumping from spot to spot to edit time-consuming, but editing is also destructive—unless the recording was duplicated before edit, normally taking the same amount of time to copy, in order to preserve 75-90 percent of the
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splices (cut at exactly 90 degrees to the tape travel) are used for fast edits from one sound to another, though preferably, the splice is made at a much lower angle across the tape so that any transitional noise introduced by the cut is spread across a few milliseconds of the recording. The
1412:" multiple tape machines were interconnected to play tape loops that had been prepared by the band. The loops were played backward, sped up or slowed down. To record the song, the tape machines, located in separate rooms, were manned by technicians and played together to record on the fly. "
643:, the number of albums released on prerecorded reel-to-reel tape dropped dramatically despite their superior sound quality. By the late 1960s, their retail prices were considerably higher than competing formats, and musical genres were limited to ones most likely to appeal to well-heeled
381:, based on the system originally invented by Ross Snyder of Ampex Corporation for their high-speed scientific instrument data recorders. Les Paul had been given one of the first Ampex Model 200A tape decks by Crosby in 1948, and ten years later ordered one of the first Ampex eight-track
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Reel-to-reel recorders with eight, sixteen, twenty-four, and even thirty-two tracks were eventually built, with as many heads recording synchronized parallel linear tracks. Some of these machines were larger than a laundry washing machine and used tape as wide as 2 inches (51 mm).
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As studio audio production techniques advanced, it became desirable to record the individual instruments and human voices separately and mix them down to one, two, or more speaker channels at a later time. Individual tracks can be recorded at different locations at any later date.
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Tape speed is not the only factor affecting the quality of the recording. Other factors affecting quality include track width, oxide formulation, and backing material and thickness. The design and quality of the recorder are also important factors. The machine's speed stability
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individual track of the tape. When played back, any track (or note) could be faded in and out manually on a mixing console arranged like a piano keyboard, to simulate an immense virtual choir. This effect provided the atmospheric backing instrumentation for their song "
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on playback and is generally cannot be removed once it has occurred. In professional half-track use, post-echo is considered less problematic than pre-echo, as the echo is largely masked by the signal itself, and therefore tapes stored for long periods are kept
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played a reel-to-reel tape recorder live, either playing previously recorded samples at certain times or recording part of the band's performance and playing it back either in reverse or at different speeds. When the band re-formed in 2002, audio engineer
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error correction systems, without which the system would have been unworkable, still failed to cope with poorly maintained tape or recorders, and for this reason a number of tapes made in the early years of digital reel-to-reel recorders are now useless.
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NR system, a broadband compander that produced a gain in dynamics of roughly 25 dB and outperformed Dolby B but was not widely adopted. High Com was included in more sophisticated cassette recorders, mostly alongside the various Dolby systems.
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and senses the magnetism of the metallic particles on the tape as the tape was pulled across the head. The head's electromagnet coil translates the varying magnetism into electrical signals which were sent to another amplifier circuit that can power a
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be played again, after possibly a decade or less on the shelf. The deterioration resulted in a softening of the backing material, making it gooey and sticky which quickly clogged-up tape guides and heads of the reproducer. This phenomenon is known as
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low-angle splice also helps to glide the tape more smoothly through the machine and push any loose dirt or debris to the side of the tape path, instead of accumulating in the splice joint. A side-effect of cutting the tape at an angle is that on
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for more expensive tape. Acetate tends to break under conditions that Mylar would survive, though possibly stretch. The quality of the oxide's binder is also important, for it was common with old tape for the oxide and backing to separate.
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Mastering System, which consisted of a 32-track deck (16-bit, 50 kHz audio) running 1-inch tape and a 4-track, 1/2-inch mastering recorder. 3M's 32-track recorder was priced at $ 115,000 in 1978 (equivalent to $ 537,000 in 2023).
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is another noise reduction system that uses a more aggressive companding technique to improve both dynamic range and noise level. However, unlike many Dolby systems, DBX recordings do not sound acceptable when played on non-DBX equipment.
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Splicing block used when conducting edits. The block is typically mounted on a machine used for editing. The magnetic tape is marked and cut with a blade. Adhesive tape is applied to the back side of the magnetic tape which secures the
1032:, the tape speed was extremely high, over 200 in/s (510 cm/s), to adequately capture the large amount of image information. The need for a high linear tape speed was made unnecessary with the introduction of the professional
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and can be temporarily reversed by baking the tape at a low temperature for several hours to dry it. The restored tape may then be played normally for several days or weeks, but will eventually return to a deteriorated state again.
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produced reel-to-reel tape recorders into the 1990s, but as of 2017, only
Mechlabor continues to manufacture analog reel-to-reel recorders. As of 2020, there were two companies manufacturing magnetic recording tape: ATR Services of
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Very early or inexpensive tape recorders moved the tape simply by rotating the tape takeup reel. This simplified design requires only one motor. This arrangement results in variable tape speed. As tape accumulates on the motorized
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be discarded if there was any mistake, but tape was reuseable. Magnetic tape recording allowed Paul to shift instrument sounds to higher or lower octaves by manipulating the speed of the tape while recording his guitar. He used
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A typical home reel-to-reel tape recorder, this one made by Sonora. It could play stereo quarter-track tapes but record only in one quarter-track mono. Home equipment with missing features were fairly common in the 1950s and
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and elasticity of the tape, which affect wow-and-flutter and tape stretch; stretched tape will have a pitch error, possibly fluctuating. Backing material also affects quality aspect, not related to audio quality. Typically,
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recording tape and shipped them home. Over the next two years, he worked to develop the machines for commercial use, hoping to interest the
Hollywood film studios in using magnetic tape for movie soundtrack recording.
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The performance of tape recording is greatly affected by the width of the tracks and the speed of the tape. The wider and faster the better, but of course this uses more tape. These factors lead directly to improved
590:
There has recently been a revival of reel-to-reel, with quite a few companies restoring vintage units and some manufacturing new tape. In 2018, the first new reel-to-reel tape player in over 20 years was released.
1045:, which could record one whole field of video per helically-recorded track, recorded at a much lower angle across the width of the tape by the head spinning in the near-horizontal plane, instead of vertically.
327:. His unit was assigned to investigate German radio and electronics activities, and in the course of his duties, a British Army counterpart mentioned the Magnetophons being used by the allied radio station in
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was introduced in 1963 it gradually took over and cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use. However, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised
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previously-released albums under license from other labels, on open-reel tape. The German label
Analogue Audio Association has also re-released albums on open-reel tape to the high-end audiophile market.
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narrowed the performance gap between cassettes and reel-to-reel, and by 1976 prerecorded reel-to-reel offerings had almost completely disappeared, even from record stores and audio equipment shops.
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that has remained a part of audio tape recording to this day. The quality was so greatly improved that recordings surpassed the quality of most radio transmitters, and such recordings were used by
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If more tracks were required, it was possible in the mid-1970s and onwards with advanced servo-controlled machines to synchronize two (or more) recorders to behave as a single larger recorder.
510:. The adhesive tape used in splicing has to be very thin to avoid impeding the tape's motion, and the adhesive is carefully formulated to avoid leaving a sticky residue on the tape or deck.
1189:) during the recording and playback, respectively. Initially, Dolby was offered via a stand-alone box that would go between a recorder and amplifier. Later recorders often included Dolby.
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limits digital recording. Decreasing the speed of analog audio tape causes a uniform decrease in the linearity of the frequency response, increased background noise (hiss), more noticeable
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Inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools, along with dedicated models expressly made for business dictation. When the
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to enhance ambience or create a special effect. Paul and Mary Ford produced many popular recordings over the next two decades using these techniques. One of their most famous was "
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at the cost of much larger tapes. In spite of the relative inconvenience and generally more expensive media, reel-to-reel systems developed in the early 1940s remained popular in
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Early reel-to-reel users learned to manipulate segments of tape by splicing them together and adjusting playback speed or direction of recordings. Just as modern keyboards allow
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advertisements in 1978 showed that only one-third of new titles were available on reel-to-reel; they continued to offer a select number of new releases in the format until 1984.
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includes a suite of standards (designated A, B, C, S and SR) for both professional and consumer recording. The Dolby systems use frequency-dependent compression and expansion (
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and so Ampex produced pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes for consumers of popular and classical music from the mid-1950s to the mid-'70s, as did
Columbia House from 1960 to 1984.
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15 in/s (38.1 cm/s): professional music recording and radio programming. Through the early to mid 1990s, equipment in many radio stations did not support this speed.
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For home use, simpler reel-to-reel recorders were available, and a number of track formats and tape speeds were standardized to permit interoperability and prerecorded music.
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Alignment is arguably a maintenance issue, but also a matter of design pertaining to how well and precisely the machine can be aligned and how well it can maintain alignment.
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tapes, although the catalog took longer to be published. Since these EMI tapes were much more expensive than a vinyl LP record, sales were poor; still, EMI released over 300
758:. As the tape moves over the recording head, the head's magnetic field varies with the sound thus varying the magnetism on the passing particles of metal oxide on the tape.
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1144:, the phenomenon of adjacent layers of tape wound on a reel picking up weak copies of the magnetic signal from each other. Print-through on analog tape causes unintended
1958:
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In the late 1940s, Les Paul began experimenting with creating a virtual dance band or jazz ensemble, from his solo guitar accompanying his wife, vocalist Mary Ford, by
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817:. This ensures tape speed remained constant as it moved across the recording head regardless of the amount of tape on either reel. Simultaneously, a motor turned the
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Tape formulation affects the retention of the magnetic signal, especially high frequencies, the frequency linearity of the tape, the SNR, and optimum AC bias level.
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Sales were very low and specialized during the 1980s. Audiophile reel tapes were made under license by
Barclay-Crocker between 1977 and 1986. Licensors included
1416:" combined two different taped versions of the song. The versions were independently altered in speed to end up together miraculously both on pitch and tempo. "
735:(rust), coated on thin ribbons of plastic tape (or, originally, fragile paper tape). The tape coating is magnetized by dragging it over the surface of a small
1980:
915: in/s (9.53 cm/s): common consumer speed, used on most single-speed domestic machines, reasonable quality for speech and off-air radio recordings.
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1041:), allowing for the linear tape speed to be much slower. Eventually, transverse scanning was accompanied by the later (and less-expensive) technology of
70:) containing the tape is placed on a spindle or hub. The end of the tape is manually pulled from the reel, threaded through mechanical guides and over a
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931: in/s (19.05 cm/s): highest consumer speed, also slowest professional; used by most radio stations for copies of commercial announcements.
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1289:) and tapeless recording, digital reel-to-reel audio recording is now obsolete although many enthusiasts still maintain and use their equipment.
370:, who immediately saw the potential of Mullin's recorders to pre-record his radio shows. Crosby invested $ 50,000 in a local electronics company,
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Digital reel-to-reel tape eliminated all the traditional quality limitations of analog tape, including background noise (hiss), high frequency
840:, or another motor, was used to provide the drag. On most machines, a motor is used to rewind the tape back onto the feed reel after playback.
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977: in/s are the speeds that were used for (the vast majority of) consumer market releases of commercial recordings on reel-to-reel tape.
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uses a reel-to-reel tape as an instrument in live performances and in post-production (an example is the track "Super You" from the album
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When it arrived, it was still set up as an instrument recorder running at 60 inches-per-second and had yet to be converted for audio use.
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to manually move the tape back and forth across the heads to find the exact point they wish to edit. Tape to be spliced is clamped in a
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Because digital audio recording technology advanced over the years, with development of cassette-based tape recording formats (such as
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original; the latter incurred the same quality loss involved in dubbing a complete copy of the source tape but preserved the original.
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1339:, recorded his voice at one-half normal speed, raising its pitch a full octave when played back at normal speed, to create the early
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126:, 15 or 30 inches per second (9.525, 19.05, 38.10 or 76.20 cm/s). Domestic consumer machines almost always used
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where there are flaws in the magnetic tape, and shifting of the (Gaussian) background noise spectrum toward lower frequencies.
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The earliest machines produced distortion during the recording process which German engineers significantly reduced during the
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Reel-to-reel tape recording is done with electro-magnetism, electronic audio circuitry, and electro-mechanical drive systems.
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1263:(DASH) were the primary digital reel-to-reel formats in use in recording studios from the early 1980s through the mid-1990s.
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Tape editing is performed simply by cutting the tape at the required point and rejoining it to another section of tape using
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Following the example set by Bing Crosby, large reel-to-reel tape recorders rapidly became the main recording format used by
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inches per second (4.8 cm/s). By writing the same audio signal across more tape, reel-to-reel systems give much greater
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inches per second (4.762 cm/s). All standard tape speeds are derived as a binary submultiple of 30 inches per second.
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and playback at different speeds, a reel-to-reel recorder could accomplish similar tasks in the hands of a talented user.
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As professional audio evolved from analog magnetic tape to digital media, engineers adapted magnetic tape technology to
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to keep tension on the tape, keeping it straight and preventing it from becoming tangled in the machine. A mechanical
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1420:" used a radio tuner patched into the sound console to layer a random live broadcast over an existing taped track. "
410:-inch-wide (6.4 mm) recording tape, typical of non-professional use in the 1950s–70s. Studios generally used 10
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shows a diagram of the dual reel-to-reel setup and other components used in recording the selections on that album.
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Even though a recording on tape may have been made at studio quality, tape speed is the limiting factor, much like
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In addition, multiple reel-to-reel machines used in tandem can also be used to create echo and delay effects. The
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Documentary sound recordist discusses his work using a Nagra reel to reel tape recorder on documentary production
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1781:"Attention Tape Editors—Sound Men—New Tape Splicer 'Editall'." (advertisement) Audio Engineering, May 1951, 52.
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The heyday of prerecorded reel-to-reel tapes was the mid-1960s, but after the introduction of less complicated
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1400:" which cut up stock recordings and then randomly spliced and overdubbed them into the songs (recordings of
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is a type of music composition that utilizes recorded sounds, typically on reel-to-reel, as raw material.
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1554:" was made using a loop of spliced tape which was looped around a mic stand and through a tape player.
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is a recording artist who includes tape editing as a significant portion of the creative process.
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was a long-in-production splicing block, named for its inventor Joe Tall, a tape editor at CBS.
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and/or playback heads, for separate tracks or opposite directions of record and/or playback.
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willing to contend with the cumbersome threading of open-reel tape. The introduction of the
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attached to the deck near the heads to hold the tape accurately while the edit is made. The
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Dolby B eventually became the most popular system for
Compact Cassette noise reduction and
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inch per second (2.38 cm/s): used for very long-duration recordings (e.g. recording a
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702:. Barclay-Crocker tapes were all Dolby encoded and some titles were also available in the
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mechanical variations of tape speed caused by indirect linkages; such systems are called
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settings into the 1980s and have re-established a specialist niche in the 21st century.
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machines of the 1930s. Originally, this format had no name, since all forms of magnetic
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used it. The name arose only with the need to distinguish it from the several kinds of
249:
1349:. He later used the same technique, plus overdubbing his voice three times, to create
312:
to make broadcasts that appeared to be live while he was safely away in another city.
4227:
4194:
4163:
3864:
3798:
3742:
3712:
3649:
3626:
3560:
3437:
3252:
3244:
3227:
3212:
3091:
2878:
2805:
2603:
2564:
2411:
2164:
1985:
1547:
1506:
1488:
1405:
1350:
1340:
1336:
1178:
1141:
880:
663:
636:
554:
499:
483:
448:
437:
269:
257:
253:
226:
172:
55:
1453:
and then manually cutting together each individual note on a group of reel-to-reels.
750:, generating a magnetic field varying with electric current supplied by a low-power
658:
3937:
3897:
3839:
3732:
3702:
3659:
3581:
3139:
2546:
2379:
2373:
2319:
2237:
2085:
1619:
1526:
1421:
1377:
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1042:
814:
687:
640:
587:
also gained cult status when many used this technique on hit singles in the 1980s.
584:
324:
309:
296:
2027:
1695:
1392:
recorded many songs using reel-to-reel tape as a creative tool. Examples include "
237:
2297:
801:
Most tape recorders move the tape by pinching and pulling it between a motorized
43:
A reel-to-reel tape recorder (Sony TC-630), typical of a 1970s audiophile device.
4178:
4173:
4132:
4117:
4041:
4026:
3985:
3942:
3758:
3186:
3168:
3055:
2995:
2819:
2437:
2097:
1716:
1636:
1568:
1563:
1450:
1389:
1362:
1354:
1316:
1267:
introduced digital reel-to-reel tape recorders for use in film sound recording.
938:
810:
806:
771:
613:
367:
359:
336:
328:
316:
265:
241:
462:
Even today, some artists of all genres prefer analog tape, claiming it is more
4168:
4158:
3975:
3763:
3727:
3596:
3591:
3380:
3374:
3007:
2635:
2441:
2385:
1580:
1543:
1531:
1515:
1445:
1424:" also had effects produced using a reel-to-reel with tape editing techniques.
1248:
1186:
790:
Two basic systems were developed to drive the tape across the recording head:
775:
755:
739:(typically the size of a sugar cube) which contains an electro-magnetic coil.
732:
644:
599:
549:
444:
210:
176:
451:
recording techniques began to allow the use of other types of media (such as
136:
inch (6.35 mm) or narrower tape and many offered slower speeds such as
74:
assembly, and attached by friction to the hub of the second, initially empty
3788:
3707:
3473:
3319:
3031:
2953:
2617:
2611:
2592:
2558:
2367:
1740:
1615:
1500:
1475:
1463:
1369:
1321:
1149:
751:
456:
386:
332:
280:
developed for radio station commercials and spot announcements in 1954, the
277:
203:
186:
71:
17:
343:
2307:
2113:
Rolling Stone (Argentina), (in
Spanish). Consultado el 9 de abril de 2014.
1990:
page 52, as photo-archived at WorldRadioHistory.com retrieved May 21, 2023
1968:
page 61, as photo-archived at WorldRadioHistory.com retrieved May 21, 2023
1353:. Many other creators of novelty, comedy, and children's records, such as
248:
The reel-to-reel format was used in the first magnetic recording systems,
3980:
3957:
3947:
3887:
3674:
3455:
3386:
3343:
3337:
3325:
3295:
3073:
2314:
2264:
1595:
A77 reel-to-reel to create and manipulate tape loops in live performance.
1510:
1275:
1206:
1198:
1145:
1054:
565:
503:
616:
joined the reel-to-reel business in 1954. In 1955, EMI released 2-track
4076:
3821:
3443:
3174:
3127:
2587:
1889:
Fowler, W.S.: "Magnetic Sound Recording," Part 1, February 1963, pages
1599:
1252:
1121:
571:
489:
429:
305:
300:
289:
2001:
1503:, often utilizes a reel-to-reel tape machine in his solo performances.
727:
Magnetic-tape tape recorders record sound by magnetizing particles of
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1483:
833:
351:
347:
190:
182:
1622:
on their 1970s and '80s recordings illustrates these possibilities.
396:
3485:
1945:
as photo-archived at WorldRadioHistory.com, retrieved May 21, 2023.
1905:
as photo-archived at WorldRadioHistory.com, retrieved May 21, 2023.
389:
on their staff at the time, went on to develop the first practical
4142:
4112:
3331:
3192:
3103:
1953:
1951:
1592:
1264:
1247:
viable, studio digital recording meant recording on digital tape.
1125:
837:
657:
598:
570:
530:
488:
470:
sounding than digital processes, despite its inaccuracies. Due to
395:
371:
342:
236:
194:
38:
1822:"List of Record Labels releasing pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes"
3912:
3461:
3307:
2667:
2647:
1482:, needing an amplifier for his electric guitar, used a modified
1457:
1256:
866:
are useful in applications where sound quality is not critical.
628:, which contained the equivalent of two LP albums but played at
59:
3489:
2323:
1606:, using old reel-to-reel recordings to create electronic music.
3679:
2093:
1976:
1974:
1772:
Thom Holmes, Electronic and experimental music, 2nd ed., p. 79
1209:
was in widespread use for professional analog tape recording.
560:
It was discovered that special effects were possible, such as
377:
Ampex and Mullin subsequently developed commercial stereo and
1839:
1197:
In the late 1970s, there was also the German Telefunken-made
535:
Professional-style tape reel designed to fit large NARTB hub.
447:
and professional recording studios until the late 1980s when
1016:
systems developed in the early 1950s from companies such as
4021:
1857:
805:, a rotating metal shaft or spindle, and a larger rubber
385:
machines for multitracking. Ampex engineers, who included
221:. Magnetic tape was also used to record data signals from
27:
Audio recording using magnetic tape spooled on open reels
2260:"The Japanese ensemble making music from old tape reels"
335:. He acquired two Magnetophon recorders and 50 reels of
1486:
recorder as a distortion device for his debut album
857:
played back on a normal, fixed-speed tape recorder.
393:
in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosby's TV shows.
4151:
4085:
4009:
3956:
3878:
3820:
3797:
3751:
3693:
3635:
3551:
3523:
3430:
3365:
3274:
3243:
3211:
3202:
3159:
2877:
2801:
2746:
2665:
2645:
2602:
2580:
2509:
2421:
2404:
2395:
2358:
2161:
Steve Tibbetts: Zen and the art of sculpting sound.
991:in/s is also the speed used in 8-track cartridges.
157:with tape 0.15 inches (3.8 mm) wide moving at
30:"Reel to reel" redirects here. For other uses, see
1792:
2180:"The Rock & Roll Disc Interview: Frank Zappa"
284:, developed by RCA in 1958 for home use, and the
1085:half the signal-to-noise ratio of quarter-track
941:are demanded, though bass response might suffer.
358:Mullin gave a demonstration of his recorders at
2136:"Pink Floyd : Money in Studio VERY RARE!!"
1754:"11 Best Saturation VST Plugins Available 2022"
1173:techniques were also developed to increase the
1115:Backing material type and thickness affect the
670:(CQ 333). Circa 1959. Recorded for playback at
58:in which the recording tape is spooled between
553:a great driving force behind the explosion of
3501:
2335:
2088:(9 May 2009). "The Record Producers – 10cc".
1373:disengages and returns to the start position.
153:Reel-to-reel preceded the development of the
8:
828:A very slight amount of drag is held on the
244:from a German radio station in World War II.
4128:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
3718:Comparison of analog and digital recording
3508:
3494:
3486:
3208:
2401:
2342:
2328:
2320:
2024:"Baking Old Tapes is a Recipe for Success"
603:Astrovox Polaris III reel-to-reel 1960 at
256:, including the pioneering German-British
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
1743:, Orbem.co.uk, retrieved 02 February 2014
2588:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
1534:took over Swope's role at the tape deck.
883:'s entire output in case of complaints).
825:the tape as it left the recording head.
78:. Reel-to-reel systems use tape that is
1687:
1658:
1449:by recording various sounds including
754:attached to an audio source such as a
723:Electromagnetic recording and playback
607:in Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City
4189:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
2002:"Response Curves of Analog Recorders"
1981:"Pioneer RT-707 Open-reel Tape Deck,"
1157:, where the tape must be first wound
778:, making the recorded sound audible.
366:in 1947, which led to a meeting with
7:
2298:Magnetic tape technology (in German)
2111:Las biografĂas más salvajes del rock
209:Reel-to-reel tape was used in early
2278:The back cover of Eno's 1975 album
2204:Lowe, Kelly Fisher (October 2007).
1858:"Analogue Audio Association - Home"
1794:"The Ultimate Analog Music Is Back"
1161:onto a feed spool before playback.
765:mode, the recording head becomes a
624:titles. Then they introduced their
292:in 1962, originally for dictation.
2207:The Words and Music of Frank Zappa
1931:"Magnetic Sound Recording," Part 2
949:or in/s are also abbreviated IPS.
25:
4234:Audiovisual introductions in 1928
3738:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
3450:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
2900:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
2304:"A history of magnetic recording"
1404:on "Mr. Kite", and recordings of
1394:Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite
1299:Recording studio as an instrument
548:(SNR or S/N), and high-frequency
48:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
4207:
1959:"U.S. Pioneer RT-707 Tape Deck,"
1717:"About Us - RecordingTheMasters"
612:on modified EMI BTR2 recorders.
354:-made reel-to-reel tape recorder
3723:Experimental musical instrument
2978:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
2689:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
2258:Summers, Nick (July 26, 2018).
2142:from the original on 2021-12-12
2055:Emrick, Geoff (16 March 2006).
1012:In some early prototype linear
1005:in/s is also the speed used in
202:, and Recording the Masters in
1791:Nicola, Stefan (May 7, 2018).
1575:We're Only in It for the Money
1124:is used for cheaper tape, and
1:
3908:Electronic musical instrument
2178:Graves, Tom (December 1987).
1550:introduction to their track "
1365:have since used this process.
1261:Digital Audio Stationary Head
557:in the late 1950s and 1960s.
56:magnetic tape audio recording
32:Reel to reel (disambiguation)
4214:Record production portal
4103:Institute of Broadcast Sound
2774:Thermionic Products Recordon
1408:on "Yellow Submarine"). On "
1181:of analog sound recordings.
649:Dolby noise-reduction system
274:tape cartridges or cassettes
229:testing of the early 1950s.
4123:Musical Electronics Library
3161:Analog-to-digital converter
3068:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
2125:Dos Potencias (in Spanish).
260:(1928) machines which used
4265:
3870:Sound reinforcement system
3779:Sound reinforcement system
3284:Compact Disc Digital Audio
2368:Music box cylinder or disc
2306:. BBC/H2G2. Archived from
2057:Here, There and Everywhere
1296:
1216:
1095:" tape at the same speed,
746:mode, the coil becomes an
379:multitrack audio recorders
62:. To prepare for use, the
29:
4203:
4093:Audio Engineering Society
3991:Software effect processor
3971:Digital audio workstation
3812:Digital signal processing
3576:Digital audio workstation
2984:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
2763:
1983:(review), November 1977,
1647:Timeline of audio formats
1632:Audio tape specifications
1493:tapes passed upside down.
1414:Strawberry Fields Forever
1065:quality of the original.
252:and then in the earliest
4184:Professional audio store
4086:People and organizations
4072:Sound recording engineer
3234:Digital Compact Cassette
3122:Capitol Records Audiopak
2972:Dictaphone Travel master
2768:Telefunken magnetic disc
2737:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
1820:G. de Richemont (2023).
1429:BBC Radiophonic Workshop
696:Musical Heritage Society
315:American audio engineer
3602:Microphone preamplifier
3050:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
2731:Protona Minifon special
2352:audio recording formats
2210:. U of Nebraska Press.
2138:. YouTube. 2010-08-03.
2092:. Season 3. Episode 4.
1721:recordingthemasters.com
1293:As a musical instrument
1018:Bing Crosby Enterprises
3543:Electronic and digital
3134:Bandai micro cartridge
3080:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
2123:Informe especial Manal
1961:(review), April 1978,
1937:, (further details at
1614:configuration used by
1456:The British rock band
729:ferromagnetic material
675:
608:
577:
536:
495:
486:the heads and guides.
425:
355:
321:U.S. Army Signal Corps
278:endless loop cartridge
245:
223:analytical instruments
44:
3002:Cousino Echo-matic II
2482:Indestructible record
1499:, founding member of
1183:Dolby noise reduction
1175:signal-to-noise ratio
661:
602:
574:
546:signal-to-noise ratio
534:
492:
399:
346:
240:
225:, beginning with the
42:
4001:Software synthesizer
3966:Digital audio editor
3752:Playback transducers
3612:Multitrack recording
3098:Sanyo Tape cartridge
2924:Rediffusion Reditune
2803:Loose (reel-to-reel)
2754:Magnetic stripe card
2683:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
2448:Perfected phonograph
2376:(early 17th century)
2238:"Supercolor Palunar"
2184:Rock & Roll Disc
2090:The Record Producers
1826:Le Son International
1642:Multitrack recording
1410:Tomorrow Never Knows
1235:Digital reel-to-reel
1219:Multitrack recording
1213:Multitrack recorders
1135:sticky-shed syndrome
1014:video tape recording
455:(DAT) cassettes and
319:was a member of the
219:video tape recorders
213:for data storage on
2912:Mohawk Midgetape RL
2725:Protona Minifon P55
2719:Protona Minifon P51
2494:Blue Amberol record
2476:Gold moulded record
2470:Le CĂ©leste cylinder
2442:Dictaphone cylinder
2432:Phonograph cylinder
2168:, December 01, 2002
1943:Practical Wireless,
1903:Practical Wireless,
1844:www.tapeproject.com
1696:"STM Studiotechnic"
1383:Are You Experienced
1376:The title track of
1245:hard disk recorders
1039:transverse scanning
684:Deutsche Grammophon
472:harmonic distortion
391:videotape recorders
215:mainframe computers
52:open-reel recording
4052:Re-recording mixer
3855:Keyboard amplifier
3571:Binaural recording
3367:Electronic circuit
3222:Digital Audio Tape
2936:RCA tape cartridge
2894:Cousino Echo-matic
2792:Audio High Density
2541:Edison Voicewriter
1840:"The Tape Project"
1604:Open Reel Ensemble
1598:In 2009, musician
1443:to the BBC series
676:
609:
595:Pre-recorded tapes
578:
542:frequency response
537:
496:
453:Digital Audio Tape
426:
356:
350:ZK-147, a vintage
299:era by applying a
282:full-size cassette
246:
200:York, Pennsylvania
45:
4244:German inventions
4221:
4220:
4027:Guitar technician
3923:Music workstation
3807:Digital recording
3784:Speaker enclosure
3703:8-track cartridge
3645:Phonograph record
3483:
3482:
3426:
3425:
3155:
3154:
2990:Orrtronic Tapette
2918:Dictaphone Dictet
2517:Phonograph record
2374:Mechanical cuckoo
2240:. Lionelpalun.com
1964:Radio-Electronics
1326:How High the Moon
1241:digital recording
1007:Compact cassettes
947:inches per second
809:roller, called a
506:; it is called a
264:, and the German
16:(Redirected from
4256:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4098:Goji Electronics
4037:Monitor engineer
3996:Software sampler
3903:Electronic drums
3880:Electronic music
3850:Guitar amplifier
3695:Analog recording
3655:Compact cassette
3617:Music production
3525:Music technology
3517:Music technology
3510:
3503:
3496:
3487:
3209:
3062:DC-International
3020:Compact cassette
2838:Fullcoat magfilm
2780:Record Maker Pye
2747:Magnetic surface
2677:Lorenz Textophon
2500:Paradis cylinder
2464:Stentor cylinder
2402:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2321:
2311:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2082:Richard Allinson
2077:
2071:
2070:
2052:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2026:. Archived from
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1997:
1991:
1978:
1969:
1955:
1946:
1927:
1906:
1887:
1866:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1692:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1602:formed the band
1589:Jerome Noetinger
1538:Musique concrète
1523:Mission of Burma
1478:blues guitarist
1433:Delia Derbyshire
1398:Yellow Submarine
1333:Ross Bagdasarian
1117:tensile strength
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1043:helical scanning
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
990:
989:
985:
982:
976:
975:
971:
968:
962:
961:
957:
954:
930:
929:
925:
922:
914:
913:
909:
906:
898:
897:
893:
890:
878:
877:
873:
673:
668:Columbia Records
631:
433:compact cassette
419:
418:
414:
409:
408:
404:
286:compact cassette
170:
169:
165:
162:
155:compact cassette
149:
148:
144:
141:
135:
134:
130:
125:
124:
120:
117:
111:
110:
106:
103:
97:
96:
92:
87:
86:
82:
21:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4208:
4206:
4199:
4147:
4081:
4047:Record producer
4032:Mixing engineer
4005:
3952:
3918:MIDI controller
3893:Circuit bending
3874:
3816:
3793:
3769:Monitor speaker
3747:
3689:
3637:Recording media
3631:
3622:Music sequencer
3607:Monitor speaker
3553:Sound recording
3547:
3519:
3514:
3484:
3479:
3422:
3411:USB flash drive
3405:Toymax VJ Starz
3361:
3270:
3239:
3198:
3151:
3014:Philips EL 3583
2960:Cousino MR-9000
2948:Protona Attaché
2942:Philips EL 3581
2873:
2797:
2759:
2742:
2661:
2646:Loose magnetic
2641:
2598:
2576:
2505:
2417:
2405:Grooved surface
2391:
2354:
2348:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2277:
2273:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1979:
1972:
1956:
1949:
1928:
1909:
1888:
1869:
1862:www.aaanalog.de
1856:
1855:
1851:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1741:"Blattnerphone"
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1628:
1587:The improviser
1470:I'm Not in Love
1418:I Am the Walrus
1402:calliope organs
1301:
1295:
1237:
1221:
1215:
1171:noise reduction
1167:
1165:Noise reduction
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1075:wow-and-flutter
1051:
1049:Quality aspects
1001:
997:
994:
992:
987:
983:
980:
978:
973:
969:
966:
964:
963: in/s and
959:
955:
952:
950:
945:Speed units of
927:
923:
920:
918:
911:
907:
904:
902:
895:
891:
888:
886:
875:
871:
870:
863:
821:to collect and
788:
725:
717:
671:
629:
597:
502:, or sometimes
416:
412:
411:
406:
402:
401:
400:7-inch reel of
304:high-frequency
235:
167:
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146:
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79:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4249:Tape recording
4246:
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4225:
4219:
4218:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4186:
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4176:
4171:
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4161:
4155:
4153:
4152:Related topics
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4108:Lejaren Hiller
4105:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Sound operator
4064:
4062:Sound follower
4059:
4057:Sound designer
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4017:Audio engineer
4013:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
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3895:
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3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:Bass amplifier
3832:
3830:Mixing console
3826:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3795:
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3579:
3573:
3568:
3566:Mixing console
3563:
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3549:
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3545:
3540:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3521:
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3515:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3468:Timecode vinyl
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3424:
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3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3314:Super Audio CD
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3290:Philips CD-BGM
3287:
3280:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3249:
3247:
3241:
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3237:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3146:Pocket Rockers
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3110:Steno-Cassette
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3086:Grundig DeJ614
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
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2897:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2844:Stripe magfilm
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
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2758:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2713:Peirce 330/360
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2673:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2656:Wire recording
2652:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
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2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2535:Pathé Actuelle
2532:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2488:Amberol record
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2458:Salon cylinder
2455:
2445:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2310:on 2006-01-28.
2300:
2293:
2292:External links
2290:
2287:
2286:
2281:Discreet Music
2271:
2250:
2229:
2217:978-0803260054
2216:
2196:
2170:
2152:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2072:
2065:
2040:
2014:
1992:
1970:
1957:Feldman, Len:
1947:
1933:, March 1963,
1929:Fowler, W.S.:
1907:
1867:
1849:
1831:
1812:
1800:Bloomberg News
1783:
1774:
1765:
1745:
1733:
1708:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1612:Frippertronics
1608:
1607:
1596:
1585:
1561:
1558:Steve Tibbetts
1555:
1541:
1535:
1520:
1504:
1497:Aaron Dilloway
1494:
1473:
1454:
1441:original theme
1425:
1406:marching bands
1387:
1374:
1366:
1359:Sascha Burland
1329:
1294:
1291:
1236:
1233:
1217:Main article:
1214:
1211:
1199:High Com
1166:
1163:
1050:
1047:
943:
942:
935:
932:
916:
900:
884:
862:
859:
787:
784:
748:electro-magnet
737:recording head
724:
721:
716:
713:
666:. Produced by
662:"Heavenly" by
653:Columbia House
637:cassette tapes
596:
593:
522:splicing block
420:inch reels on
270:tape recorders
254:tape recorders
250:wire recording
234:
231:
50:, also called
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4261:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Audio storage
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4216:
4215:
4202:
4196:
4195:Vehicle audio
4193:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4164:High fidelity
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
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4119:
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4018:
4015:
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4008:
4002:
3999:
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3989:
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3883:
3881:
3877:
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3868:
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3863:
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3853:
3851:
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3841:
3838:
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3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3799:Digital audio
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3743:Tape recorder
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Cassette deck
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:Magnetic tape
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3627:Outboard gear
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Audio channel
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
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3511:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3475:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3438:Mini-cassette
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3399:Takara E-kara
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
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3373:
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3370:
3368:
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3309:
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3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
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3279:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3245:Sound-on-film
3242:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:Magnetic tape
3210:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
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3162:
3158:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3116:Stenorette DL
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:Microcassette
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:Micro pack 35
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:IBM Magnabelt
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:Magnetic tape
2876:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:Blattnerphone
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2806:magnetic tape
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2604:Sound-on-film
2601:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:Highway Hi-Fi
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:(9th century)
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2165:Guitar Player
2162:
2156:
2153:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2066:9781101218242
2062:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2030:on 2011-07-16
2029:
2025:
2022:Rarey, Rich.
2018:
2015:
2003:
2000:Jack Endino.
1996:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1986:Stereo Review
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
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1582:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:cash register
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1507:Yamantaka Eye
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1480:Claudio Gabis
1477:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1435:arranged and
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1351:the Chipmunks
1348:
1347:
1343:novelty song
1342:
1341:rock and roll
1338:
1337:David Seville
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
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1234:
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1200:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:dynamic range
1176:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:Print-through
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
948:
940:
936:
933:
917:
901:
885:
882:
881:radio station
869:
868:
867:
860:
858:
855:
849:
847:
841:
839:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
796:capstan-drive
793:
785:
783:
779:
777:
773:
768:
767:playback head
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
722:
720:
714:
712:
708:
705:
701:
700:L'Oiseau Lyre
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
669:
665:
664:Johnny Mathis
660:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:8-track tapes
638:
633:
630:3.75 ips
627:
623:
619:
615:
606:
601:
594:
592:
588:
586:
583:Reel-to-reel
581:
573:
569:
567:
563:
558:
556:
555:popular music
551:
547:
543:
533:
529:
527:
523:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:adhesive tape
491:
487:
485:
484:demagnetizing
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
449:digital audio
446:
441:
439:
434:
431:
423:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
349:
345:
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
302:
298:
293:
291:
288:developed by
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Blattnerphone
255:
251:
243:
239:
232:
230:
228:
227:hydrogen bomb
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
156:
151:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4205:
3938:Sound module
3898:Drum machine
3840:Effects unit
3737:
3733:Player piano
3660:Compact disc
3582:Effects unit
3377:(late 1970s)
3276:Optical disc
3140:Picocassette
3136:(late 1980s)
2930:Saba Sabafon
2802:
2701:RCA MI-12877
2695:RCA MI-12875
2581:Grooved tape
2547:SoundScriber
2543:(late 1940s)
2529:Diamond disc
2510:Grooved disc
2412:Phonautogram
2380:Punched card
2308:the original
2279:
2274:
2263:
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2232:
2221:. Retrieved
2206:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:
2173:
2163:
2159:Ellis, Andy
2155:
2144:. Retrieved
2130:
2118:
2106:
2089:
2086:Steve Levine
2080:Presenters:
2075:
2056:
2032:. Retrieved
2028:the original
2017:
2006:. Retrieved
2004:. Endino.com
1995:
1984:
1962:
1942:
1902:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1815:
1804:. Retrieved
1798:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1748:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1700:. Retrieved
1690:
1670:
1661:
1620:Robert Fripp
1609:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1527:Martin Swope
1514:
1509:of the band
1487:
1461:
1444:
1436:
1422:Revolution 9
1381:
1378:Jimi Hendrix
1346:Witch Doctor
1344:
1302:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1204:
1196:
1168:
1158:
1154:
1140:
1131:
1114:
1111:
1083:
1079:cliff effect
1071:
1067:
1063:
1052:
1038:
1011:
944:
864:
853:
850:
846:direct drive
845:
842:
829:
827:
822:
818:
815:pinch roller
800:
795:
791:
789:
780:
766:
762:
760:
743:
741:
731:, typically
726:
718:
709:
677:
672:7.5 ips
634:
625:
621:
617:
610:
589:
585:tape editing
582:
579:
559:
538:
525:
521:
511:
507:
497:
480:
467:
463:
461:
442:
427:
382:
376:
357:
325:World War II
314:
310:Adolf Hitler
297:Nazi Germany
294:
276:such as the
247:
208:
181:
152:
75:
67:
63:
51:
47:
46:
36:
18:Reel to reel
4179:Music store
4174:Home cinema
4133:Robert Moog
4118:Max Mathews
4042:Piano tuner
4010:Professions
3986:Scorewriter
3943:Synthesizer
3759:Loudspeaker
3187:PCM adaptor
3175:X80/ProDigi
3169:Soundstream
3056:Cantata 700
3026:Grundig En3
2820:Magnetophon
2707:Peirce 265B
2571:Bandai 8ban
2438:Graphophone
2189:October 13,
2098:BBC Radio 2
2059:. Penguin.
1637:Magnetophon
1569:Lumpy Gravy
1564:Frank Zappa
1451:oscillators
1390:The Beatles
1363:Ray Stevens
1355:Sheb Wooley
1317:overdubbing
1169:Electronic
1150:post-echoes
1109: ips.
939:noise floor
861:Tape speeds
819:takeup reel
811:pinch wheel
792:spool drive
645:audiophiles
622:stereosonic
618:stereosonic
445:audiophiles
368:Bing Crosby
360:MGM Studios
337:I.G. Farben
329:Bad Nauheim
317:Jack Mullin
266:Magnetophon
242:Magnetophon
211:tape drives
76:takeup reel
64:supply reel
4228:Categories
4169:Home audio
4159:Audiophile
3976:GarageBand
3822:Live music
3764:Headphones
3728:Phonograph
3597:Microphone
3592:Headphones
3538:Electrical
3533:Mechanical
3393:Yaboom Box
3381:MP3 player
3375:Sound chip
3193:DA-88/DTRS
3008:Stereo-Pak
2906:Stenorette
2786:Synchrofax
2636:Fantasound
2630:Photophone
2523:Pathé disc
2386:Music roll
2360:Mechanical
2244:2013-10-25
2223:2012-11-11
2146:2013-10-25
2034:2009-08-12
2008:2014-01-07
1806:2020-01-05
1759:2022-08-23
1702:2014-01-07
1682:References
1581:Uncle Meat
1544:Pink Floyd
1532:Bob Weston
1460:created a
1446:Doctor Who
1297:See also:
1249:Mitsubishi
1187:companding
1034:Quadruplex
1024:, and the
830:feed reel,
786:Tape drive
776:headphones
756:microphone
733:iron oxide
715:Technology
626:Twin Packs
614:RCA Victor
550:distortion
476:compressed
457:hard disks
262:steel tape
206:, France.
177:audiophile
3933:Sequencer
3860:PA system
3789:Subwoofer
3774:PA system
3708:Amplifier
3670:Hard disk
3587:Equalizer
3474:VinylDisc
3320:DVD-Audio
3215:cartridge
3032:Sabamobil
2996:3M Scotch
2954:Fidelipac
2881:cartridge
2862:3/4" tape
2832:1/2" tape
2826:1/4" tape
2670:cartridge
2666:Magnetic
2624:Movietone
2618:Tri-Ergon
2612:Phonofilm
2593:Dictabelt
2559:Long play
2553:Audograph
2350:Physical
1616:Brian Eno
1501:Wolf Eyes
1476:Argentine
1464:harmonium
1380:'s album
1370:mellotron
1335:, a.k.a.
1331:In 1958,
1322:tape echo
1155:tails-out
752:amplifier
605:Universum
424:backings.
387:Ray Dolby
364:Hollywood
333:Frankfurt
204:Avranches
187:Stellavox
72:tape head
68:feed reel
3981:ProTools
3958:Software
3948:Theremin
3888:Chiptune
3845:Foldback
3675:MiniDisc
3456:CD Video
3387:HitClips
3344:BD-Audio
3338:DualDisc
3326:DataPlay
3296:MiniDisc
3074:PlayTape
2888:Optaphon
2452:Ediphone
2424:cylinder
2422:Grooved
2265:Engadget
2140:Archived
1939:page 867
1935:page 866
1698:. Stm.hu
1626:See also
1511:Boredoms
1437:realised
1313:bouncing
1305:sampling
1276:roll-off
1207:Dolby SR
1159:backward
1059:dropouts
1055:bit rate
763:playback
692:Vanguard
566:flanging
438:fidelity
422:PET film
383:Sel Sync
173:fidelity
4077:Tape op
3928:Sampler
3444:U-matic
3417:MicroSD
3204:Digital
3128:Elcaset
3038:8-track
2868:3" tape
2856:2" tape
2850:1" tape
2472:(1890s)
2466:(1890s)
2460:(1890s)
1600:Ei Wada
1591:uses a
1525:member
1516:Super æ
1396:" and "
1253:ProDigi
1122:acetate
1104:⁄
1090:⁄
1000:⁄
986:⁄
972:⁄
958:⁄
926:⁄
910:⁄
894:⁄
874:⁄
803:capstan
772:speaker
680:Philips
562:phasing
526:Editall
468:natural
464:musical
430:Philips
415:⁄
405:⁄
323:during
306:AC bias
301:DC bias
290:Philips
233:History
217:and in
166:⁄
145:⁄
131:⁄
121:⁄
112:,
107:⁄
93:⁄
88:,
83:⁄
4191:(NIME)
3865:Reverb
3476:(2007)
3470:(2001)
3464:(1991)
3458:(1987)
3452:(1986)
3446:(1971)
3440:(1967)
3431:Hybrid
3419:(2007)
3413:(2004)
3407:(2002)
3401:(2001)
3395:(1999)
3389:(2000)
3383:(1996)
3358:(2014)
3356:MQA-CD
3352:(2013)
3346:(2008)
3340:(2004)
3334:(2004)
3328:(2002)
3322:(2000)
3316:(1999)
3310:(1995)
3304:(1993)
3298:(1992)
3292:(1989)
3286:(1982)
3267:(1993)
3261:(1990)
3255:(1986)
3236:(1992)
3230:(1992)
3224:(1987)
3195:(1993)
3189:(1982)
3183:(1982)
3177:(1980)
3171:(1976)
3148:(1988)
3142:(1985)
3130:(1976)
3124:(1972)
3118:(1972)
3112:(1971)
3106:(1971)
3100:(1969)
3094:(1969)
3088:(1968)
3082:(1967)
3076:(1966)
3070:(1965)
3064:(1965)
3058:(1965)
3052:(1965)
3046:(1964)
3040:(1964)
3034:(1964)
3028:(1964)
3022:(1963)
3016:(1963)
3010:(1962)
3004:(1962)
2998:(1962)
2992:(1962)
2986:(1962)
2980:(1961)
2974:(1961)
2968:(1961)
2962:(1960)
2956:(1959)
2950:(1959)
2944:(1958)
2938:(1958)
2932:(1958)
2926:(1957)
2920:(1957)
2914:(1955)
2908:(1954)
2902:(1953)
2896:(1952)
2890:(1951)
2870:(1978)
2864:(1969)
2858:(1967)
2852:(1957)
2846:(1953)
2840:(1953)
2834:(1953)
2828:(1949)
2822:(1935)
2816:(1928)
2794:(1978)
2788:(1959)
2782:(1953)
2776:(1948)
2770:(1945)
2756:(1900)
2739:(1962)
2733:(1961)
2727:(1955)
2721:(1951)
2715:(1951)
2709:(1951)
2703:(1947)
2697:(1947)
2691:(1944)
2685:(1944)
2679:(1942)
2658:(1898)
2638:(1940)
2632:(1929)
2626:(1926)
2620:(1922)
2614:(1919)
2595:(1947)
2573:(2004)
2567:(1956)
2561:(1948)
2555:(1945)
2549:(1945)
2537:(1920)
2531:(1912)
2525:(1905)
2519:(1889)
2502:(1913)
2496:(1912)
2490:(1908)
2484:(1907)
2478:(1902)
2454:(1888)
2444:(1887)
2434:(1877)
2414:(1857)
2397:Analog
2388:(1883)
2382:(1881)
2214:
2063:
1897:, and
1726:21 May
1484:Geloso
1462:human
1361:, and
854:takeup
834:clutch
744:record
698:, and
576:1960s.
517:stereo
508:splice
352:Polish
348:Unitra
193:, and
191:Tascam
183:Studer
4143:STEIM
4138:SMPTE
4113:IRCAM
3578:(DAW)
3332:Hi-MD
3104:HiPac
1653:Notes
1593:ReVox
1552:Money
1489:Manal
1265:Nagra
1126:Mylar
838:brake
823:spool
807:idler
494:edit.
372:Ampex
331:near
195:Denon
60:reels
54:, is
3913:MIDI
3685:Opus
3462:ADAT
3350:HFPA
3308:HDCD
3265:SDDS
3181:DASH
2668:wire
2648:wire
2212:ISBN
2191:2022
2084:and
2061:ISBN
1728:2020
1618:and
1578:and
1458:10cc
1439:the
1431:and
1427:The
1368:The
1257:Sony
1255:and
1177:and
1148:and
1146:pre-
1030:VERA
794:and
688:Argo
639:and
564:and
512:Butt
504:glue
66:(or
3680:MP3
3665:DAT
3302:DTS
3259:CDS
2094:BBC
1899:756
1895:755
1891:754
1566:'s
1546:'s
1315:or
1287:DAT
1259:'s
1251:'s
1191:DBX
1028:'s
1026:BBC
1022:RCA
813:or
774:or
761:In
742:In
704:dbx
466:or
459:).
362:in
4230::
4022:DJ
3253:DD
3228:NT
2262:.
2182:.
2096:.
2043:^
1973:^
1950:^
1941:)
1910:^
1901:,
1893:,
1870:^
1860:.
1842:.
1824:.
1797:.
1719:.
1572:,
1519:).
1472:".
1357:,
1328:".
1020:,
1009:.
876:16
872:15
848:.
836:,
798:.
694:,
690:,
686:,
682:,
632:.
544:,
189:,
185:,
3509:e
3502:t
3495:v
2450:/
2440:/
2343:e
2336:t
2329:v
2268:.
2247:.
2226:.
2193:.
2149:.
2100:.
2069:.
2037:.
2011:.
1988:,
1966:,
1864:.
1846:.
1828:.
1809:.
1762:.
1730:.
1705:.
1106:4
1102:3
1099:+
1097:3
1092:4
1088:1
1073:(
1002:8
998:7
995:+
993:1
988:4
984:3
981:+
979:3
974:2
970:1
967:+
965:7
960:4
956:3
953:+
951:3
928:2
924:1
921:+
919:7
912:4
908:3
905:+
903:3
896:8
892:7
889:+
887:1
674:.
417:2
413:1
407:4
403:1
168:8
164:7
161:+
159:1
147:8
143:7
140:+
138:1
133:4
129:1
123:2
119:1
116:+
114:7
109:4
105:3
102:+
100:3
95:2
91:1
85:4
81:1
34:.
20:)
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