61:
520:), and the discontinuation of activities that cause vocal distress. Those experiencing a hoarseness of the voice may choose to undergo voice therapy to improve the voice's quality and range. Most cases of Reinke's edema are caused by the long term usage of cigarettes. In this case, it is important to make lifestyle changes to stop smoking. While this will not resolve or improve the edema, the cessation of smoking will halt the disease's progression.
415:
292:
37:
185:) of the vocal cord. The most common clinical symptom associated with Reinke's edema is an abnormally low pitched voice with hoarseness. The low pitch voice is a direct result of increased fluid in the Reinke's space, which vibrates at a lower frequency than normal (females <130 Hz; males <110 Hz). Hoarseness is a common problem of many
666:
were present in every lesion analyzed, representing 72.9% of all bacteria found specifically within Reinke's edema lesions and 68.7% of bacteria across all the vocal fold lesions sequenced. While smoking, gastric reflux, and vocal abuse have been more widely agreed upon in literature as risk factors
282:
for Reinke's edema. Similarly, the only way to prevent Reinke's edema is to avoid smoking. By adopting a non-smoking lifestyle after being diagnosed with Reinke's edema, it is possible to stop the disease's progression, although it is not possible to reverse it. Therefore, it is critical to maintain
246:
symptoms because they develop gradually over time and depend on how long the individual is exposed to the risk factor. In the case of smoking, as long as the individual continues the habit of smoking, the Reinke's edema will continue to progress. This is true for other risk factors as well, such as
539:
Most cases of Reinke's edema are bilateral −affecting both vocal cords− rather than unilateral. In the case of bilateral edema, the surgeon must choose whether to operate each side of the vocal cord in two separate surgeries or to operate both sides in a single surgery. The complication associated
401:
type of Reinke's edema is identified by an increased amount of fluid, accompanied by fluid color change from colorless to yellow-grey. The swelling of the vocal folds cause ballooned-like appearance, known as a polyp. The polyps of Reinke's edema are usually benign, however, there may be a risk of
523:
If the elimination of risk factors is not sufficient to improve the patient's symptoms, surgery may be required. The most common type of surgery performed today for Reinke's edema is called surgical microlaryngoscopy. Most procedures follow the microflap technique set in place by Hirano. During
462:
laryngoscopes, allow the patient to produce sound as the tube is placed, and therefore allows the doctor to visualize movement of the vocal cord. The use of rigid laryngoscopes generally requires general anaesthesia due to the discomfort involved in distracting the soft tissues of the mouth and
579:
Women are more likely than men to undergo surgery due to a greater change in vocal pitch and quality. Surgery is capable of restoring the voice, with the condition that smoking is not resumed after surgery. Reinke's edema is not a life-limiting pathology unless the tissue becomes precancerous.
274:
voices than females, males are less likely to observe significant changes in the voice and are therefore less likely to seek treatment. Females also report more physical discomfort due to Reinke's edema. The risk of Reinke's edema increases with age and also with prolonged exposure to smoking.
365:
of blood vessels, which results in fluid leaking into the Reinke's space. Normally, the vocal cords are surrounded by neatly aligned blood vessels, however, these blood vessels can become disarranged and fragile in Reinke's edema. In addition, cigarette smoke can create
267:. Additionally, the combination of several risk factors increase the likelihood of an individual developing Reinke's edema. For example, an individual who smokes and also has gastric reflux would have an increased susceptibility for developing Reinke's edema over time.
124:
The first cases of Reinke's edema were recorded in 1891 by M. Hajek, followed by F. Reinke in 1895. In his investigations, Reinke injected a stained glue into the superficial lamina propria (Reinke's space) to mimic edema. Reinke's edema is considered to be a
567:
laser for surgical microlaryngoscopy. Before the Hirano microflap method was developed in 1895, vocal stripping was the most common procedure used to correct Reinke's edema. Vocal stripping was often performed without magnification and with a
104:
Reinke's edema is characterized by the "sac-like" appearance of the fluid-filled vocal cords. The swelling of the vocal folds causes the voice to become deep and hoarse. Therefore, the major symptom of Reinke's edema is a hoarseness similar to
540:
with removing tissue from both sides in a single surgery is that the raw, cut ends of the vocal cords may form an anterior glottis web, in which the two sides grow together in a continuous sheet. Other complications of surgery include tissue
2893:
2878:
137:
pathologies. Treatment of Reinke's edema starts with the elimination of associated risk factors, such as smoking, gastric reflux, and hypothyroidism. Advanced cases may undergo phonosurgery to remove the fluid from the vocal cords.
487:
is used to examine the mucosal waves of the vocal cords. Mucosal waves describe the waves produced by vibration of the vocal cords during speech. Stroboscopes produce flashes of light that are timed to the patient's
283:
a non-smoking lifestyle even after surgery, because the fluid can re-emerge. In fact, in many cases surgeons will not perform surgery without the guarantee that the individual will stop smoking.
2168:
466:
Based on the results of the laryngoscopy, Reinke's edema can be classified using a standardized system set in place by
Yonekawa. This system characterizes the disease based on severity.
674:
The majority of the research within the last ten years focuses on improving surgery for Reinke's edema. Due to the importance of the Reinke's space in speech, it is important that
275:
Additionally, individuals in professions that require constant use of the voice, such as singers, teachers, and radio hosts, may be at an increased risk for developing the disease.
620:-like shape with several protrusions. Large populations of these altered CD34+ fibroblasts have been found surrounding the areas of edema. They lack normal expression of several
347:. This slows the vocal cord vibration, which results in a deepened and hoarse voice. Because men normally have a lower voice than women, the change is more noticeable in women.
678:
techniques be perfected that minimize the risk of complications. The carbon dioxide laser has been successfully incorporated into the surgical technique; there are several other
508:
The first step in treating Reinke's edema is to eliminate or control those risk factors that are causing the disease. This includes the cessation of smoking, the control of
450:
link to Reinke's edema. The doctor will need to know if the patient is a habitual smoker. Once the patient's history is reviewed, the vocal cords will be visualized using
1787:
397:
type is defined by a glazed appearance of the vocal cords with a clear (colorless) fluid underneath. This represents the early stage of the disease. The advanced
2632:
339:. In fact, these layers move freely over the more rigid intermediate and deep lamina proprias. Accumulation of fluid within the Reinke's space alters the
113:. In fact, 97 percent of patients diagnosed with Reinke's edema are habitual smokers. Other identified risk factors include overuse of the vocal cords,
551:
While surgical microlaryngoscopy has its associated risks, if left untreated, Reinke's edema can lead to a variety of long-term complications. Besides
2387:
2411:
2183:
624:(CD) proteins and express additional proteins that are not expressed in normal vocal cord fibroblasts. Cigarette smoke was discovered to increase
1394:
536:
is lifted and the affected tissue is removed using suction or a microdebrider. The flap is then re-draped and trimmed to the appropriate size.
386:
proteins. This leads to an overall decreased stiffness of the tissue layer, which vibrates more slowly and produces a deeper sounding voice.
181:
Reinke's edema is characterized by a "sac-like" appearance of the vocal folds. The edema is a white translucent fluid that causes a bulging (
2158:
1162:
957:
759:
1742:
877:
1523:"The Effects of Cigarette Smoke Condensate on Vocal Fold Transepithelial Resistance and Inflammatory Signaling in Vocal Fold Fibroblasts"
1358:
270:
Reinke's edema is commonly diagnosed in middle-aged females with a history of smoking (aged 50 years or older). Because males have lower
2844:
2627:
2382:
1780:
1254:
2637:
2433:
402:
cancer if the patient is a smoker. Additionally, if the edema becomes too severe, patients may experience difficulty breathing due to
2834:
2614:
2114:
1809:
1804:
1711:
717:
1664:
Young, VN (2015). "Analysis of
Potassium Titanyl Phosphate Laser Settings and Voice Outcomes in the Treatment of Reinke's Edema".
1181:
Martins, Regina Helena Garcia (2009). "Is Reinke's Edema a
Precancerous Lesion? Histological and Electron Microscopic Aspects".
2578:
1281:
200:
The swelling of the vocal cords and the lowering of the voice are warning signs that an individual has Reinke's edema. At the
639:
for Reinke's edema, others are being investigated to explain Reinke's edema in nonsmokers. Research has suggested the role of
2849:
1773:
653:
2315:
682:
being investigated for use in Reinke's edema. These include photoangiolytic lasers and potassium titanyl phosphate lasers.
2423:
675:
458:) is passed through the nose and down the larynx. Laryngoscopes can be rigid or flexible. Flexible laryngoscopes, such as
370:
that alter the environment of the vocal cords. Tissue analysis of Reinke's edema shows decreased amounts of the proteins
548:
during the incision and vocal cord stiffening due to over-suctioning of the superficial lamina propria (Reinke's space).
2622:
2573:
2406:
2344:
696:
247:
untreated gastric reflux and overuse of the voice, which is common to professions such as singers and radio announcers.
2583:
1216:
Jovanovic, Milan (2007). "Contact
Telescopy Reveals Blood Vessel Alterations of Vocal Fold Mucosa in Reinke's Edema".
563:
of the vocal cords. The risk of complications has decreased drastically with the creation of new tools, such as the CO
2769:
1621:
Koszewski, IJ (2015). "Office-Based
Photoangiolytic Laser Treatment of Reinke's Edema: Safety and Voice Outcomes".
1376:
636:
621:
390:
121:. The disease is more often cited in women than in men, because lower voice changes are more noticeable in women.
774:
F. B. Reinke. Untersuchungen über das menschliche
Stimmband. Fortschritte der Medizin, München, 1895, 13: 469-478.
2642:
2267:
2241:
1966:
1867:
86:
2418:
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2246:
2231:
2224:
2129:
2090:
2037:
2015:
1973:
1901:
94:
2397:
500:. In the case of Reinke's edema, structural changes to the vocal cords will result in abnormal wave patterns.
1416:
393:, such as smoking and gastric reflux. Disease progression is divided into two types: "pale" and "livid". The
2546:
2188:
2104:
1979:
691:
509:
367:
256:
114:
496:
image of the vocal cords at that particular moment in time. These are combined to produce an image of the
2672:
2525:
2486:
2401:
2354:
2053:
1896:
513:
438:("cords"). First, the doctor will review the patient's medical history and symptoms, such as hoarseness,
1934:
1906:
427:
362:
325:
220:
proteins. These characteristics can be used to diagnose Reinke's edema. Reinke's edema is considered a
97:
of the vocal cord. When a person speaks, the Reinke's space vibrates to allow for sound to be produced (
2551:
2503:
2491:
2305:
2263:
1862:
1402:
852:
Hirano, M (1976). "An improvement in surgical treatment for polypoid vocal cord: sucking technique".
632:(PGE2) expression in fibroblasts, which could explain the role of cigarette smoke in Reinke's edema.
613:
601:
525:
383:
340:
279:
217:
389:
The progression of Reinke's edema is gradual and is directly related to the duration of exposure to
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2819:
2786:
2532:
2481:
2109:
1929:
1796:
307:
60:
54:
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2048:
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1130:
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and chronic overuse of the voice. Smoking and reflux are the only risk factors that may lead to
1750:
885:
2908:
2799:
2043:
1872:
1833:
1681:
1638:
1603:
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243:
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are all risk factors for Reinke's edema. The symptoms of Reinke's edema are considered to be
201:
197:, a condition in which the individual has difficulty producing the sounds of speech normally.
82:
49:
1031:
2742:
2735:
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1114:
997:
941:
824:
816:
657:
640:
629:
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431:
130:
335:. The two layers of the vocal cords that vibrate are the Reinke's space and the overlying
193:. It is described as a harsh and breathy tone of voice. Hoarseness is often seen alongside
2764:
2716:
2604:
2555:
2476:
2392:
2200:
1454:
668:
533:
354:
1719:
2702:
2364:
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2195:
2005:
2000:
1598:
1572:"Characterization and comparison of bacterial communities in benign vocal fold lesions"
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1335:
1310:
829:
804:
648:
617:
589:
545:
489:
313:
260:
239:
118:
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or mechanism of Reinke's edema is not well known, however, chemicals contained within
2929:
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2508:
2219:
1765:
1507:
942:
662:
459:
271:
1693:
1650:
1292:
1134:
1017:
988:
Tillmann, B. (1995). "Morphological studies on the pathogenesis of Reinke's edema".
2731:
2684:
2069:
2021:
1890:
560:
555:(impaired sound production for speech), the most serious of these complications is
517:
451:
426:
Reinke's edema is often diagnosed by an ear, nose and throat (ENT) specialist (an
419:
353:
usually occurs on both vocal cords. This is known as bilateral Reinke's edema. The
291:
225:
221:
126:
101:). The Reinke's space is sometimes referred to as the superficial lamina propria.
1326:
1282:"An Analogy between the Mucosal Waves of the Vocal Folds and Wind Waves on Water"
1229:
1194:
1105:
Zeitels, Steven (2002). "Management of common voice problems: Committee report".
651:, thirty-one of the forty-four non-neoplastic lesions sampled were found to have
524:
surgery, an incision is made into the vocal cord using either microscissors or a
278:
Because the disease is heavily linked to smoking, there is no established way to
30:
Reinke's oedema, polypoid degeneration, polypoid corditis, edematous hyptertrophy
2829:
2776:
2759:
2754:
2707:
2662:
2513:
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2300:
2029:
1961:
1924:
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371:
296:
229:
205:
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2085:
2061:
2010:
1884:
1849:
1824:
1435:
1050:
644:
593:
447:
336:
331:
In order for humans to produce sound for speech, the vocal folds must readily
190:
106:
74:
1677:
1634:
1066:
721:(2011), with the precision that the spelling in the United States is 'edema'.
2824:
2456:
2325:
2320:
2290:
1841:
1118:
616:
change in fibroblasts extracted from the tissue of Reinke's edema to a more
569:
552:
455:
439:
358:
332:
194:
157:
98:
1642:
1607:
1588:
1556:
1499:
1344:
1237:
1202:
1126:
838:
667:
for Reinke's edema, the altered bacterial cultures could be developed as a
1685:
1074:
1009:
255:
Smoking is the number one cause of Reinke's edema. Other factors include
182:
167:
36:
2839:
2724:
2124:
1857:
605:
379:
209:
174:
576:
scope. This led to major complications such as vocal ligament scarring.
2077:
1953:
1538:
1490:
1473:
1001:
820:
609:
375:
344:
235:
213:
110:
90:
2870:
228:
if smoking is involved. An indicator of cancer is the development of
2882:
2174:
1987:
1916:
264:
186:
134:
973:
476:
Grade II – Lesions contact the anterior two-thirds of the vocal fold
1995:
679:
625:
413:
350:
290:
78:
1944:
597:
541:
497:
1769:
473:
Grade I – Lesions contact the anterior third of the vocal fold
809:
Indian
Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery
208:
in patients with Reinke's edema will show lowered levels of
592:
types in Reinke's edema, including the role of vocal cord
479:
Grade III – Lesions contact the entirety of the vocal fold
1311:"Mucosal Wave Measurement and Visualization Techniques"
232:, which manifests as white patches on the vocal folds.
1440:
1289:
492:. Every time the light is flashed, it will create a
2860:
647:
lesions such as Reinke's edema. In one study using
109:. The major cause associated with Reinke's edema is
2864:
2812:
2785:
2715:
2701:
2655:
2613:
2592:
2566:
2469:
2455:
2446:
2375:
2260:
2240:
2123:
2103:
1943:
1823:
1803:
48:
26:
21:
588:Recent studies have examined the role of specific
805:"A Clinico-pathological Study of Reinke's Oedema"
343:of the vocal cord, making it less stiff and more
303:The vocal cords consist of five layers of cells:
1377:"Frequently Asked Questions About Voice Therapy"
163:Reduced vocal range with diminished upper limits
1747:The Center for Voice at Northwestern University
1716:The Center for Voice at Northwestern University
1712:"Benign Vocal Lesions - Nodules, Polyps, Cysts"
133:(protrusion) that represents 10% of all benign
1781:
1474:"CD34-Positive Fibroblasts in Reinke's Edema"
948:. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p.
882:Benign Vocal Lesions - Nodules, Polyps, Cysts
715:'Oedema' is the standard form defined in the
660:as the dominant bacteria present. Species of
454:, a technique in which a tube with a camera (
8:
1381:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
1036:American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
1417:"Microdebriders Offer New Surgical Options"
1155:Classification Manual for Voice Disorders-I
1049:Kieff, D. A.; Zeitels, S. M. (April 1996).
93:layer of the vocal cord located underneath
85:. First identified by the German anatomist
2861:
2712:
2466:
2452:
2257:
2120:
1820:
1788:
1774:
1766:
752:Diagnosis and Treatment of Voice Disorders
596:. In normal tissue, these spindle-shaped
150:A "sac-like" appearance of the vocal folds
59:
35:
18:
2388:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
1597:
1587:
1546:
1489:
1334:
828:
2412:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1291:. SR-101 /102 (243−249). Archived from
708:
361:smoke are associated with an increased
1249:
1247:
1176:
1174:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
878:"The Center for Voice @ Northwestern"
153:Hoarseness and deepening of the voice
7:
1107:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
871:
869:
867:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
2845:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
944:Operative Techniques in Laryngology
2434:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
1797:Diseases of the respiratory system
754:. Plural Publishing. p. 104.
14:
1395:"ENT patients: Microlaryngoscopy"
1359:"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease"
718:Concise Oxford English Dictionary
483:If further evaluation is needed,
89:in 1895, the Reinke's space is a
1743:"Illustration of Reinke's Edema"
1309:Krausert, Christopher R (2011).
1157:. Psychology Press. p. 55.
612:. Recent findings have shown a
1261:. Elsevier Health Science. 2015
876:Altman MD, PhD, Ken W. (2002).
2850:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
654:Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae
1:
2424:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
1153:Verdolini, Katherine (2014).
204:level, an examination of the
2407:Respiratory hypersensitivity
2345:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
1327:10.1016/j.jvoice.2010.02.001
1280:McGowan, Richard S. (1990).
1230:10.1016/j.jvoice.2006.01.004
1195:10.1016/j.jvoice.2008.03.001
697:Histology of the vocal folds
2316:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
1570:Hanshew, Alissa S. (2014).
1472:Diaz-Flores, Lucio (2014).
803:Goswami, Saileswar (2003).
572:laryngoscope, instead of a
319:Intermediate lamina propria
2952:
2169:Acute exacerbation of COPD
1623:Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
622:cluster of differentiation
446:. There is no familial or
166:Stretching of the mucosa (
1521:Branski, Ryan C. (2011).
990:Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol
635:While smoking is a clear
469:Yonekawa Classification:
224:or polyp that may become
146:List of common symptoms:
43:
34:
2232:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
2225:Bronchiolitis obliterans
2091:Laryngotracheal stenosis
2038:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2016:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1974:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1902:Nasal septum perforation
1678:10.1177/0003489414549155
1666:Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol
1635:10.1177/0194599815577104
1442:. Bastian Medical Media.
434:) by examination of the
1980:Retropharyngeal abscess
1119:10.1067/mhn.2002.123546
692:List of voice disorders
510:gastroesophageal reflux
368:reactive oxygen species
257:gastroesophageal reflux
115:gastroesophageal reflux
81:) collected within the
73:is the swelling of the
2673:Pulmonary hypertension
2402:Eosinophilic pneumonia
2054:Vocal cord dysfunction
1897:Nasal septum deviation
1589:10.1186/2049-2618-2-43
1255:"The Voice Foundation"
600:+ fibroblasts produce
514:proton-pump inhibitors
423:
300:
238:, gastric reflux, and
2800:Mediastinal emphysema
2579:Healthcare-associated
2509:Legionnaires' disease
1935:Peritonsillar abscess
1907:Nasal septal hematoma
1455:"Stem cell treatment"
1055:Comprehensive Therapy
975:Langenbecks Arch Chir
940:Rosen, Clark (2009).
544:due to damage to the
428:Otorhinolaryngologist
417:
363:vascular permeability
294:
173:Shortness of breath (
2547:Mendelson's syndrome
2419:Hamman–Rich syndrome
1032:"Nodules and Polyps"
750:Rubin, John (2014).
602:extracellular matrix
526:Carbon dioxide laser
384:extracellular matrix
295:The movement of the
218:extracellular matrix
2820:Respiratory failure
2787:Mediastinal disease
2355:Bird fancier's lung
1930:Adenoid hypertrophy
1405:on 12 October 2015.
322:Deep lamina propria
308:Squamous epithelium
87:Friedrich B. Reinke
55:Otorhinolaryngology
2725:Pleuritis/pleurisy
2678:Pulmonary embolism
2574:Community-acquired
2499:Atypical bacterial
2398:Löffler's syndrome
2179:Status asthmaticus
2164:Chronic bronchitis
2049:Vocal fold paresis
1863:Vasomotor rhinitis
1753:on August 17, 2007
1722:on August 17, 2007
1539:10.1002/lary.21388
1491:10.1002/lary.24407
1453:Clinic, Coolaser.
1002:10.1007/BF02114753
854:Otologia (Fukuoka)
821:10.1007/BF02991943
676:minimally-invasive
641:bacterial colonies
557:airway obstruction
512:using antacids or
424:
404:airway obstruction
301:
189:diseases, such as
156:Trouble speaking (
142:Signs and symptoms
2923:
2922:
2858:
2857:
2808:
2807:
2765:Empyema/pyothorax
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2651:
2650:
2584:Hospital-acquired
2442:
2441:
2306:Caplan's syndrome
2099:
2098:
2044:Vocal fold nodule
1868:Atrophic rhinitis
1434:Bastian, Robert.
1164:978-0-8058-5631-6
959:978-3-540-25806-3
761:978-1-59756-644-5
658:bacterial strains
604:proteins such as
129:(non-cancercous)
68:
67:
16:Medical condition
2943:
2862:
2743:Pleural effusion
2736:Hemopneumothorax
2713:
2467:
2453:
2296:Bauxite fibrosis
2261:External agents/
2258:
2189:Exercise-induced
2145:Acute bronchitis
2121:
1821:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1749:. Archived from
1731:
1729:
1727:
1718:. Archived from
1698:
1697:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1493:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1401:. Archived from
1391:
1385:
1384:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1298:on 16 July 2020.
1297:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1218:Journal of Voice
1213:
1207:
1206:
1183:Journal of Voice
1178:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1139:
1138:
1102:
1079:
1078:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1022:
1021:
985:
979:
978:
970:
964:
963:
947:
937:
898:
897:
895:
893:
884:. Archived from
873:
862:
861:
849:
843:
842:
832:
800:
775:
772:
766:
765:
747:
722:
713:
630:prostaglandin E2
432:Otolaryngologist
316:(Reinke's space)
64:
63:
39:
19:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2936:Voice disorders
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2873:
2859:
2854:
2804:
2781:
2717:Pleural disease
2706:
2689:
2647:
2609:
2593:By distribution
2588:
2567:By vector/route
2562:
2460:
2448:
2438:
2393:Pulmonary edema
2371:
2266:
2262:
2249:
2245:
2236:
2201:Cystic fibrosis
2128:
2112:
2108:
2095:
1939:
1813:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1756:
1754:
1741:
1738:
1725:
1723:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:Coolaser.clinic
1452:
1451:
1447:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1104:
1103:
1082:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1030:
1029:
1025:
987:
986:
982:
972:
971:
967:
960:
939:
938:
901:
891:
889:
875:
874:
865:
851:
850:
846:
802:
801:
778:
773:
769:
762:
749:
748:
725:
714:
710:
705:
688:
671:in the future.
669:diagnostic tool
586:
566:
534:mucous membrane
531:
506:
490:vocal frequency
412:
382:I and III, and
355:pathophysiology
289:
253:
144:
95:the outer cells
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2890:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:Classification
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2703:Pleural cavity
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2365:Lycoperdonosis
2362:
2357:
2352:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2276:Pneumoconiosis
2272:
2270:
2255:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2196:Bronchiectasis
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2118:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2006:Laryngeal cyst
2003:
2001:Laryngomalacia
1998:
1993:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1737:
1736:External links
1734:
1733:
1732:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1656:
1629:(6): 1075–81.
1613:
1562:
1533:(3): 601–605.
1513:
1484:(3): E73–E80.
1464:
1445:
1426:
1408:
1386:
1368:
1350:
1321:(4): 395–405.
1301:
1272:
1243:
1224:(3): 355–360.
1208:
1189:(6): 721–725.
1170:
1163:
1140:
1113:(4): 333–348.
1080:
1061:(4): 222–230.
1051:"Phonosurgery"
1041:
1023:
980:
965:
958:
899:
863:
844:
776:
767:
760:
723:
707:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
694:
687:
684:
649:pyrosequencing
585:
582:
564:
559:due to severe
546:vocal ligament
529:
505:
502:
481:
480:
477:
474:
442:, and reduced
411:
408:
329:
328:
326:Vocalis muscle
323:
320:
317:
314:lamina propria
310:
288:
285:
261:hypothyroidism
252:
249:
240:hypothyroidism
179:
178:
171:
164:
161:
154:
151:
143:
140:
119:hypothyroidism
83:Reinke's space
77:due to fluid (
71:Reinke's edema
66:
65:
52:
46:
45:
44:Reinke's edema
41:
40:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
22:Reinke's edema
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2948:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:Other/general
2811:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Mediastinitis
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:noninfectious
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2447:Obstructive /
2445:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Farmer's lung
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:Bronchiolitis
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1436:"Glottic Web"
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:(8): 469–74.
995:
991:
984:
981:
976:
969:
966:
961:
955:
951:
946:
945:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
900:
888:on 2007-08-17
887:
883:
879:
872:
870:
868:
864:
859:
855:
848:
845:
840:
836:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
777:
771:
768:
763:
757:
753:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
724:
720:
719:
712:
709:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
683:
681:
677:
672:
670:
665:
664:
663:Streptococcus
659:
656:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
614:morphological
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
583:
581:
577:
575:
571:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
537:
535:
532:). A flap of
527:
521:
519:
515:
511:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
478:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
416:
409:
407:
405:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
311:
309:
306:
305:
304:
299:during speech
298:
293:
286:
284:
281:
276:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
149:
148:
147:
141:
139:
136:
132:
128:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
62:
56:
53:
51:
47:
42:
38:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2907:
2892:
2877:
2732:Pneumothorax
2685:Lung abscess
2667:
2537:
2526:Pneumocystis
2487:Pneumococcal
2268:lung disease
2264:occupational
2242:Interstitial
2207:
2151:
2137:
2110:lung disease
2076:
2070:Epiglottitis
2060:
2028:
2022:Laryngospasm
1986:
1967:Strep throat
1952:
1915:
1891:nasal septum
1889:
1848:
1832:
1755:. Retrieved
1751:the original
1746:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:the original
1715:
1672:(3): 972–7.
1669:
1665:
1659:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1530:
1527:Laryngoscope
1526:
1516:
1481:
1478:Laryngoscope
1477:
1467:
1458:
1448:
1439:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1403:the original
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1293:the original
1288:
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1258:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1186:
1182:
1154:
1110:
1106:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1035:
1026:
993:
989:
983:
974:
968:
943:
890:. Retrieved
886:the original
881:
857:
853:
847:
815:(3): 160–5.
812:
808:
770:
751:
716:
711:
673:
661:
652:
634:
587:
578:
561:inflammation
550:
538:
522:
507:
482:
468:
465:
452:laryngoscopy
425:
420:laryngoscope
398:
394:
391:risk factors
388:
349:
330:
312:Superficial
302:
277:
269:
254:
234:
226:precancerous
222:benign tumor
199:
180:
145:
123:
103:
70:
69:
2830:Common cold
2777:Fibrothorax
2760:Chylothorax
2755:Hydrothorax
2708:mediastinum
2668:circulatory
2663:Atelectasis
2470:By pathogen
2462:pneumonitis
2449:Restrictive
2429:Sarcoidosis
2301:Berylliosis
2247:restrictive
2208:unspecified
2130:obstructive
2113:(including
2030:vocal cords
1962:Pharyngitis
1925:Tonsillitis
1880:Nasal polyp
1815:common cold
1808:(including
860:(5): 583–9.
637:risk factor
594:fibroblasts
494:still frame
485:stroboscopy
444:vocal range
436:vocal folds
422:instrument
372:fibronectin
297:vocal folds
230:leukoplakia
206:vocal cords
202:microscopic
75:vocal cords
27:Other names
2909:DiseasesDB
2750:Hemothorax
2552:Aspiration
2514:Chlamydiae
2504:Mycoplasma
2492:Klebsiella
2350:Bagassosis
2336:Byssinosis
2311:Chalicosis
2286:Asbestosis
2281:Aluminosis
2215:Bronchitis
2086:Tracheitis
2062:epiglottis
2011:Laryngitis
1885:Rhinorrhea
1576:Microbiome
1265:17 October
892:24 October
703:References
645:neoplastic
448:hereditary
345:gelatinous
341:elasticity
337:epithelium
191:laryngitis
183:distension
168:distension
107:laryngitis
91:gelatinous
2825:Influenza
2770:Malignant
2533:Parasitic
2482:Bacterial
2457:Pneumonia
2326:Silicosis
2321:Siderosis
2291:Baritosis
2125:Bronchial
1873:Hay fever
1842:Sinusitis
1508:206201456
1399:entuk.org
1363:aaaai.org
1259:Diagnosis
1067:0098-8243
618:dendritic
574:binocular
570:monocular
553:dysphonia
518:Protonix®
504:Treatment
463:pharynx.
456:endoscope
440:dysphonia
410:Diagnosis
380:collagens
359:cigarette
287:Mechanism
195:dysphonia
187:laryngeal
158:dysphonia
135:laryngeal
99:phonation
50:Specialty
2930:Category
2840:COVID-19
2633:BOOP-COP
2600:Broncho-
2543:Chemical
2331:Talcosis
2252:fibrosis
2105:Lower RT
1858:Rhinitis
1805:Upper RT
1757:July 24,
1726:July 24,
1694:10895483
1651:20506230
1643:25820581
1608:25671105
1557:21298639
1500:24115077
1421:ENTtoday
1345:20471798
1238:16564676
1203:18619781
1135:26308857
1127:11997771
1018:10032256
839:23119968
686:See also
606:collagen
584:Research
542:scarring
210:collagen
175:dyspnoea
2152:chronic
2078:trachea
1954:pharynx
1834:sinuses
1705:Sources
1686:5169585
1599:4323261
1548:3132796
1336:2976773
1315:J Voice
1075:8733779
1010:8719588
830:3451126
643:in non-
610:elastin
376:elastin
333:vibrate
272:pitched
244:chronic
236:Smoking
214:elastin
111:smoking
2521:Fungal
2175:Asthma
1988:larynx
1917:tonsil
1692:
1684:
1649:
1641:
1606:
1596:
1582:: 43.
1555:
1545:
1506:
1498:
1343:
1333:
1236:
1201:
1161:
1133:
1125:
1073:
1065:
1016:
1008:
956:
837:
827:
758:
680:lasers
418:Rigid
280:screen
265:cancer
251:Causes
216:, and
127:benign
117:, and
57:
2914:32572
2903:478.6
2888:J38.4
2656:Other
2605:Lobar
2556:Lipid
2477:Viral
2376:Other
2138:acute
2115:LRTIs
2040:(LPR)
2018:(LPR)
1996:Croup
1976:(LPR)
1810:URTIs
1690:S2CID
1647:S2CID
1504:S2CID
1296:(PDF)
1285:(PDF)
1131:S2CID
1014:S2CID
626:COX-2
516:(eg,
460:fiber
399:livid
351:Edema
131:polyp
79:Edema
2898:9-CM
2835:SARS
2638:NSIP
2383:ARDS
2184:AERD
2159:COPD
1945:Neck
1850:nose
1825:Head
1759:2007
1728:2007
1682:PMID
1639:PMID
1604:PMID
1553:PMID
1496:PMID
1341:PMID
1267:2015
1234:PMID
1199:PMID
1159:ISBN
1123:PMID
1071:PMID
1063:ISSN
1006:PMID
954:ISBN
894:2015
835:PMID
756:ISBN
628:and
608:and
598:CD34
590:cell
498:wave
395:pale
2894:ICD
2879:ICD
2628:DIP
2623:UIP
2615:IIP
1674:doi
1631:doi
1627:152
1594:PMC
1584:doi
1543:PMC
1535:doi
1531:121
1486:doi
1482:124
1331:PMC
1323:doi
1226:doi
1191:doi
1115:doi
1111:126
998:doi
994:252
950:113
825:PMC
817:doi
528:(CO
430:or
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