796:
509:
75:
760:
727:, they prayed using water, fire, plants, forests, rocks, thunder and lightning. They performed their acts of worship accompanied by dance and music in the sacred groves used as temples. An old priest led the ceremony, accompanied by songs of prayer, consisting of meaningless words and supplications. Thus, it was aimed to protect the newborn babies from diseases and the
731:. Another important aspect was ancestors and honor. Therefore, the goal of man's earthly existence is the perfection of the soul, which corresponds to the maintenance of honour, manifestation of compassion, gratuitous help, which, along with valour, and bravery of a warrior, enables the human soul to join the soul of the ancestors with a clear conscience.
918:
the
Ottoman Empire boosted the spread of Islam. Circassian elders saw some elements in Islamic tradition as the influences of foreign culture and rejected them, and while Circassians were Sunni Muslims officially, most Circassians were non-denominational and only accepted the Sunni practices after being exiled.
917:
A small Muslim community in
Circassia has always existed since the Middle Ages, but widespread Islamization occurred after 1717. Travelling Sufi preachers and the increasing threat of an invasion from Russia helped expedite the process of the Islamization of Circassia. Circassian scholars educated in
747:
and the settlement of approximately 20,000 Jews in
Circassia. However, the practice of Judaism later declined significantly, following conversions to Christianity and Islam. The Circassians have co-existed with Jewish community of Nalchik for years. And during the 1990's the Jewish population in
853:
in
Circassia experienced its final collapse in the 18th century when the majority of Circassians were converted to Islam. The ex-priests joined the Circassian nobility and were given the name "shogene" (teacher) which over time became a surname. Many Circassian families are descended from these
826:
by the crusaders and the establishment of the Latin state. The
Catholic religion was adopted by the Circassians following Farzakht, a distinguished figure who greatly contributed to the spread of this religion in his country. The pope sent him a letter in 1333 thanking him for his effort, as an
795:
2024:
1574:, unchurched Orthodox Christian believers or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches. In addition, 10% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 3% are
857:
Significant
Christian and pagan presence remained among some tribes such as the Shapsugs and Natukhai with Islamization pressures implemented by those loyal to the
514:
806:
It is the tradition of the early church that
Christianity made its first appearance in Circassia in the 1st century AD via the travels and preaching of the
2030:
1696:
1710:
Antiquitates christianæ, or, The history of the life and death of the holy Jesus as also the lives acts and martyrdoms of his
Apostles: in two parts
519:
2185:
2169:
827:
indication of his gratitude. For
Circassians, the most important and attractive personality in all Christian teachings was the personality of
1981:
1920:
1886:
1761:
657:
1622:Чамокова, Сусанна Туркубиевна (2015). "ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ РЕЛИГИОЗНЫХ ВЗГЛЯДОВ АДЫГОВ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОСНОВНЫХ АДЫГСКИХ КОСМОГОНИЧЕСКИХ БОЖЕСТВ".
1956:
2058:
2034:(in Russian). Vol. 3: Банки – Бергер. St. Petersburg: Семеновская Типо Литография (И. А. Ефрона). pp. 356–357 – via
2006:
822:
first spread throughout
Circassia between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD. The spread of the Catholic faith was only possible with the
1910:
823:
1414:, 1% are either Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to church or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, and 1% are
2208:
890:
1568:
1407:
1234:
1070:
538:
902:
1641:
548:
451:
715:
The ancient beliefs of the Circassians were based on animism and magic, within the framework of the customary rules of
1509:
1352:
1242:
1171:
1006:
748:
Circassia declined in most areas due to Immigration to Israel Today there is a small but growing Jewish population in
461:
138:
74:
1221:
According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people, 70.8% of the population of Kabardino-Balkaria adheres to
831:. They saw in him the embodiment of all the virtues respected in the Caucasus. His name in Circassian is Awushidjer (
1559:
According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people, 64% of the population of Karachay-Cherkessia adheres to
2213:
693:. The majority of ethnic Circassians today are Muslim while a minority retain Orthodox Christian or pagan beliefs.
630:
193:
650:
2203:
508:
1061:
According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people, 35.4% of the population of Adygea adheres to the
1564:
1448:
1403:
1291:
1275:
1226:
1125:
1062:
960:
944:
163:
1464:
1322:
1141:
976:
600:
480:
179:
128:
1974:
Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia: The Safavids and the Papal Mission of the 17th and 18th Centuries
1826:
490:
171:
118:
113:
108:
1679:
2117:
1666:
701:
Circassia gradually went through following various religions: Paganism, Christianity, and then Islam.
2181:
2165:
643:
485:
368:
158:
143:
133:
123:
23:
1494:
1230:
1156:
710:
690:
543:
502:
357:
153:
148:
95:
85:
79:
2218:
1814:
878:
807:
682:
620:
533:
387:
2054:
2002:
1977:
1952:
1951:. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–412.
1944:
1916:
1882:
1876:
1757:
1077:
906:
898:
882:
610:
563:
495:
2053:(First printed in paperback ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 147.
1751:
2089:
Shenfield, Stephen D. "The Circassians : A forgotten genocide". In Levene and Roberts,
1806:
894:
858:
744:
615:
568:
1076:
and 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to church or are members of other
1839:
1747:
1479:
1418:. In addition, 22% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 13% is
1337:
1110:
991:
840:
832:
605:
381:
1080:. In addition, 30% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 9% is
1854:"Главная страница проекта "Арена" : Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба СРЕДА"
686:
427:
759:
2197:
1306:
1595:"Refworld | Moscow Uses Russian Orthodox Church to Divide Circassian Activists"
1402:
According to a 2012 survey 52.2% of the population of Krasnodar Krai adheres to the
850:
828:
819:
716:
595:
352:
253:
62:
885:
traders, today constitutes just under 1% of Kabardins, notably including those in
1594:
874:
67:
35:
1797:
Svetlana Lyagusheva (2005). "Islam and the Traditional Moral Code of Adyghes".
2035:
1571:
1528:
1422:, and 7.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.
1411:
1371:
1238:
1190:
1073:
1025:
870:
866:
724:
314:
279:
238:
228:
1810:
1735:
One Europe, Many Nations: a Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
815:
800:
674:
625:
475:
432:
399:
243:
57:
728:
309:
289:
248:
233:
218:
1608:
1818:
1575:
1524:
1419:
1367:
1246:
1186:
1081:
1021:
740:
582:
304:
299:
274:
223:
213:
1609:""Our Ancestors were Orthodox". A story of a Kabardian, former Muslim"
1084:, and 8.6% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.
1415:
886:
869:
orders gained prominence and played a role in spreading Islam. Among
862:
811:
720:
678:
456:
319:
294:
269:
1624:Вестник Майкопского государственного технологического университета
1560:
1222:
1066:
794:
749:
437:
347:
284:
1878:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East: L to Z
1912:
An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires
2023:
1435:
Religion in Karachay-Cherkessia as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)
754:
1642:"Çerkes mitolojisinin temel unsurları: Tanrılar ve Çerkesler"
1097:
Religion in Kabardino-Balkaria as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)
2146:
739:
During the 8th century, some Circassian tribes converted to
2184:. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017.
2168:. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017.
1697:"Meet the Sochi Jewish Community: Still Putting Down Roots"
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
1249:
or follows other religions including Jehovah's Witnesses.
1853:
1567:, 2% to the Karachay and Circassian native faith, 2% are
1262:
Religion in Krasnodar Krai as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)
2147:"Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"
771:
2072:
2070:
1241:. In addition, 12% of the population declares to be "
810:, but recorded history suggests that, as a result of
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
931:Religion in Adygea as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)
854:priests, some of Greek origin and some of Roman.
1947:. In Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence (eds.).
893:. Notable Circassian Christian figures include
651:
515:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
8:
2031:Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона
1999:Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance
877:, originally introduced along the coasts by
1667:Khabze: the religious system of Circassians
673:refers to religious presence in historical
1945:"European Contacts with Persia: 1350–1736"
658:
644:
18:
2028:[Bekovich, Devlet-Kizden Murza].
1737:. Westport, USA, Greenwood, 2000. p. 354.
743:, as a result of good relations with the
2051:Ivan the Terrible: first Tsar of Russia
1972:Chick, H.; Matthee, Rudi, eds. (2012).
1724:. London, Charles Knight, 1838. p. 138.
1712:, by Taylor, Jeremy, 1613–1667. p. 101.
1586:
580:
520:Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society
417:
397:
366:
328:
191:
93:
32:
1835:
1824:
1233:and other indigenous faiths, 3.8% are
7:
2025:"Бекович, Девлет-Кизден-Мурза"
2001:. Duke University Press. p. 9.
1635:
1633:
14:
1680:"Circassian Religion and Beliefs"
2022:Андреевский, И. Е., ed. (1891).
1909:James Stuart Olson, ed. (1994).
1756:. Psychology Press. p. 32.
824:Latin Conquest of Constantinople
758:
507:
73:
1578:, and 6% are other/undeclared.
719:. Although the main belief was
544:Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
2182:2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps
2166:2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps
2118:"Çerkeslerde inanç ve hoşgörü"
1881:. Facts on File. p. 359.
539:Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria
16:Religious beliefs in Circassia
1:
2049:De Madariaga, Isabel (2006).
1949:The Cambridge History of Iran
903:Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky
1856:. Sreda.org. 19 October 2012
861:. Sufi orders including the
799:Saint Nicholas cathedral in
549:Shapsugsky National District
452:Mongol invasion of Circassia
262:Destroyed or barely existing
1976:. I.B.Tauris. p. 144.
1943:Lockhart, Laurence (1986).
1510:Spiritual but not religious
1353:Spiritual but not religious
1243:spiritual but not religious
1172:Spiritual but not religious
1007:Spiritual but not religious
80:List of notable Circassians
2235:
1915:. Greenwood. p. 329.
1875:Jamie Stokes, ed. (2009).
844:
836:
708:
631:Circassian Day of Mourning
1997:Allworth, Edward (1994).
1550:
1542:
1537:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1503:
1493:
1488:
1478:
1473:
1462:
1457:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1366:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1331:
1320:
1315:
1305:
1300:
1289:
1284:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1165:
1155:
1150:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1000:
990:
985:
974:
969:
958:
953:
943:
939:
935:
930:
1811:10.1163/1573384054068123
1753:The Chechens: A Handbook
2104:The Circassian Genocide
2091:The Massacre in History
1785:The Circassian Genocide
1565:Russian Orthodox Church
1404:Russian Orthodox Church
1227:Russian Orthodox Church
1063:Russian Orthodox Church
2209:Christianity in Russia
803:
601:Circassian nationalism
481:Circassian slave trade
370:Languages and dialects
1799:Iran and the Caucasus
839:) or Dawushdjerdjiy (
798:
671:Religion in Circassia
491:Circassian Revolution
341:Religion in Circassia
1543:Other and undeclared
1386:Other and undeclared
1205:Other and undeclared
1040:Other and undeclared
626:Circassian mythology
486:Russo-Circassian War
1748:Jaimoukha, Amjad M.
1640:Övür, Ayşe (2006).
1495:Circassian paganism
1426:Karachay-Cherkessia
1231:Circassian paganism
1157:Circassian paganism
711:Circassian paganism
691:Karachai-Cherkessia
503:Circassian genocide
358:Circassian paganism
97:Circassian diaspora
86:Circassian genocide
2102:Richmond, Walter.
2078:Circassian History
1834:Unknown parameter
1783:Richmond, Walter.
1722:The Penny Magazine
1088:Kabardino-Balkaria
889:and some of those
804:
770:. You can help by
683:Kabardino-Balkaria
621:Circassian cuisine
534:Republic of Adygea
2214:Judaism in Russia
1983:978-0-85772-206-5
1922:978-0-313-27497-8
1888:978-0-8160-7158-6
1763:978-0-415-32328-4
1555:
1554:
1449:Russian Orthodoxy
1398:
1397:
1276:Russian Orthodoxy
1217:
1216:
1126:Russian Orthodoxy
1078:Orthodox churches
1052:
1051:
945:Russian Orthodoxy
907:Maria Temryukovna
899:Alexey Cherkassky
788:
787:
668:
667:
611:Circassian beauty
564:Battle of Kanzhal
496:Circassian Majlis
195:Circassian tribes
184:
176:
168:
49:
2226:
2189:
2179:
2173:
2163:
2150:
2144:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2076:Natho, Kadir I.
2074:
2065:
2064:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1940:
1934:
1933:
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1837:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1744:
1738:
1733:Minahan, James.
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1432:
1431:
1259:
1258:
1094:
1093:
928:
927:
922:Contemporary era
895:Teresa Sampsonia
859:Caucasus Imamate
846:
838:
783:
780:
762:
755:
745:Khazar Khaganate
660:
653:
646:
616:Circassian music
585:
569:Battle of Qbaada
511:
402:
371:
333:
196:
182:
174:
166:
98:
77:
48:
47:
43:
38:
26:
19:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2204:Islam in Russia
2194:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2176:
2164:
2153:
2145:
2128:
2120:
2116:Serbes, Nahit.
2115:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2080:. Pages 123–124
2075:
2068:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1889:
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1857:
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1823:
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1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1649:Toplumsal Tarih
1644:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
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1501:
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1471:
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1400:
1399:
1391:
1378:
1359:
1344:
1329:
1313:
1298:
1282:
1255:
1225:, 11.6% to the
1219:
1218:
1210:
1197:
1178:
1163:
1148:
1132:
1117:
1090:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1032:
1013:
998:
983:
967:
951:
924:
915:
891:Kursky district
793:
784:
778:
775:
768:needs expansion
737:
713:
707:
699:
677:and modern-day
664:
635:
606:Circassian flag
587:
583:
576:
573:
559:
554:
529:
524:
471:
466:
447:
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388:East Circassian
382:West Circassian
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258:
208:
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100:
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44:
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36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2222:
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2206:
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2195:
2191:
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2174:
2151:
2149:. Sreda, 2012.
2126:
2108:
2095:
2082:
2066:
2059:
2041:
2014:
2007:
1989:
1982:
1964:
1958:978-0521200943
1957:
1935:
1921:
1901:
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1253:Krasnodar Krai
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920:
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808:Apostle Andrew
792:
789:
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785:
765:
763:
736:
733:
709:Main article:
706:
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687:Krasnodar Krai
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663:
662:
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623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
592:
589:
588:
581:
578:
577:
575:
574:
572:
571:
566:
560:
555:
553:
552:
546:
541:
536:
530:
525:
523:
522:
517:
512:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
472:
467:
465:
464:
462:Inal the Great
459:
454:
448:
443:
441:
440:
435:
430:
428:Maykop culture
424:
419:
412:
411:
410:
409:
406:
405:
398:
395:
394:
392:
391:
385:
378:
375:
374:
367:
364:
363:
361:
360:
355:
350:
344:
337:
336:
329:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
260:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
210:
204:
200:
199:
192:
189:
188:
186:
185:
177:
169:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
105:
102:
101:
94:
91:
90:
71:
70:
65:
60:
54:
51:
50:
33:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2231:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:9780300119732
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2008:0-8223-1521-1
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1836:|agency=
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:Khabze.info.
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:, 13% to the
1562:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1308:
1307:Old Believers
1304:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1004:
995:
993:
989:
980:
978:
973:
964:
962:
957:
948:
946:
942:
937:
934:
929:
921:
919:
912:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
855:
852:
848:
842:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
797:
790:
782:
773:
769:
766:This section
764:
761:
757:
756:
753:
751:
746:
742:
734:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
712:
704:
702:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
661:
656:
654:
649:
647:
642:
641:
639:
638:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
591:
590:
586:
579:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
558:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
528:
521:
518:
516:
513:
510:
506:
505:
504:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
446:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
422:
418:
408:
407:
403:
396:
389:
386:
383:
380:
379:
377:
376:
372:
365:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
338:
334:
327:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
265:
263:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
209:
207:
202:
201:
197:
190:
181:
178:
173:
170:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
134:United States
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
99:
92:
89:
88:
87:
81:
76:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
53:
52:
40:
39:
31:
27:
21:
20:
2177:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2050:
2044:
2029:
2017:
1998:
1992:
1973:
1967:
1948:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1911:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1877:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1848:
1827:cite journal
1805:(1): 29–35.
1802:
1798:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1752:
1742:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1691:
1674:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1623:
1617:
1603:
1589:
1569:unaffiliated
1558:
1408:unaffiliated
1401:
1235:unaffiliated
1220:
1071:unaffiliated
1060:
916:
856:
851:Christianity
849:
845:Даущджэрджий
820:Christianity
805:
791:Christianity
776:
772:adding to it
767:
738:
725:Monotheistic
714:
700:
670:
669:
596:Adyghe Xabze
556:
551:(until 1945)
527:Contemporary
526:
501:
500:
468:
444:
420:
353:Christianity
340:
330:
261:
259:
205:
203:
183:(historical)
175:(historical)
167:(historical)
139:Saudi Arabia
84:
83:
63:Adyghe Xabze
34:
2093:. Page 150.
1245:", 5.6% is
1065:, 12.6% to
875:Catholicism
818:influence,
557:Key battles
390:(Kabardian)
68:Circassians
37:Circassians
2198:Categories
2106:. Page 59.
2036:Wikisource
1928:15 October
1894:15 October
1787:. Page 59.
1582:References
1572:Christians
1529:irreligion
1465:Christians
1412:Christians
1372:irreligion
1323:Christians
1239:Christians
1229:, 1.8% to
1191:irreligion
1142:Christians
1074:Christians
1026:irreligion
977:Christians
871:Christians
867:Nakshbandi
829:St. George
315:Yegeruqway
280:Cherchenay
2219:Circassia
1860:20 August
1838:ignored (
1406:, 3% are
1069:, 3% are
816:Byzantine
801:Cherkessk
779:June 2023
675:Circassia
476:Circassia
433:Maeotians
239:Kabardian
229:Chemirgoy
206:Surviving
58:Circassia
2186:Archived
2170:Archived
1750:(2005).
1410:generic
1292:Orthodox
1237:generic
961:Orthodox
879:Venetian
837:Аушыджэр
729:evil eye
721:Monistic
705:Paganism
445:Medieval
384:(Adyghe)
332:Religion
310:Mamkhegh
290:Hakuchey
244:Natukhaj
234:Hatuqway
219:Besleney
164:Bulgaria
46:Адыгэхэр
25:a series
22:Part of
1819:4030903
1769:28 June
1576:atheist
1547:
1534:
1525:Atheism
1515:
1500:
1485:
1470:
1454:
1420:atheist
1416:Muslims
1390:
1377:
1368:Atheism
1358:
1343:
1328:
1312:
1297:
1281:
1247:Atheist
1209:
1196:
1187:Atheism
1177:
1162:
1147:
1131:
1116:
1082:atheist
1044:
1031:
1022:Atheism
1012:
997:
982:
966:
950:
883:Genoese
741:Judaism
735:Judaism
697:History
584:Culture
421:Ancient
401:History
305:Makhosh
300:Khegayk
275:Chebsin
249:Shapsug
224:Bzhedug
214:Abzakhs
180:Romania
129:Germany
2057:
2005:
1980:
1955:
1919:
1885:
1817:
1760:
1463:Other
1321:Other
1290:Other
1140:Other
1057:Adygea
975:Other
959:Other
905:, and
887:Mozdok
863:Qadiri
841:Adyghe
833:Adyghe
679:Adygea
469:Modern
457:Zichia
320:Zhaney
295:Khatuq
270:Ademey
172:Kosovo
119:Israel
114:Jordan
109:Turkey
28:on the
2121:(PDF)
1815:JSTOR
1683:(PDF)
1645:(PDF)
1561:Islam
1480:Islam
1458:13.2%
1381:13.2%
1362:22.5%
1338:Islam
1285:52.2%
1223:Islam
1135:11.6%
1120:70.8%
1111:Islam
1067:Islam
1016:29.8%
1001:12.6%
992:Islam
954:35.4%
913:Islam
812:Greek
750:Sochi
717:Xabze
438:Zygii
348:Islam
285:Guaye
254:Ubykh
159:Egypt
144:Libya
124:Syria
2055:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1978:ISBN
1953:ISBN
1930:2011
1917:ISBN
1896:2011
1883:ISBN
1862:2013
1840:help
1771:2017
1758:ISBN
1527:and
1474:1.8%
1394:5.9%
1370:and
1347:1.3%
1332:3.5%
1316:0.5%
1301:0.9%
1213:1.8%
1200:4.4%
1189:and
1181:5.6%
1166:1.8%
1048:7.8%
1035:9.2%
1024:and
986:3.8%
970:1.4%
881:and
865:and
814:and
689:and
413:Show
154:Iran
149:Iraq
1807:doi
1653:155
1519:10%
1489:64%
847:).
774:.
2200::
2154:^
2129:^
2069:^
1831::
1829:}}
1825:{{
1813:.
1801:.
1651:.
1647:.
1632:^
1551:6%
1538:3%
1504:2%
1151:4%
909:.
901:,
897:,
873:,
843::
835::
752:.
685:,
681:,
2188:.
2172:.
2123:.
2063:.
2038:.
2011:.
1986:.
1961:.
1932:.
1898:.
1864:.
1842:)
1821:.
1809::
1803:9
1773:.
1699:.
1685:.
1669:.
1655:.
1626:.
1611:.
1597:.
781:)
777:(
723:-
659:e
652:t
645:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
