Mourning of Muharram - Knowledge (XXG)

1507: 1782:), and as such an act of worship. As an act of worship, mourning for Husayn is viewed as redemptive, through which Shias seek atonement for their sins and the sins of all mankind. By sharing in his pain, they also hope to benefit from the intercession of Husayn on the Day of Judgement. Indeed, numerous traditions, attributed to Shia imams, count the divine rewards of mourning for Husayn, particularly weeping for him. As an act of protest, on the other hand, mourning rituals parallel armed struggle which was often not an option for the Shia minority under oppressive regimes. In recent times, Muharram rituals have increasingly developed a political dimension, as preachers compare oppressors now to the enemies of Husayn in Karbala. However, while Karbala indeed provided the Shia with a model for righteous struggle against injustice and oppression, this blueprint has not always translated into action, as most Shia imams were themselves 2773: 2657: 2570: 2625: 2756: 2826: 1410: 2114: 1703: 2730: 2838: 2605: 42: 2588: 2008:, the first Shia imam. Karbala was thus heavily featured in the anti-Umayyad polemics of the Abbasids. As a result, the commemoration of Karbala surged in the form of literary accounts and pilgrimages. Such pilgrimages were also highly encouraged by the Shia imams, including al-Sadiq. In the early Abbasid period, commemorations of Karbala were even held publicly in mosques. After assuming power, however, the Abbasids gradually turned against the Shia, many of whom were disillusioned with Abbasid, rather than Alid, 1711: 2690: 2637: 2304: 2705: 2678: 1719: 2791: 2437: 1739: 413: 2808: 3903: 944: 1727: 1098:. Often held in dedicated buildings, the main component of mourning ceremonies is the recitation of Karbala narratives intended to raise the sympathy of audience and move them to tears. Elegies and dirges are also chanted in such gatherings, as the participants strike their chests to share in the pain of Husayn and benefit from his intercession on the 1102:. Extreme forms of self-flagellation are also sometimes practiced, often involving self-inflicted bloodshed. Such practices are highly controversial among the Shia, condemned by many Shia scholars, and outlawed in some Shia communities. Theatrical reenactment of Karbala narratives is a historically significant ritual found mostly in 1767:." In Shia view, the preordained but voluntary uprising and sacrifice of Husayn thus preserved the true Islam for future generations, as it awakened the Muslim community to its moral depravity under the Umayyads. In return for his suffering, according to the Shia, Husayn was rewarded the divine prerogative of intercession on 1925:, that is, those Kufans who regretted deserting Husayn in Karbala: They are said to have gathered at his grave site on the first anniversary of his death, where they mourned his loss and recited elegies. They also promised to unite and rise against the Umayyads, which they did in what became known as the 1831:

mourned his absence to the point that he lost his eyesight. Whatever the case, wailing and striking one's face or chest in grief are ancient Arab traditions for mourning the dead. Others have criticized mourning gatherings, suggesting that their resources should be directed towards the poor. In turn,

1086:

historians as impious and immoral. In Shia Islam, Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil, the pinnacle of self-sacrifice, and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission. Historically, the event served to crystallize the Shia community into a distinct sect and remains

1940:

Risking the Umayyads' wrath, the commemoration of Karbala continued in similar small and private gatherings, held, for instance, at the houses of the Shia imams, who also frequently encouraged the Shia community to follow suit. Similarly, pilgrimage to Karbala remained limited and precarious in this

1846:

Forms of self-flagellation that involve bloodshed are often controversial among the Shia, and have been condemned by many Shia clerics. Through such practices, participants argue that they experience a fraction of the pain inflicted at Karbala, show their willingness to self-sacrifice, and atone for

1750:

In Shia Islam, the Battle of Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil, where Husayn is viewed as the exemplar of piety, sacrifice, and perseverance, while Yazid represents injustice, tyranny, and corruption. The fate of Husayn, the third Shia imam, is regarded in Shi'ism as the

1807:

but forbade mourners from saying anything that would "irritate the Lord." However, there is also another version of the same hadith in Sunni sources, according to which Muhammad forbade raising one's voice in times of misfortune, or mutilating one's face, or tearing one's clothes. By contrast, the

2423:

rule over the country, although the ban has been defied at times by the discontented Shia minority, protesting what they perceive as Saudi discrimination. In Lebanon, Muharram rituals show Iranian roots and were restrained until about the mid nineteenth century. Later, Karbala symbolism was used

1952:) is said to have regularly hosted poets who composed and recited Karbala elegies. Indeed, the Umayyads actively worked to erase the memory of Karbala, as written accounts of the Battle of Karbala are absent from the literary corpus of this period. Probably in the same vein, the Umayyad general 1867:

of the Quran. Despite the criticism, the Shia populace, at least in South Asia, seems reluctant to prevent such practices, either to defy Sunni criticism, or to boost popular support for Muharram rituals among the Shia. Elsewhere, bloody self-flagellation is outlawed in Iran and Lebanon, where

2186:, perhaps the most famous collection of Karbala narratives to date. The recitation of the book was later abandoned as trained story-tellers relied on their creative skills to conjure up the narratives. Other notable Safavid rituals were Muharram processions and self-flagellation, such as 1786:

who lived under oppressive regimes. Muharram rituals also help define and strengthen the Shia identity, and the Karbala paradigm remains an integral part of Shia historical memory, theological understanding, and religious identity. Husayn's martyrdom is often linked to the hagiography of

1859:, and that such practices project a negative image of Shi'ism. Unlike mild forms of self-flagellation, extreme self-mortification has no precedent in early Islam, neither does it appear in the Quran. In turn, supporters contend that these acts show their love for the 2140:

orders in Iran. Muharram rituals also helped spread Shia Islam inside Iran. Over time, these rituals grew more elaborate artistically, where Shias freely expressed their identity without the threat of a Sunni majority. For instance, participants openly condemned

2273:

processions. At any rate, these performances were popular, often sponsored by the Safavid royals and other elites, and even attended by the Safavid monarchs. The new ritual was also approved by some Safavid scholars, such as the prominent Twelver jurist

2057:, Iraq, and processions of black-garbed Shia mourners marched in the streets, weeping, wailing, and striking their faces and chests. Such processions provoked violent Sunni riots and counter-processions, which involved, for instance, reenactments of the 2380:

can be partly explained by Pahlavi bans and restrictions, as part of their program to modernize Iran. The modernization was likely a guise, however, for the Pahlavis probably saw Muharram rituals as a political threat. Indeed, as early as the 1909

1506: 1094:, and evolved over time into distinct rituals that help define the Shia identity. Nowadays, most mourning rituals take place during the first ten days of Muharram, culminating with processions in major Shia cities on the tenth day, known as 1667:, albeit these Sunni rituals may differ from their Shia counterparts. The Sunni remembrance of Karbala, however, has declined in recent times. Indeed, for many other Sunnis, Ashura is instead an important festival in commemoration of the 1759:, who is thought to be in occultation since 874. Indeed, the victory of Yazid in Karbala is regarded in Shi'ism as the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission, the sabotage that began much earlier with the appointment of 1819:) is known in Shi'ism for the intensity of his life-long grief over Karbala. The only surviving son of Husayn, Zayn al-Abidin was too sick to fight in the Battle of Karbala. He justified his many years of mourning by citing the 2656: 2772: 2210:(mortifying oneself with swords or knives). The extreme acts of self-flagellation were new practices, as there is no evidence of self-inflicted bloodshed in early historical sources. Such rituals likely originated in 2554:. These rituals even found their way to Trinidad when Indian immigrants settled there in the nineteenth century. Influenced by local carnivals, however, Muharram rituals lost their mourning tone there. This annual 2023:) demolished the shrine of Husayn and punished pilgrimage with death. To prevent another Karbala, the Abbasids also kept the Shia imams under surveillance, and at times imprisoned, tortured, or killed them. 1552:

march in Karbala, male and then female mourners walk barefoot to the shrine of Husayn in the afternoon of Ashura. In such processions, often certain symbolic objects are carried by the mourners, particularly

2825: 166: 2896: 2569: 1526:) annually march the streets in Muharram, especially on Ashura, chanting dirges and elegies, sometimes accompanied by self-flagellation. These processions typically start and end at the local 2729: 1689:, but therein Karbala is less of a tragedy, but rather the celebration of the eternal life of Husayn and his companions, who annihilated themselves in the Divine with their voluntary deaths. 2624: 1751:

acme of human suffering and self-sacrifice, the wrong committed against him so grievous that its repercussions continue, generation after generation, until the eschatological uprising of

2385:

in Iran, mourning gatherings had assumed a political dimension as preachers compared Iranian oppressors to the enemies of Husayn in Karbala. Eventually, the Pahlavis were toppled in the

1498:

rituals today, although an annual performance on Ashura in Karbala reenacts the burning of Husayn's tents after the battle by the Umayyads and the captivity of the women and children.

1904:) in grief. Such instances of self-flagellation, striking one's face or chest, were already ancient Arab traditions for mourning the dead. For years, Zayn al-Abidin and his sister 2012:. Insofar as Shia Muharram rituals promoted Alids as the legitimate leaders, the Abbasids also came to view such practices as a political threat. For instance, the Abbasid caliph 1685:, for instance, Ashura is celebrated today through fasting, almsgiving, honoring the dead, special dishes, jumping over bonfires, and carnivals. Muharram rituals also appear in 2524:

literature. Perhaps also influenced by Iraq and Iran, there were dedicated buildings for Muharram rituals in South Asia by the end of the sixteenth century, known variously as

1482:

repertoire also includes plays about early prophets and contemporary figures. On Ashura, however, always the "martyrdom of Husayn" is reenacted in such performances. Since the

1393:), in which the participants strike themselves, usually on the forehead or back, with knives, swords, or chains to which razor blades are attached. Banned by Iran and the Shia 2136:) is responsible for the wholesale conversion of Iran to Twelver Shi'ism. This transition was met with relatively little resistance locally, perhaps due to the popularity of 1799:

The colorful and emotional Muharram rituals of the Shia are condemned by Sunni scholars, possibly because of the Sunni emphasis on "puritanical piety and sobriety." A Sunni

2755: 1256:. Most rituals take place during the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on the tenth with processions in major Shia cities. The main component of ritual ceremonies ( 1892:. While in captivity in Damascus, or later when they visited Karbala on their way back to Medina from Damascus, the bereaved women held the earliest mourning gathering ( 2042:, the Shia dynasty that ruled parts of Iraq and Iran, after the collapse of the central Abbasid caliphate. On Ashura 963, during the reign of the first Buyid ruler 171: 6154: 2174:

s, a term coined in this period for buildings dedicated to ritual mourning. In such gatherings, narratives of Karbala were emotionally recounted in the ritual of

2636: 5675:

Pinault, D. (2000). "Zaynab bin 'Ali and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'īte Devotional Literature". In Hambly, G. (ed.).

1401:

since the mid-90s, instrumental self-flagellation has been condemned by many Shia clerics, and it remains an often controversial practice among the Shia.

6383: 5463: 1847:

the sins of those Kufans who deserted Husayn. Opponents respond that self-harm is forbidden in Islam, that the spilt blood renders the body impure (

2704: 1659:

The slaughter of Muhammad's grandson and his relatives shocked the whole Muslim community at the time, and Karbala has been commemorated by some

5695: 2425: 1409: 5874: 1969:) declared Ashura a festive public holiday. Nevertheless, the anger against the Umayyads for Karbala was in part responsible for their fall. 972: 176: 2837: 2113: 2289:

while independent Shia clerics were initially critical of the performances, partly for their personification of a Shia imam. From Iran,

1492:

performances are televised and sponsored by the Iranian government to preserve this fading tradition. In Iraq, there are no widespread

6147: 4853: 2428:(1985–2000). Extreme forms of self-flagellation have also been banned in Iran and the Hezbollah party of Lebanon since the mid-90s. 2230:

because of their exaggerated veneration for the Shia imams. In turn, extreme self-flagellation had perhaps reached these regions from

1339:

Another component of mourning gatherings is the self-flagellation of participants to the rhythm of Karbala elegies. Rooted in ancient

5700: 2604: 6547: 6098: 6079: 6025: 6006: 5987: 5954: 5935: 5907: 5812: 5779: 5744: 5684: 5642: 5623: 5545: 5474: 5448: 5399: 5349: 5326: 5307: 5285: 5252: 5227: 5194: 5168: 5149: 5116: 5037: 4973: 4952: 4933: 4908: 4886: 2689: 2382: 1774:

For Shias, mourning for Husayn is a means of remembering his suffering, an act of protest against oppression, a struggle for God (

2807: 2587: 1930: 1138: 1046: 579: 437: 376: 86: 1832:

proponents of Muharram rituals argue that feeding the poor is part of the Karbala culture, usually to fulfill religious vows (

6376: 5711: 5665: 5568: 5425: 4826: 1702: 1182:. The battle followed failed negotiations and Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by 1361:), are common today in mourning rituals, intended to share in the pain of Husayn. Striking one's back with special chains ( 6552: 6140: 2400:), who effectively used Karbala symbols and rituals against the regime. Favoring the Sunni community, the Iraqi president 1941:

period. The imams also saw poetry as a vehicle to preserve and spread the ideals of Karbala. In particular, the Shia imam

1809: 123: 2483:) from the sixteenth century onward, but reemerged when the Mughals weakened in the eighteenth century, for instance, in 2081:, Egypt, however, deadly Sunni riots apparently discontinued the Shia processions during the reign of the Fatimid caliph 5762:

Theater State and the Formation of Early Modern Public Sphere in Iran: Studies on Safavid Muharram Rituals, 1590–1641 CE

2677: 2472:), or perhaps through the migration of some Iranian elites to South Asia. Muharram rituals were later suppressed by the 2363:

fell into a slow decline in Iran afterward, to the point that it became a rarity in large cities by the 1940s under the

773: 6334: 5437: 1838:) made by devotees. The supporters add that displays of generosity are more common during the months of mourning. 1783: 589: 457: 452: 5362:"The Mourning of History and the History of Mourning: The Evolution of Ritual Commemoration of the Battle of Karbala" 2241:

A major development in this period was the appearance of theatrical representations of Karbala narratives, known as

6557: 1929:

of 685. Indeed, Karbala united the nascent Shia community, the roots of which likely formed in the lifetime of the

792: 594: 345: 2334:, which marks forty days after the death of Husayn. Also in the Qajar era, the theatrical reenactment of Karbala ( 6369: 5159:

Crow, D.K. (2016). "The Death of al-Ḥusayn b. 'Ali and Early Shī'ī Views of the Imamate". In Kohlberg, E. (ed.).

2499: 2315:

In Iran, the ritual condemnation of the first three caliphs was discontinued after the Safavids. As early as the

2082: 1989: 693: 462: 4926:

Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations

1937:, that is, Husayn and certain other descendants of Muhammad, as his rightful religious and temporal successors. 6516: 1934: 1434:

is the dramatic reenactment of Karbala narratives, practiced today in Iran, in Shia communities of the western

1253: 1053: 965: 920: 512: 447: 314: 93: 5414: 5024: 1888:

Commemoration of Karbala began shortly after the battle with its female survivors, including Husayn's sister

5081: 2345: 2270: 1763:, instead of Ali ibn Abi Talib, to succeed Muhammad, hence the saying, "Husayn was killed on the day of the 1019: 890: 4837: 2092:). Back in Iraq, dedicated buildings for Karbala gatherings can also be traced back to the Buyid period. 1174:. After the battle, the women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched to the capital 2275: 1768: 1668: 1607:

procession—signifying the bier of Husayn in Karbala, which was made of date palms, according to a legend.

1099: 999: 855: 499: 469: 442: 215: 211: 41: 6458: 5239: 2790: 1915:) may have continued to annually organize such mourning gatherings, which also featured Karbala elegies ( 6498: 6483: 6201: 6035:

Ghaffari, Mohammad B. (2005). "Acting Styles and Actor Training in Ta'ziyeh. (with William O. Beeman)".

5409: 3904:"Vicissitudes of a Holy Place: Construction, Destruction and Commemoration of Mashhad Ḥusayn in Ascalon" 584: 574: 567: 544: 5465:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century

1710: 683: 678: 4920: 1714:

Some have criticized the pageantry of mourning processions. The one painted above is dated circa 1850.

6562: 6493: 6196: 5825:"Beyond the Karbala Paradigm: Rethinking Revolution and Redemption in Twelver Shi'a Mourning Rituals" 5388: 1864: 1804: 1082:). The battle followed Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by 905: 870: 727: 614: 369: 5855: 6216: 2159:–who are viewed in Shi'ism as the usurpers of the right of Ali ibn Abi Talib to succeed Muhammad. 2058: 1953: 1144:. Husayn was killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, on 10 Muharram 61 958: 885: 822: 494: 474: 395: 4842: 1681:), a joyous occasion, celebrated through pious acts and acceptable expressions of delight. In the 6237: 5587: 5505: 5068: 2901: 2870: 2386: 1905: 1483: 1241: 432: 221: 202: 5654: 5183: 4815: 2303: 2121:

Muharram rituals had reached Iran as early as the twelfth century, but a new era began with the

2043: 1942: 1756: 1248:, Shia Muslims annually commemorate the events of Karbala throughout the months of Muharram and 1921:). Alternatively, the first annual commemoration and the first pilgrimage may be attributed to 6488: 6453: 6350: 6175: 6094: 6075: 6021: 6002: 5983: 5950: 5931: 5903: 5870: 5808: 5775: 5740: 5707: 5680: 5661: 5638: 5619: 5616:

Female Personalities in the Qur'an and Sunna: Examining the Major Sources of Imami Shi'i Islam

5564: 5557: 5541: 5470: 5444: 5421: 5395: 5345: 5338: 5322: 5303: 5281: 5248: 5223: 5190: 5164: 5145: 5112: 5033: 4969: 4948: 4929: 4904: 4882: 4849: 4822: 2488: 2261: 2219: 2070: 1985: 1926: 1922: 1752: 1157: 1153: 1069: 1057: 948: 915: 880: 812: 639: 609: 226: 138: 4901:

Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism

2253:. Such theatrical reenactments were likely a natural outgrowth of the verbal reenactments in 6478: 6438: 6392: 6221: 6206: 6117: 6067: 6044: 5975: 5895: 5862: 5837: 5800: 5767: 5732: 5599: 5517: 5497: 5374: 5295: 5273: 5215: 5137: 5104: 5060: 4896: 4874: 3918: 2211: 2062: 1788: 1145: 1118: 1061: 1038: 1010: 925: 900: 817: 309: 192: 161: 5602: 5010: 4962:

D'Souza, D. (1998). "The Figure of Zaynab in Shi'i Devotional Life". In Singh, D.E. (ed.).

6521: 6211: 5458: 2411:) also banned Muharram rituals, but they resumed shortly after he was deposed in 2003. In 2364: 2122: 1889: 1824: 1091: 990: 865: 710: 362: 5970:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5890:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5727:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5210:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5132:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 5099:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 1803:, attributed to Muhammad, reports that he profusely wept for the death of his infant son 1170:), having been surrounded for some days and deprived of the drinking water of the nearby 619: 5521: 6473: 6463: 6190: 2906: 2880: 2462: 2450:, eventually reached parts of South Asia. The rituals were perhaps introduced there by 2401: 1992:, rallied the Shia support to overthrow the Umayyads, promising them a leader from the 1933:

Muhammad. After Karbala, this community crystallized into a distinct sect that regards

1828: 1731: 1718: 1672: 1134: 1042: 930: 832: 768: 700: 286: 271: 109: 82: 17: 5966: 5928:

The Women of Karbala: Ritual Performance and Symbolic Discourses in Modern Shi'i Islam

5886: 5723: 5206: 5128: 5095: 6541: 6503: 6428: 6299: 6258: 6058: 5979: 5899: 5791: 5736: 5264: 5219: 5178: 5141: 5108: 4997: 4865: 3926: 2744: 2663: 2473: 2316: 2308: 2039: 2013: 1576: 1227: 827: 688: 673: 251: 187: 6071: 5804: 5277: 4878: 2436: 1738: 1343:

practices, mild forms of self-flagellation, striking one's face and chest in grief (

6361: 6329: 6279: 5533: 2412: 2390: 1435: 1231: 1203: 1090:

Mourning for Karbala began with its female survivors, particularly Husayn's sister

875: 705: 604: 350: 291: 66: 6108:

Riggio, M.C. (1994). "Ta'ziyeh in Exile: Transformations in a Persian Tradition".

5866: 2344:, the most elaborate shows took place in Takia Dawlat, built by the Qajar monarch 1617:, which shares the same name with the theatrical reenactments of Karbala in Iran. 412: 2269:, or perhaps the dramatic reenactments of Karbala were inspired by the Christian 6443: 6412: 6407: 6263: 5850: 2885: 2331: 2266: 1993: 1860: 1660: 805: 720: 715: 666: 599: 554: 539: 534: 524: 489: 207: 133: 128: 6048: 2061:

in 656 against Ali ibn Abi Talib. Mourning processions also appeared under the

6324: 6304: 6242: 5771: 2875: 2865: 2860: 2645: 2235: 1664: 1223: 1219: 1186:

historians as impious and immoral. The fight took place in the desert land of

1149: 1126: 1065: 1030: 860: 632: 403: 276: 256: 231: 5378: 5300:

Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices

4984: 2295:

later reached Iraq and then Lebanon, but had limited success in the former.

1470:). Such plays may be performed in public spaces or dedicated buildings, like 6526: 5755: 3922: 2890: 2720: 2510: 2420: 2223: 2009: 1898:), in which they recounted the tragedy, shed tears, and struck their faces ( 1394: 1301:), all intended to raise the sympathy of audience and move them to tears. A 1171: 895: 780: 654: 6062:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). 6043:(4 Special Issue: From Karbala to New York: Ta'ziyeh on the Move): 48–60. 5795:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). 5486:"Community Process and the Performance of Muharram Observances in Trinidad" 5268:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). 4869:. In Fleet, K.; Krämer, G.; Matringe, D.; Nawas, J.; Stewart, D.J. (eds.). 1722:

Distribution of free meals during Muharram, often to fulfil religious vows

1307:

often takes place in a dedicated building or structure, known variously as

6121: 5841: 3902:

Talmon-Heller, Daniella; Kedar, Benjamin; Reiter, Yitzhak (January 2016).

1575:), which signifies the ensign of Husayn at Karbala carried by his brother 2616: 2416: 2259:, and were rooted in pre-Islamic Iranian heritage, such as the epic poem 2215: 2148: 2126: 1760: 1628: 1194:, whose residents had earlier invited Husayn to lead them against Yazid. 1175: 1141: 1114: 1049: 1034: 785: 758: 744: 484: 89: 5760: 2000:, that is, a descendant of Muhammad through his only surviving daughter 1726: 943: 6468: 6294: 6132: 5591: 5579: 5509: 5072: 2226:, who formed the backbone of the Safavid military and were regarded as 2054: 1743: 1682: 1398: 1211: 1187: 1183: 1160: 1083: 1072: 661: 649: 644: 246: 236: 5824: 5361: 6448: 6433: 6314: 6309: 6284: 3519: 3517: 2855: 2711: 2341: 2231: 2227: 2156: 2137: 2066: 2001: 1800: 1764: 1686: 1654: 1624: 1439: 1215: 1130: 1095: 910: 850: 753: 734: 529: 519: 427: 332: 281: 261: 197: 143: 71: 51: 47: 5501: 5064: 4963: 4945:

Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras

1121:

and one of the four sacred months in which warfare is prohibited in

6319: 5696:"Self-Mortification Rituals in the Shī'ī and Christian Traditions" 5485: 5439:

The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam

5048: 2696: 2555: 2484: 2451: 2435: 2327: 2302: 2112: 2078: 2074: 1997: 1856: 1850: 1820: 1777: 1737: 1717: 1632: 1608: 1533: 1340: 1249: 1235: 1179: 1122: 763: 739: 266: 2389:(1978–1979) through the continued efforts of dissidents, such as 1536:, Iraq, mourners march on the eve of Ashura toward the shrine of 6289: 5677:

Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety

4817:

The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran

2521: 2152: 1372: 1368: 1245: 1207: 1191: 1103: 241: 55: 6365: 6136: 4780: 4778: 4142: 4140: 4181: 4179: 2005: 1537: 5367:

Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

5298:(2010). "Ashura". In Gordon Melton, J.; Baumann, M. (eds.). 4562: 4560: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4035: 4033: 2374:). Besides the emergence of new art mediums, the decline in 1623:

is finally buried or submerged, the latter probably being a

1611:

processions carry replicas of Husayn's bier or tomb, called

5702:

Shi'ite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions

5656:

The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community

5580:"An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā'" 3962: 3960: 3468: 3466: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 2831:

Extreme self-flagellation in a Muharram procession in India

5635:

Twelve Infallible Men: The Imams and the Making of Shi'ism

3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3163: 3161: 3159: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4649: 4647: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4424: 4422: 4103: 4101: 3885: 3883: 1706:

Ashura demonstrations against the Pahlavids in Iran, 1978

1375:. But there are also extreme forms of self-flagellation ( 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4272: 4270: 4088: 4086: 4084: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 1087:

an integral part of their religious identity to date.

4765: 4763: 4458: 4456: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4198: 4196: 4194: 3834: 3832: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3561: 3559: 3441: 3439: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3324: 3322: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3040: 3038: 3036: 2984: 2982: 1056:. Husayn and his small retinue were slaughtered in the 5999:

Eternal Performance: Ta'ziyeh and Other Shiite Rituals

4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3989: 3987: 3795: 3793: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 1532:, and occasionally represent various local guilds. In 2814: 2761: 2742: 2643: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2498:). In particular, the Shia rulers of Awadh sponsored 2445: 2375: 2358: 2335: 2290: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2175: 1602: 1515: 1429: 1388: 1382: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1296: 1284: 1272: 1024: 5522:"Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism" 5245:

Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism

3023: 3021: 2796: 2779: 2736: 2712: 2664: 2610: 2593: 2576: 2181: 2169: 2163: 2142: 2038:

The first public Karbala processions happened under

1916: 1899: 1893: 1848: 1833: 1775: 1676: 1640: 1618: 1612: 1580: 1554: 1547: 1541: 1540:, the first Shia imam, carrying decorative torches ( 1527: 1521: 1493: 1487: 1477: 1471: 1449: 1443: 1423: 1414: 1376: 1344: 1308: 1302: 1290: 1278: 1266: 1257: 1004: 6421: 6400: 6343: 6272: 6251: 6230: 6182: 6170: 3665: 3663: 3546: 3544: 77: 62: 34: 6057: 5965: 5885: 5854: 5823: 5790: 5759: 5722: 5699: 5653: 5556: 5462: 5436: 5413: 5387: 5360: 5337: 5263: 5238: 5205: 5182: 5127: 5094: 5023: 4965:Spiritual Traditions: Essential Visions for Living 4919: 4864: 4841: 4814: 2778:Moving in a circle, mourners strike their chests ( 5390:Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory 2326:), Iranian rituals also extended to the month of 2222:in Northern Iran, introduced into Shi'ism by the 2168:) were held on the first ten days of Muharram in 4968:. United Theological College. pp. 201–225. 2162:In the Safavid era, annual mourning gatherings ( 1868:donating blood is encouraged as an alternative. 1041:. These annual rituals commemorate the death of 5857:Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives 5302:(Second ed.). ABC-CLIO. pp. 210–212. 4796: 3589: 3523: 3508: 2440:Mourning gathering in Awadh, India, circa 1795 172:Sermon of Zaynab bint Ali in the court of Yazid 2897:List of the terrorist attacks on Shia mourners 2444:From Iraq and Iran, Muharram rituals, such as 1746:as an alternative to extreme self-flagellation 1271:) is the narration of the stories of Karbala ( 6377: 6148: 5247:. McFarland & Company. pp. 228–250. 4701: 4677: 4146: 1996:, whom many Shias probably imagined to be an 1627:influence. Similar processions take place in 1283:), and the recitation of elegies and dirges ( 966: 370: 8: 5416:Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam 4185: 3484: 2937: 2520:), two prominent Karbala elegy composers in 2180:, which owes its name to the 1502–1503 book 1988:, who claimed descent from Muhammad's uncle 1771:for those followers who share in his pain. 1029:) is a set of religious rituals observed by 46:Muharram mourning gathering on the night of 5853:. In Woodward, M.; Lukens-Bull, R. (eds.). 3382: 3167: 3068: 1586: 1560: 1455: 6384: 6370: 6362: 6155: 6141: 6133: 4848:. Vol. 2. Praeger. pp. 111–124. 4784: 4566: 4447: 3642: 3496: 3472: 3313: 973: 959: 388: 377: 363: 100: 40: 31: 5756:"A History of (Safavid) Muharram Rituals" 5706:. Global Publications. pp. 375–388. 3263: 2340:) reached its peak. In the Qajar capital 1675:. It is viewed as a day of thanksgiving ( 1367:) is another harmless practice, found in 167:Casualties of Husayn's caravan in Karbala 4838:"The Passion of 'Ashura in Shiite Islam" 3080: 3000: 2925: 1725: 1709: 1701: 1505: 1408: 5559:Islam and Revolution in the Middle East 5049:"Shia Muslim Processional Performances" 4998:"Ḥosayn b. 'Ali ii. In Popular Shi'ism" 4725: 4614: 4491: 4474: 4428: 4413: 4336: 4238: 4158: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4092: 4075: 4063: 3889: 3874: 3717: 3654: 3359: 3294: 3246: 3215: 3150: 3138: 3117: 2973: 2918: 2565: 391: 108: 4754: 4737: 4713: 4689: 4665: 4653: 4638: 4626: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4551: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4401: 4389: 4365: 4348: 4317: 4305: 4288: 4276: 4214: 4202: 4039: 4005: 3939: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3784: 3753: 3693: 3630: 3613: 3565: 3430: 3407: 3328: 3282: 3234: 3012: 2988: 2949: 2662:Muharram procession in India carrying 2642:Muharram procession in India, with an 2487:under the patronage of its Shia ruler 2415:, such rituals have been banned since 1863:, made obligatory upon all Muslims in 1601:) is another such symbol—carried in a 5884:Wensinck, A.J.; Marçais, Ph. (2012). 4769: 4539: 4462: 4377: 4261: 4226: 4170: 4051: 4024: 3993: 3978: 3966: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3765: 3741: 3729: 3705: 3681: 3601: 3535: 3457: 3445: 3186: 3056: 3044: 3027: 2961: 2198:(striking the back with chains), and 2117:Mourning rituals in Iran, dated 1682 1263: 7: 5528:. Vol. XII/5. pp. 493–498. 5484:Korom, F.J.; Chelkowski, P. (1994). 5004:. Vol. XII/5. pp. 498–502. 4991:. Vol. III/2. pp. 174–177. 3951: 3669: 3577: 3550: 2630:Muharram mourning procession in Iran 1663:Muslims ever since, for instance in 1156:against the much larger army of the 177:Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in Damascus 5032:. Facts on File. pp. 319–321. 2671:that symbolize the ensign of Husayn 1655:Ashura § Ashura in Sunni Islam 1476:s. While Karbala is its focus, the 1252:, following the precedent of their 1014: 994: 6018:Ta'ziyeh: Ritual and Drama in Iran 5017:. Vol. I/8. pp. 785–791. 4821:. University of Washington Press. 2813:Chains used in self-flagellation ( 1129:, the tenth of Muharram, known as 25: 5009:Calmard, J.; Allan, J.W. (1985). 2234:, where it was practiced by some 1827:, which describes how his father 1730:Self-flagellation with swords in 1240:In addition to pilgrimage to the 6059:"al-Ḥusayn b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib" 5980:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0068 5900:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0068 5830:Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies 5737:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5426 5220:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5932 5142:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6256 5109:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7476 2836: 2824: 2806: 2789: 2771: 2754: 2728: 2703: 2688: 2676: 2655: 2635: 2623: 2603: 2586: 2568: 942: 411: 6072:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30572 5805:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23081 5278:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27156 4947:. University of Chicago Press. 4879:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855 2478: 2467: 2369: 2350: 2321: 2131: 2098: 2087: 2048: 2029: 2018: 1975: 1879: 1165: 1077: 6422:Other holidays and observances 5947:Iranian Performance Traditions 5538:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam 5321:. Cambridge University Press. 5185:Shi'ism: A Religion of Protest 4924:. In Gordon Melton, J. (ed.). 2424:there effectively against the 2330:, due to the commemoration of 2307:Takia Dawlat in a painting by 1510:Procession of mourners in Iran 1198:Muharram rituals in Shia Islam 1: 6020:. New York University Press. 5930:. University of Texas Press. 5867:10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2_8-2 5469:(Third ed.). Routledge. 2575:Muharram mourning gathering ( 2102: 1962: 1810:Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin 1795:Criticism of Muharram rituals 1448:itself is the verbal noun of 6016:Chelkowski, P., ed. (1979). 5637:. Harvard University Press. 5344:. Cornell University Press. 5319:Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction 5189:. Harvard University Press. 4928:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 47–49. 2683:Muharram procession in India 2515: 2504: 2493: 2456: 2406: 2395: 2280: 2077:, two other Shia states. In 1958: 1947: 1910: 1814: 1133:, commemorates the death of 774:Bektashism and folk religion 27:Set of rituals in Shia Islam 6335:Hosseini infancy conference 5861:. Springer. pp. 1–15. 5766:. Brill. pp. 199–234. 5394:. Oxford University Press. 5340:Religion on the Battlefield 5237:Fakhr-Rohani, M.R. (2014). 4797:Korom & Chelkowski 1994 3590:Wensinck & Marçais 2012 3524:Korom & Chelkowski 1994 3509:Korom & Chelkowski 1994 2815: 2797: 2780: 2762: 2743: 2737: 2735:A symbolic bier of Husayn ( 2723:in a mock funeral of Husayn 2713: 2665: 2644: 2611: 2594: 2577: 2558:has survived to this day. 2550: 2544: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2446: 2376: 2359: 2336: 2291: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2143: 1917: 1900: 1894: 1872:History of Muharram rituals 1849: 1834: 1776: 1677: 1641: 1639:is the local equivalent of 1619: 1613: 1603: 1581: 1555: 1548: 1542: 1528: 1522: 1516: 1494: 1488: 1478: 1472: 1450: 1444: 1438:shore, and in Lebanon. The 1430: 1424: 1415: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1363: 1357: 1351: 1345: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1267: 1258: 1025: 1005: 6579: 6049:10.1162/105420405774762943 4840:. In Cornell, V.J. (ed.). 2147:) the first three caliphs– 2053:), markets were closed in 1652: 1201: 1117:is the first month of the 1068:) against the army of the 346:Category:Prophecy in Islam 6512: 5851:"Shi'a Islam in Practice" 5772:10.1163/9789004207561_006 5563:. Yale University Press. 5540:. Yale University Press. 5243:. In Morrow, J.A. (ed.). 5022:Campo, J.E., ed. (2009). 2383:constitutional revolution 1842:Extreme self-flagellation 1514:Processions of mourners ( 1190:, en route to the nearby 1037:, the first month of the 39: 6548:Shia days of remembrance 5379:10.1215/1089201X-25-1-78 5163:. Taylor & Francis. 5126:Chelkowski, P. (2012b). 5093:Chelkowski, P. (2012a). 3708:, pp. 97, 123, 142. 3485:Calmard & Allan 1985 2238:as a form of atonement. 2101: 1576 – 921:Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim 315:The Fourteen Infallibles 5997:Chelkowski, P. (2010). 5698:. In Clarke, L. (ed.). 5607:Encyclopedia Britannica 5080:Chelkowski, P. (2008). 5047:Chelkowski, P. (1985). 4918:Beverley, J.A. (2011). 3923:10.1515/islam-2016-0008 2843:Night of Ashura in Iran 2695:Muharram procession in 2125:dynasty, whose founder 18:Remembrance of Muharram 6089:Malekpour, J. (2004). 6064:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6037:TDR (The Drama Review) 6001:. Indiana University. 5972:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5892:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5797:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5729:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5660:. St. Martin's Press. 5359:Hussain, A.J. (2005). 5336:Hassner, R.E. (2016). 5270:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5262:Flaskerud, I. (2015). 5212:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5101:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4871:Encyclopaedia of Islam 2461:), the founder of the 2441: 2312: 2192:(striking the chest), 2118: 2083:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 1747: 1735: 1723: 1715: 1707: 1669:parting of the Red Sea 1631:as part of the annual 1511: 1420: 1244:, located in Karbala, 1137:, the grandson of the 856:Khadija bint Khuwaylid 443:Succession to Muhammad 6499:Promised Reformer Day 6202:Ali Asghar ibn Husayn 6122:10.1353/cdr.1994.0005 6056:Haider, N.I. (2016). 5945:Beeman, W.O. (2011). 5926:Aghaie, K.S. (2005). 5842:10.1353/isl.2013.0007 5721:Plessner, M. (2012). 5526:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5134:Encyclopedia of Islam 5086:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5053:The Drama Review: TDR 5030:Encyclopedia of Islam 5015:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5002:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4989:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4863:Aghaie, K.S. (2013). 4836:Aghaie, K.S. (2007). 4813:Aghaie, K.S. (2004). 2741:) in a mock funeral ( 2439: 2306: 2214:-speaking regions of 2116: 1741: 1729: 1721: 1713: 1705: 1509: 1412: 949:Shia Islam portal 575:Verse of purification 422:Beliefs and practices 6553:Mourning of Muharram 6522:Nation of Islam only 6494:Promised Messiah Day 6197:Ali Akbar ibn Husayn 6164:Mourning of Muharram 5792:"'Āshūrā' (Sunnism)" 5694:Pinault, D. (2001). 5652:Pinault, D. (1992). 5386:Hyder, S.A. (2006). 4996:Calmard, J. (2004). 4983:Calmard, J. (1987). 4866:"'Āshūrā' (Shī'ism)" 3732:, pp. 197, 207. 2893:, a Christian analog 1033:during the month of 987:mourning of Muharram 871:Umm Kulthum bint Ali 550:Mourning of Muharram 480:Mourning of Muharram 182:Mourning of Muharram 35:Mourning of Muharram 6217:Sukayna bint Husayn 5974:(Second ed.). 5964:Berg, C.C. (2012). 5894:(Second ed.). 5849:Szanto, E. (2018). 5822:Szanto, E. (2013). 5789:Reid, M.H. (2011). 5754:Rahimi, B. (2012). 5731:(Second ed.). 5633:Pierce, M. (2016). 5584:Die Welt des Islams 5578:Nakash, Y. (1993). 5555:Munson, H. (1988). 5435:Katz, M.H. (2007). 5317:Haider, N. (2014). 5214:(Second ed.). 5136:(Second ed.). 5103:(Second ed.). 4799:, pp. 155–156. 4704:, pp. 211–212. 4617:, pp. 376–377. 4542:, pp. 107–109. 4173:, pp. 151–152. 4078:, pp. 107–108. 4042:, pp. 121–122. 3969:, pp. 143–144. 3814:, pp. 141–147. 3744:, pp. 142–143. 3580:, pp. 64, 110. 3526:, pp. 154–155. 2556:Hosay commemoration 2059:Battle of the Camel 2004:and his son-in-law 1954:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 1784:political quietists 1755:, the last imam in 1734:, dated Ashura 1909 1633:Hosay commemoration 1486:in 1978–1979, some 1413:Shia passion play ( 1026:ʿAzādārī-i Muḥarram 886:Ruqayya bint Husayn 793:Extinct Shi'a sects 513:Days of remembrance 500:Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage 495:The Four Companions 104:Part of a series on 81:Marks the death of 6527:Ahmadi Muslim only 6238:Imam Husayn Shrine 6066:(Third ed.). 5799:(Third ed.). 5614:Osman, R. (2014). 5272:(Third ed.). 5088:(Online ed.). 5011:"'Alam va 'Alāmat" 4943:Blank, J. (2001). 4873:(Third ed.). 4702:Gordon Melton 2010 4678:Gordon Melton 2010 4147:Gordon Melton 2010 2902:Azadari in Lucknow 2871:Muharram Rebellion 2442: 2426:Israeli occupation 2387:Iranian Revolution 2313: 2265:and the legend of 2119: 1748: 1742:Donating blood in 1736: 1724: 1716: 1708: 1512: 1484:Islamic Revolution 1421: 1161:Yazid ibn Mu'awiya 1060:on 10 Muharram 61 1045:, grandson of the 706:Atba-i-Malak Bohra 633:Branches and sects 580:Two weighty things 222:Imam Husayn Shrine 203:Azadari in Lucknow 85:, grandson of the 6558:Islamic holy days 6535: 6534: 6454:Laylat al-Raghaib 6359: 6358: 6176:Battle of Karbala 6110:Comparative Drama 6091:The Islamic Drama 5876:978-3-319-73653-2 5296:Gordon Melton, J. 5204:Fahd, T. (2012). 4787:, pp. 28–29. 4716:, pp. 72–73. 4530:, pp. 11–12. 4186:Fakhr-Rohani 2014 4161:, pp. 80–81. 4066:, pp. 86–87. 3877:, pp. 62–63. 3865:, pp. 25–26. 2938:Fakhr-Rohani 2014 2650:in the background 2489:Saadat Ali Khan I 2346:Naser al-Din Shah 2262:Ayadgar-i Zariran 2183:Rawzat al-shuhada 2006:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1994:House of Muhammad 1927:Tawwabun uprising 1861:House of Muhammad 1753:Muhammad al-Mahdi 1538:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1335:Self-flagellation 1154:Battle of Karbala 1058:Battle of Karbala 1023: 1003: 983: 982: 916:Fatimah bint Asad 881:Fatima bint Hasan 610:Battle of Karbala 387: 386: 227:Ziyarat of Ashura 139:Battle of Karbala 99: 98: 16:(Redirected from 6570: 6517:Shia Muslim only 6459:Isra' and Mi'raj 6439:Islamic New Year 6393:Islamic holidays 6386: 6379: 6372: 6363: 6222:Muslim ibn Aqeel 6207:al-Abbas ibn Ali 6157: 6150: 6143: 6134: 6125: 6104: 6085: 6061: 6052: 6031: 6012: 5993: 5969: 5960: 5941: 5913: 5889: 5880: 5860: 5845: 5827: 5818: 5794: 5785: 5765: 5750: 5726: 5717: 5705: 5690: 5671: 5659: 5648: 5629: 5610: 5595: 5574: 5562: 5551: 5529: 5513: 5490:The Drama Review 5480: 5468: 5454: 5442: 5431: 5419: 5405: 5393: 5382: 5364: 5355: 5343: 5332: 5313: 5291: 5267: 5258: 5242: 5233: 5209: 5200: 5188: 5174: 5155: 5131: 5122: 5098: 5089: 5076: 5043: 5027: 5018: 5005: 4992: 4979: 4958: 4939: 4923: 4914: 4892: 4868: 4859: 4847: 4832: 4820: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4773: 4767: 4758: 4752: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4445: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4265: 4259: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4189: 4183: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4096: 4090: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4028: 4022: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3964: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3925:. Archived from 3917:: 11–13, 28–34. 3908: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3788: 3782: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3554: 3548: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3434: 3428: 3411: 3405: 3386: 3383:Chelkowski 2012a 3380: 3363: 3357: 3332: 3326: 3317: 3311: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3250: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3219: 3213: 3190: 3184: 3171: 3168:Chelkowski 2012b 3165: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3031: 3025: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2840: 2828: 2818: 2810: 2800: 2793: 2783: 2775: 2765: 2758: 2748: 2740: 2732: 2716: 2707: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2659: 2649: 2639: 2627: 2614: 2607: 2597: 2590: 2580: 2572: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2508: 2506: 2497: 2495: 2482: 2481: 1526–1857 2480: 2471: 2470: 1370–1507 2469: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2410: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2379: 2373: 2372: 1925–1979 2371: 2362: 2354: 2353: 1848–1896 2352: 2339: 2325: 2324: 1789–1925 2323: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2146: 2135: 2134: 1501–1524 2133: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2091: 2089: 2052: 2050: 2033: 2031: 2022: 2020: 1979: 1977: 1968: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1951: 1949: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1903: 1897: 1883: 1881: 1854: 1837: 1818: 1816: 1789:John the Baptist 1781: 1769:Day of Judgement 1698:Karbala paradigm 1680: 1649:Non-Shia rituals 1644: 1622: 1616: 1606: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1551: 1545: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1497: 1491: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1447: 1433: 1427: 1418: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1288: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1242:shrine of Husayn 1169: 1167: 1148:(10 October 680 1119:Islamic calendar 1100:Day of Judgement 1081: 1079: 1039:Islamic calendar 1028: 1018: 1016: 1008: 998: 996: 975: 968: 961: 947: 946: 926:Ruqayya bint Ali 901:Fatima bint Musa 415: 406: 400: 399: 389: 379: 372: 365: 327:Related articles 310:The Twelve Imams 162:Maqtal al-Husayn 101: 63:Observed by 44: 32: 21: 6578: 6577: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6508: 6417: 6396: 6395:and observances 6390: 6360: 6355: 6344:Related portals 6339: 6268: 6247: 6226: 6212:Zaynab bint Ali 6178: 6166: 6161: 6130: 6128: 6107: 6101: 6088: 6082: 6055: 6034: 6028: 6015: 6009: 5996: 5990: 5963: 5957: 5949:. Mazda Press. 5944: 5938: 5925: 5921: 5919:Further reading 5916: 5910: 5883: 5877: 5848: 5821: 5815: 5788: 5782: 5753: 5747: 5720: 5714: 5693: 5687: 5674: 5668: 5651: 5645: 5632: 5626: 5613: 5598: 5577: 5571: 5554: 5548: 5532: 5516: 5502:10.2307/1146338 5483: 5477: 5457: 5451: 5434: 5428: 5408: 5402: 5385: 5358: 5352: 5335: 5329: 5316: 5310: 5294: 5288: 5261: 5255: 5236: 5230: 5203: 5197: 5177: 5171: 5158: 5152: 5125: 5119: 5092: 5079: 5065:10.2307/1145650 5046: 5040: 5021: 5008: 4995: 4982: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4942: 4936: 4917: 4911: 4895: 4889: 4862: 4856: 4844:Voices of Islam 4835: 4829: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4785:Chelkowski 1985 4783: 4776: 4768: 4761: 4753: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4577: 4573: 4567:Chelkowski 1985 4565: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4454: 4448:Chelkowski 1985 4446: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4192: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3985: 3977: 3973: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3929:on 12 May 2020. 3906: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3643:Chelkowski 1985 3641: 3637: 3629: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3515: 3511:, pp. 152. 3507: 3503: 3497:Chelkowski 2008 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3473:Chelkowski 1985 3471: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3414: 3406: 3389: 3381: 3366: 3358: 3335: 3327: 3320: 3314:Chelkowski 1985 3312: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3270: 3262: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3222: 3214: 3193: 3185: 3174: 3166: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3124: 3116: 3087: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3034: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2794: 2785: 2776: 2767: 2759: 2750: 2733: 2724: 2708: 2699: 2693: 2684: 2681: 2672: 2660: 2651: 2640: 2631: 2628: 2619: 2608: 2599: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2514: 2503: 2492: 2477: 2466: 2455: 2434: 2405: 2394: 2368: 2349: 2320: 2301: 2279: 2130: 2111: 2105: 2097: 2086: 2047: 2044:Mu'izz al-Dawla 2036: 2032: 934–1062 2028: 2017: 1982: 1978: 750–1258 1974: 1965: 1957: 1946: 1931:Islamic prophet 1909: 1886: 1878: 1874: 1844: 1813: 1797: 1757:Twelver Shi'ism 1700: 1695: 1657: 1651: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1504: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1407: 1337: 1238: 1200: 1172:Euphrates river 1164: 1139:Islamic prophet 1112: 1076: 1047:Islamic prophet 979: 941: 936: 935: 866:Zaynab bint Ali 846: 838: 837: 808: 798: 797: 711:Sulaymani Bohra 635: 625: 624: 595:Fatimah's house 570: 560: 559: 515: 505: 504: 423: 402: 401: 393: 392: 383: 338: 337: 328: 320: 319: 305: 297: 296: 157: 149: 148: 119: 87:Islamic prophet 69: 58: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6576: 6574: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6540: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6474:Laylat al-Qadr 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6366: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6191:Husayn ibn Ali 6186: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6127: 6126: 6105: 6099: 6086: 6080: 6053: 6032: 6026: 6013: 6007: 5994: 5988: 5961: 5955: 5942: 5936: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5908: 5881: 5875: 5846: 5819: 5813: 5786: 5780: 5751: 5745: 5718: 5712: 5691: 5685: 5672: 5666: 5649: 5643: 5630: 5624: 5611: 5596: 5575: 5569: 5552: 5546: 5530: 5514: 5481: 5475: 5455: 5449: 5432: 5426: 5406: 5400: 5383: 5356: 5350: 5333: 5327: 5314: 5308: 5292: 5286: 5265:"Flagellation" 5259: 5253: 5234: 5228: 5201: 5195: 5175: 5169: 5156: 5150: 5129:"Rawḍa-Ḵẖwānī" 5123: 5117: 5090: 5077: 5044: 5038: 5019: 5006: 4993: 4980: 4974: 4959: 4953: 4940: 4934: 4915: 4909: 4903:. De Gruyter. 4893: 4887: 4860: 4855:978-0275987343 4854: 4833: 4827: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4789: 4774: 4759: 4757:, p. 120. 4742: 4740:, p. 216. 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4692:, p. 119. 4682: 4680:, p. 211. 4670: 4668:, p. 173. 4658: 4656:, p. 171. 4643: 4641:, p. 200. 4631: 4629:, p. 170. 4619: 4607: 4605:, p. 178. 4595: 4593:, p. 177. 4583: 4581:, p. 174. 4571: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4518:, p. 210. 4508: 4496: 4479: 4477:, p. 163. 4467: 4452: 4433: 4418: 4416:, p. 111. 4406: 4404:, p. 118. 4394: 4382: 4380:, p. 153. 4370: 4353: 4341: 4322: 4320:, p. 166. 4310: 4308:, p. 167. 4293: 4291:, p. 205. 4281: 4279:, p. 163. 4266: 4243: 4231: 4219: 4207: 4190: 4188:, p. 233. 4175: 4163: 4151: 4149:, p. 210. 4136: 4124: 4122:, p. 108. 4112: 4110:, p. 101. 4097: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4029: 4010: 3998: 3983: 3971: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3894: 3892:, p. 103. 3879: 3867: 3855: 3853:, p. 116. 3843: 3828: 3826:, p. 143. 3816: 3804: 3789: 3770: 3768:, p. 142. 3758: 3756:, p. 165. 3746: 3734: 3722: 3720:, p. 375. 3710: 3698: 3696:, p. 162. 3686: 3674: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3633:, p. 112. 3618: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3555: 3540: 3538:, p. 319. 3528: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3462: 3460:, p. 156. 3450: 3448:, p. 154. 3435: 3412: 3387: 3364: 3333: 3318: 3299: 3287: 3268: 3264:Flaskerud 2015 3251: 3239: 3237:, p. 169. 3220: 3191: 3189:, p. 320. 3172: 3155: 3143: 3122: 3085: 3073: 3061: 3059:, p. 240. 3049: 3047:, p. 133. 3032: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2991:, p. 117. 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2940:, p. 228. 2930: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2907:Ziyarat Ashura 2904: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2883: 2881:Hussaini Dalan 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2777: 2770: 2768: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2734: 2727: 2725: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2694: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2675: 2673: 2661: 2654: 2652: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2609: 2602: 2600: 2592: 2585: 2583: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2463:Timurid Empire 2433: 2430: 2402:Saddam Hussein 2300: 2297: 2271:Corpus Christi 2110: 2094: 2090: 953–975 2051: 945–967 2035: 2025: 2021: 847–861 1981: 1971: 1885: 1882: 661–750 1875: 1873: 1870: 1843: 1840: 1796: 1793: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1650: 1647: 1503: 1500: 1406: 1403: 1336: 1333: 1199: 1196: 1168: 680–683 1158:Umayyad caliph 1135:Husayn ibn Ali 1111: 1108: 1080: 680–683 1070:Umayyad caliph 1052:and the third 1043:Husayn ibn Ali 1006:ʿAzāʾ Muḥarram 981: 980: 978: 977: 970: 963: 955: 952: 951: 938: 937: 934: 933: 931:Sayyida Nafisa 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 906:Hakimah Khātūn 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 847: 844: 843: 840: 839: 836: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 809: 804: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 790: 789: 788: 783: 778: 777: 776: 766: 761: 751: 750: 749: 748: 747: 742: 732: 731: 730: 725: 724: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 701:Hebtiahs Bohra 698: 697: 696: 671: 670: 669: 659: 658: 657: 652: 647: 636: 631: 630: 627: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 571: 566: 565: 562: 561: 558: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 516: 511: 510: 507: 506: 503: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 466: 465: 460: 455: 445: 440: 435: 430: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 408: 407: 385: 384: 382: 381: 374: 367: 359: 356: 355: 354: 353: 348: 340: 339: 336: 335: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 312: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 287:Hussaini Dalan 284: 279: 274: 272:Chehel Minbari 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 184:(Majlis-e-Aza) 179: 174: 169: 164: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 120: 117: 116: 113: 112: 106: 105: 97: 96: 92:and the third 83:Husayn ibn Ali 79: 75: 74: 64: 60: 59: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6575: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6505: 6504:Caliphate Day 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6484:Eid al-Ghadir 6482: 6480: 6479:Saviours' Day 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434:Day of Ashura 6432: 6430: 6429:Day of Arafah 6427: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6394: 6387: 6382: 6380: 6375: 6373: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6259:Day of Ashura 6257: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6100:9781135756222 6096: 6093:. Routledge. 6092: 6087: 6083: 6081:9789004305762 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6029: 6027:9780814713754 6023: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6008:9781906497514 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5989:9789004161214 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5958: 5956:9781568592169 5952: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5937:9780292709362 5933: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5909:9789004161214 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5820: 5816: 5814:9789004203532 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5783: 5781:9789004209794 5777: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5763: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5746:9789004161214 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5724:"al-Muḥarram" 5719: 5715: 5709: 5704: 5703: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5686:9780333800355 5682: 5679:. Macmillan. 5678: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5646: 5644:9780674737075 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5625:9781315770147 5621: 5618:. Routledge. 5617: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5549: 5547:9780300035315 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5496:(2): 150–75. 5495: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5476:9781138787612 5472: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5450:9780203962145 5446: 5443:. Routledge. 5441: 5440: 5433: 5429: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5411: 5410:Jafri, S.H.M. 5407: 5403: 5401:9780195373028 5397: 5392: 5391: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5351:9780801451072 5347: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5330: 5328:9781107031432 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5309:9781598842043 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5287:9789004282117 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5254:9780786458486 5250: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5229:9789004161214 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5196:9780674049451 5192: 5187: 5186: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5170:9781351900287 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5151:9789004161214 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5118:9789004161214 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5039:9780816054541 5035: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4975:9788172144616 4971: 4967: 4966: 4960: 4956: 4954:9780226056760 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4935:9781598842050 4931: 4927: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4910:9789027979438 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4888:9789004252684 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4772:, p. 30. 4771: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4731: 4728:, p. 40. 4727: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4572: 4569:, p. 22. 4568: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4554:, p. 12. 4553: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4497: 4494:, p. 85. 4493: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4468: 4465:, p. 21. 4464: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4450:, p. 20. 4449: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4431:, p. 84. 4430: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4395: 4392:, p. 44. 4391: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4368:, p. 90. 4367: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4342: 4339:, p. 82. 4338: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4264:, p. 20. 4263: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4241:, p. 77. 4240: 4235: 4232: 4229:, p. 22. 4228: 4223: 4220: 4217:, p. 70. 4216: 4211: 4208: 4205:, p. 74. 4204: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4134:, p. 87. 4133: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4095:, p. 86. 4094: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4054:, p. 54. 4053: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4027:, p. 52. 4026: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4008:, p. 11. 4007: 4002: 3999: 3996:, p. 56. 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3981:, p. 35. 3980: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3942:, p. 35. 3941: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3844: 3841:, p. 25. 3840: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3805: 3802:, p. 84. 3801: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3787:, p. 10. 3786: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3687: 3684:, p. 93. 3683: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3657:, p. 56. 3656: 3651: 3648: 3645:, p. 19. 3644: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3607: 3604:, p. 10. 3603: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3568:, p. 14. 3567: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3475:, p. 24. 3474: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3433:, p. 12. 3432: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3410:, p. 13. 3409: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3331:, p. 75. 3330: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3316:, p. 27. 3315: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3297:, p. 80. 3296: 3291: 3288: 3285:, p. 24. 3284: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3249:, p. 99. 3248: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3218:, p. 81. 3217: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3153:, p. 77. 3152: 3147: 3144: 3141:, p. 79. 3140: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3083:, p. 48. 3082: 3081:Beverley 2011 3077: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3015:, p. 14. 3014: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001:Madelung 2004 2997: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2976:, p. 70. 2975: 2970: 2967: 2964:, p. 28. 2963: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926:Plessner 2012 2922: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2848: 2839: 2834: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2763:Nakhl-gardani 2757: 2752: 2747: 2746: 2745:nakhl-gardani 2739: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2706: 2701: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2523: 2512: 2501: 2490: 2486: 2475: 2464: 2453: 2448: 2438: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2403: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2318: 2310: 2309:Kamal-ol-molk 2305: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2250:shabih-khwani 2245: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2095: 2093: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2045: 2041: 2026: 2024: 2015: 2014:al-Mutawakkil 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1972: 1970: 1955: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857:daily prayers 1853: 1852: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1728: 1720: 1712: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1604:nakhl-gardani 1583: 1578: 1577:Abbas ibn Ali 1557: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1524: 1518: 1508: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1474: 1452: 1446: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1431:shabih-khwani 1426: 1417: 1411: 1405:Passion plays 1404: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1299: 1298:marsia-khwani 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228:Nakhl Gardani 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1085: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1021: 1012: 1007: 1001: 992: 988: 976: 971: 969: 964: 962: 957: 956: 954: 953: 950: 945: 940: 939: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 842: 841: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 807: 802: 801: 794: 791: 787: 784: 782: 779: 775: 772: 771: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 755: 752: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 736: 733: 729: 726: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 695: 692: 691: 690: 689:Dawoodi Bohra 687: 686: 685: 682: 681: 680: 677: 676: 675: 672: 668: 665: 664: 663: 660: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 629: 628: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 569: 564: 563: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 545:Eid al-Ghadir 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 514: 509: 508: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 419: 418: 414: 410: 409: 405: 397: 390: 380: 375: 373: 368: 366: 361: 360: 358: 357: 352: 349: 347: 344: 343: 342: 341: 334: 331: 330: 324: 323: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 301: 300: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 217: 213: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 193:Day of Tasu'a 191: 189: 188:Day of Ashura 186: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 153: 152: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 115: 114: 111: 107: 103: 102: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 68: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6401:The two Eids 6330:Rawda Khwani 6280:Majlis-e-Aza 6189: 6163: 6129: 6113: 6109: 6090: 6063: 6040: 6036: 6017: 5998: 5971: 5946: 5927: 5891: 5887:"'Ās̲h̲ūrā'" 5856: 5836:(1): 75–91. 5833: 5829: 5796: 5761: 5728: 5701: 5676: 5655: 5634: 5615: 5606: 5600:Newman, A.J. 5583: 5558: 5537: 5525: 5518:Madelung, W. 5493: 5489: 5464: 5438: 5415: 5389: 5373:(1): 78–88. 5370: 5366: 5339: 5318: 5299: 5269: 5244: 5211: 5184: 5160: 5133: 5100: 5085: 5059:(3): 18–30. 5056: 5052: 5029: 5025:"Husayniyya" 5014: 5001: 4988: 4964: 4944: 4925: 4900: 4870: 4843: 4816: 4792: 4733: 4726:Hassner 2016 4721: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4673: 4661: 4634: 4622: 4615:Pinault 2001 4610: 4598: 4586: 4574: 4547: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4492:Hussain 2005 4475:Calmard 2004 4470: 4429:Hussain 2005 4414:Dabashi 2011 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4351:, p. 3. 4344: 4337:Hussain 2005 4313: 4284: 4239:Kennedy 2016 4234: 4222: 4210: 4166: 4159:Hussain 2005 4154: 4132:Hussain 2005 4127: 4120:Pinault 1992 4115: 4108:Pinault 1992 4093:Hussain 2005 4076:Pinault 1992 4071: 4064:Hussain 2005 4059: 4047: 4001: 3974: 3947: 3935: 3927:the original 3914: 3910: 3897: 3890:Pinault 1992 3875:Dabashi 2011 3870: 3858: 3846: 3819: 3807: 3761: 3749: 3737: 3725: 3718:Pinault 2001 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3655:Pinault 1992 3650: 3638: 3616:, p. 9. 3609: 3597: 3585: 3573: 3531: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3453: 3360:Calmard 2004 3295:Hussain 2005 3290: 3247:Pinault 1992 3242: 3216:Hussain 2005 3151:Pinault 2000 3146: 3139:Hussain 2005 3118:Calmard 1987 3076: 3069:D'Souza 1998 3064: 3052: 3030:, p. 9. 3008: 2996: 2974:Pinault 2000 2969: 2957: 2945: 2933: 2921: 2551:ta'ziyakhana 2500:Mirza Dabeer 2447:rawza-khwani 2443: 2413:Saudi Arabia 2391:Ali Shariati 2357: 2314: 2311:, dated 1892 2299:Modern times 2286: 2260: 2256:rawza-khwani 2240: 2177:rawza-khwani 2161: 2120: 2037: 1983: 1943:Ja'far Sadiq 1939: 1887: 1845: 1798: 1773: 1749: 1693:Significance 1658: 1636: 1513: 1422: 1338: 1274:rawza-khwani 1239: 1232:Bibi-Ka-Alam 1204:Rawda Khwani 1113: 1089: 1031:Shia Muslims 1015:عزاداری محرم 986: 984: 876:Umm al-Banin 605:Second Fitna 549: 485:Intercession 479: 475:Judgment Day 351:Islam portal 304:Perspectives 292:Rawda Khwani 181: 78:Significance 67:Shia Muslims 29: 6563:Husayniyyas 6464:Mid-Sha'ban 6413:Eid al-Adha 6408:Eid al-Fitr 6116:: 115–140. 5586:: 161–181. 5459:Kennedy, H. 5420:. Longman. 5179:Dabashi, H. 4897:Ayoub, M.M. 4755:Aghaie 2007 4738:Rahimi 2012 4714:Munson 1988 4690:Aghaie 2007 4666:Nakash 1993 4654:Nakash 1993 4639:Rahimi 2012 4627:Nakash 1993 4603:Nakash 1993 4591:Nakash 1993 4579:Nakash 1993 4552:Aghaie 2004 4528:Aghaie 2004 4516:Rahimi 2012 4504:Nakash 1993 4402:Aghaie 2007 4390:Pierce 2016 4366:Haider 2014 4349:Szanto 2018 4318:Nakash 1993 4306:Nakash 1993 4289:Rahimi 2012 4277:Nakash 1993 4215:Haider 2014 4203:Haider 2014 4040:Aghaie 2007 4006:Szanto 2018 3940:Munson 1988 3863:Munson 1988 3851:Aghaie 2007 3839:Munson 1988 3785:Aghaie 2004 3754:Nakash 1993 3694:Nakash 1993 3631:Aghaie 2007 3614:Aghaie 2004 3566:Aghaie 2004 3431:Szanto 2018 3408:Aghaie 2004 3329:Szanto 2013 3283:Munson 1988 3235:Nakash 1993 3013:Szanto 2018 2989:Aghaie 2007 2950:Aghaie 2013 2816:zanjir-zani 2710:Submerging 2545:Ashurakhana 2518: 1874 2507: 1875 2496: 1739 2459: 1405 2409: 2006 2398: 1977 2283: 1699 2195:zanjir-zani 2106: 1736 1865:verse 42:23 1635:, in which 1502:Processions 1364:zanjir-zani 806:Ahl al-Kisa 721:Qutbi Bohra 716:Alavi Bohra 694:Progressive 620:Persecution 600:First Fitna 555:Omar Koshan 540:Eid al-Adha 535:Eid al-Fitr 438:Prophethood 156:Remembrance 134:Ahl al-Kisa 129:Ahl al-Bayt 124:Family tree 6542:Categories 6351:Shia Islam 6325:Chup Tazia 6243:Hussainiya 5713:1586840665 5667:0312079532 5603:"'Āshūrā'" 5570:0300046049 5427:0582780802 4985:"'Azādārī" 4828:0295984554 4806:References 4770:Hyder 2006 4540:Momen 1985 4463:Hyder 2006 4378:Ayoub 1978 4262:Hyder 2006 4227:Jafri 1979 4171:Ayoub 1978 4052:Hyder 2006 4025:Hyder 2006 3994:Hyder 2006 3979:Momen 1985 3967:Ayoub 1978 3824:Ayoub 1978 3812:Ayoub 1978 3800:Blank 2001 3766:Ayoub 1978 3742:Ayoub 1978 3730:Ayoub 1978 3706:Ayoub 1978 3682:Ayoub 1978 3602:Hyder 2006 3536:Campo 2009 3458:Ayoub 1978 3446:Ayoub 1978 3187:Campo 2009 3057:Momen 1985 3045:Osman 2014 3028:Hyder 2006 2962:Momen 1985 2876:Hussainiya 2866:Chup Tazia 2533:imambaragh 2432:South Asia 2419:reimposed 2236:Christians 2220:Azerbayjan 2171:Husainiyya 2096:Safavids ( 1973:Abbasids ( 1966: 714 1950: 765 1935:Shia imams 1913: 735 1877:Umayyads ( 1817: 713 1808:Shia imam 1665:South Asia 1653:See also: 1546:). In the 1220:Hussainiya 1202:See also: 1127:Shia Islam 861:Umm Salama 845:Holy women 433:Holy Books 428:Monotheism 404:Shia Islam 277:Chup Tazia 232:Hussainiya 216:Pilgrimage 5534:Momen, M. 5096:"Ta'ziya" 3952:Fahd 2012 3911:Der Islam 3670:Crow 2016 3578:Katz 2007 3551:Reid 2011 2914:Footnotes 2891:Holy Week 2798:Sina-zani 2784:) in Iran 2781:sina-zani 2749:) in Iran 2721:Indonesia 2581:) in Iran 2527:imambarah 2511:Mir Anees 2224:Qizilbash 2207:qama-zani 2189:sina-zani 2127:Ismai'l I 2063:Hamdanids 1823:story of 1596:date palm 1529:Husayniya 1473:Husayniya 1419:) in Iran 1397:party of 1395:Hezbollah 1390:qama-zani 1352:sina-zani 1310:Husayniya 1152:) in the 1054:Shia imam 1020:romanized 1000:romanized 995:عزاء محرم 896:Shahrbanu 781:Qizilbash 94:Shia imam 6489:Mubahala 6444:Arbaʽeen 6264:Arba'een 6252:Holidays 5536:(1985). 5520:(2004). 5461:(2016). 5412:(1979). 5240:"Ashura" 5207:"Niyāḥa" 5181:(2011). 4921:"Ashura" 4899:(1978). 2849:See also 2646:azakhana 2617:Tanzania 2539:azakhana 2417:Ibn Saud 2365:Pahlavis 2319:period ( 2267:Siyavash 2216:Caucasus 2201:tiq-zani 2149:Abu Bakr 2071:Fatimids 2069:and the 2027:Buyids ( 1986:Abbasids 1923:Tawwabun 1761:Abu Bakr 1629:Trinidad 1543:masha'il 1465:to mourn 1384:tiq-zani 1328:azakhana 1322:imambara 1176:Damascus 1142:Muhammad 1115:Muharram 1050:Muhammad 1035:Muharram 813:Muhammad 769:Bektashi 745:Satpanth 679:Musta'li 674:Isma'ili 585:Mubahala 525:Arba'een 396:a series 394:Part of 208:Arba'een 90:Muhammad 6469:Ramadan 6305:Ta'zieh 6295:Maddahi 6273:Customs 6183:Figures 5592:1570949 5510:1146338 5161:Shi'ism 5073:1145650 2886:Arba'in 2861:Ta'zieh 2801:in Iran 2766:in Iran 2598:in Iran 2562:Gallery 2474:Mughals 2421:Wahhabi 2377:ta'ziya 2360:Ta'ziya 2337:ta'ziya 2332:Arbai'n 2292:ta'ziya 2276:Majlisi 2244:ta'ziya 2212:Turkish 2165:majalis 2123:Safavid 2055:Baghdad 2010:caliphs 1961: 1821:Quranic 1805:Ibrahim 1744:Bahrain 1683:Maghreb 1642:ta'ziya 1620:Ta'ziya 1614:ta'ziya 1590: 1564: 1549:tawarij 1495:ta'ziya 1489:ta'ziya 1479:ta'ziya 1459: 1445:ta'ziya 1425:Ta'ziya 1416:ta'ziya 1399:Lebanon 1259:majalis 1224:Ta'zieh 1212:Marsiya 1188:Karbala 1110:Origins 1073:Yazid I 1022:: 1011:Persian 1002:: 684:Tayyibi 655:Shaykhi 645:Akhbari 640:Ja'fari 568:History 458:Twelver 453:Ismaili 448:Imamate 257:Ta'zieh 247:Maddahi 237:Marsiya 212:Ziyarat 6449:Mawlid 6315:Tabuik 6310:Tatbir 6285:Marsia 6231:Places 6171:Events 6097: 6078: 6024: 6005: 5986: 5967:"Ṣawm" 5953: 5934: 5906: 5873: 5811: 5778: 5743: 5710: 5683: 5664: 5641: 5622: 5590: 5567: 5544: 5508: 5473: 5447: 5424: 5398: 5348: 5325: 5306: 5284: 5251: 5226: 5193: 5167: 5148: 5115: 5082:"Naḵl" 5071: 5036: 4972: 4951: 4932: 4907: 4885: 4852: 4825: 2856:Ashura 2714:tabuik 2612:Majlis 2595:Majlis 2578:majlis 2548:, and 2509:) and 2342:Tehran 2232:Europe 2228:Ghulat 2157:Uthman 2155:, and 2040:Buyids 2002:Fatima 1906:Sakina 1895:majlis 1890:Zaynab 1855:) for 1825:Joseph 1801:hadith 1765:Saqifa 1732:Turkey 1687:Sufism 1637:tadjah 1609:Indian 1523:mawkib 1440:Arabic 1378:tatbir 1316:takiya 1304:majlis 1292:niyaha 1280:qiraya 1268:majlis 1234:, and 1216:Tatbir 1184:Muslim 1131:Ashura 1096:Ashura 1092:Zaynab 1084:Muslim 991:Arabic 911:Narjis 851:Fatima 833:Husayn 823:Fatima 786:Ishiki 754:Ghulat 735:Nizari 728:Hafizi 667:Houthi 615:Origin 530:Mawlid 520:Ashura 490:Clergy 470:Angels 333:Ashura 282:Tatbir 262:Tabuik 198:Lohoof 144:Sayyid 110:Husayn 72:Sunnis 52:Tehran 48:Ashura 6320:Hosay 5588:JSTOR 5506:JSTOR 5069:JSTOR 3907:(PDF) 2738:nakhl 2697:Syria 2485:Awadh 2452:Timur 2355:). 2328:Safar 2317:Qajar 2079:Cairo 2075:Egypt 2067:Syria 1990:Abbas 1918:nawha 1851:najis 1835:nadhr 1829:Jacob 1778:jihad 1678:shukr 1673:Moses 1661:Sunni 1625:Hindu 1582:Nakhl 1534:Najaf 1517:dasta 1442:word 1358:matam 1325:, or 1286:nawha 1254:imams 1250:Safar 1236:Hosay 1180:Syria 1125:. In 1123:Islam 1064:(680 891:Rubab 828:Hasan 764:Alevi 759:Alawi 740:Khoja 662:Zaydi 650:Usuli 590:Khumm 463:Zaydi 267:Hosay 70:Some 6300:Soaz 6290:Noha 6095:ISBN 6076:ISBN 6022:ISBN 6003:ISBN 5984:ISBN 5951:ISBN 5932:ISBN 5904:ISBN 5871:ISBN 5809:ISBN 5776:ISBN 5741:ISBN 5708:ISBN 5681:ISBN 5662:ISBN 5639:ISBN 5620:ISBN 5565:ISBN 5542:ISBN 5471:ISBN 5445:ISBN 5422:ISBN 5396:ISBN 5346:ISBN 5323:ISBN 5304:ISBN 5282:ISBN 5249:ISBN 5224:ISBN 5191:ISBN 5165:ISBN 5146:ISBN 5113:ISBN 5057:29/3 5034:ISBN 4970:ISBN 4949:ISBN 4930:ISBN 4905:ISBN 4883:ISBN 4850:ISBN 4823:ISBN 2666:alam 2522:Urdu 2218:and 2153:Umar 2144:la'n 2138:Sufi 1998:Alid 1984:The 1901:latm 1587:lit. 1570:flag 1561:lit. 1556:alam 1456:lit. 1451:azza 1436:Gulf 1373:Iraq 1371:and 1369:Iran 1346:latm 1341:Arab 1331:. 1246:Iraq 1208:Noha 1192:Kufa 1104:Iran 985:The 252:Soaz 242:Noha 118:Life 56:Iran 6118:doi 6068:doi 6045:doi 5976:doi 5896:doi 5863:doi 5838:doi 5801:doi 5768:doi 5733:doi 5498:doi 5375:doi 5274:doi 5216:doi 5138:doi 5105:doi 5061:doi 4875:doi 3919:doi 2719:in 2615:in 2247:or 2204:or 2073:in 2065:in 1671:by 1428:or 1264:sg. 1178:in 1106:. 818:Ali 50:in 6544:: 6114:28 6112:. 6074:. 6041:49 6039:. 5982:. 5902:. 5869:. 5832:. 5828:. 5807:. 5774:. 5758:. 5739:. 5605:. 5582:. 5524:. 5504:. 5494:38 5492:. 5488:. 5371:25 5369:. 5365:. 5280:. 5222:. 5144:. 5111:. 5084:. 5067:. 5055:. 5051:. 5028:. 5013:. 5000:. 4987:. 4881:. 4777:^ 4762:^ 4745:^ 4646:^ 4559:^ 4482:^ 4455:^ 4436:^ 4421:^ 4356:^ 4325:^ 4296:^ 4269:^ 4246:^ 4193:^ 4178:^ 4139:^ 4100:^ 4083:^ 4032:^ 4013:^ 3986:^ 3959:^ 3915:93 3913:. 3909:. 3882:^ 3831:^ 3792:^ 3773:^ 3662:^ 3621:^ 3558:^ 3543:^ 3516:^ 3465:^ 3438:^ 3415:^ 3390:^ 3367:^ 3336:^ 3321:^ 3302:^ 3271:^ 3254:^ 3223:^ 3194:^ 3175:^ 3158:^ 3125:^ 3088:^ 3035:^ 3020:^ 2981:^ 2542:, 2536:, 2530:, 2516:d. 2505:d. 2494:d. 2479:r. 2468:r. 2457:d. 2407:d. 2396:d. 2370:r. 2351:r. 2322:r. 2281:d. 2151:, 2132:r. 2103:c. 2099:r. 2088:r. 2049:r. 2030:r. 2019:r. 1976:r. 1963:c. 1959:d. 1948:d. 1911:d. 1880:r. 1815:d. 1791:. 1645:. 1579:. 1520:, 1387:, 1381:, 1355:, 1349:, 1319:, 1313:, 1295:, 1289:, 1277:, 1262:, 1230:, 1226:, 1222:, 1218:, 1214:, 1210:, 1206:, 1166:r. 1150:CE 1146:AH 1078:r. 1066:CE 1062:AH 1017:, 1013:: 1009:; 997:, 993:: 398:on 54:, 6385:e 6378:t 6371:v 6156:e 6149:t 6142:v 6124:. 6120:: 6103:. 6084:. 6070:: 6051:. 6047:: 6030:. 6011:. 5992:. 5978:: 5959:. 5940:. 5912:. 5898:: 5879:. 5865:: 5844:. 5840:: 5834:6 5817:. 5803:: 5784:. 5770:: 5749:. 5735:: 5716:. 5689:. 5670:. 5647:. 5628:. 5609:. 5594:. 5573:. 5550:. 5512:. 5500:: 5479:. 5453:. 5430:. 5404:. 5381:. 5377:: 5354:. 5331:. 5312:. 5290:. 5276:: 5257:. 5232:. 5218:: 5199:. 5173:. 5154:. 5140:: 5121:. 5107:: 5075:. 5063:: 5042:. 4978:. 4957:. 4938:. 4913:. 4891:. 4877:: 4858:. 4831:. 4506:. 3954:. 3921:: 3672:. 3592:. 3553:. 3499:. 3487:. 3385:. 3362:. 3266:. 3170:. 3120:. 3071:. 3003:. 2952:. 2928:. 2819:) 2717:s 2669:s 2513:( 2502:( 2491:( 2476:( 2465:( 2454:( 2404:( 2393:( 2367:( 2348:( 2287:, 2285:) 2278:( 2141:( 2129:( 2109:) 2085:( 2046:( 2034:) 2016:( 1980:) 1956:( 1945:( 1908:( 1884:) 1812:( 1599:' 1593:' 1585:( 1573:' 1567:' 1559:( 1468:' 1462:' 1454:( 1163:( 1075:( 989:( 974:e 967:t 960:v 378:e 371:t 364:v 218:) 214:, 210:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index