550:
31:
570:
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legend), but the hero Icarus is hidden away in the background. The main actors in the painting are nature itself and, most prominently, the peasant, who does not even look up from his plough when Icarus falls. Brueghel shows man as an anti-hero, comical and sometimes grotesque.
929:'s life typically shows both the new possibilities and the troubles that came with them. He delivered ground-breaking work on human anatomy, after centuries of disregard for it. This earned him great respect from some, but also caused several enquiries into his methods (
750:
596:. His work is strange and full of seemingly irrational imagery, making it difficult to interpret. Most of all it seems surprisingly modern, introducing a world of dreams that highly contrasts with the traditional style of the Flemish masters of his day.
588:
still shows strong religious influences, contrary to the
Germanic painting. Even after 1500, when Renaissance influences begin to show, the influence of the masters from the previous century leads to a largely religious and narrative style of painting.
868:
publication is one of the most important sources for the reconstruction of
Renaissance folksongs. Later publishing was heavily influenced by the rebellion against the Spanish: heroic battle songs and political ballads ridiculing the Spanish occupants.
679:
In sculpture, however, 15th-century
Netherlandish artists, while adhering to Christian subjects, developed techniques and a naturalistic style which compares favorably to the work of early-Renaissance Italian contemporaries such as
951:
Both scientists' lives show how the
Renaissance scientist is not afraid of challenging what has been taken for granted for centuries, and how this leads to problems with the all-powerful Catholic Church.
476:
and the textile industry, mostly in Ghent, turned
Flanders into the wealthiest part of Northern Europe at the end of the 15th century. The Burgundian court dwelled mostly in Bruges, Ghent and
526:, Gothic elements remained important. The revival of the classical period is also not a central theme like in Italy, the "rebirth" shows itself more as a return to nature and earthly beauty.
944:
of his time, did the same for rediscovering the outside world. Mercator too came into trouble with the Church because of his beliefs, and spent several months in jail after a conviction for
327:
cities as centers of gravity, culturally and economically formed one of the richest parts of Europe. During the course of the century the region also experienced significant changes.
1383:
2124:
480:. The nobles and rich traders were able to commission artists, creating a class of highly skilled painters and musicians who were admired and requested around the continent.
626:, well known for his depictions of nature and everyday life, showing a preference for the natural condition of man, choosing to depict the peasant instead of the prince.
2786:
2806:
2345:
1245:
1820:
1300:
2781:
2335:
1494:
1254:
813:
430:
873:
2736:
652:
took some time to reach the Low
Countries, and did not entirely supplant Gothic elements. The most important sculptor in the Southern Netherlands was
2796:
2603:
1897:
635:, now thought to be an early copy, combines several elements of northern Renaissance painting. It hints at the renewed interest for antiquity (the
2801:
2444:
1477:
522:
Before 1500, the
Italian Renaissance had little or no influence above the Alps. After this Renaissance influences moved northward, but unlike the
366:
Two factors determined the fate of the region in the 16th century. The first was the union with the kingdom of Spain through the 1496 marriage of
763:
Although there is no reference to antiquity, there is a clear
Flemish "Renaissance consciousness", as indicated by the words of Flemish theorist
727:
style, not slavishly following the classical style but incorporating many decorative elements, giving a result that could also be categorized as
2556:
1587:
1440:
544:
288:
767:, who said of these Franco-Flemish composers: "Although it is beyond belief, nothing worth listening to had been composed before their time".
2771:
1538:
496:
359:
thought. Gradually, the balance of power shifted away from the
Southern Netherlands, which remained under Spanish authority, to the emerging
224:
101:
1408:
1393:
845:
attempted to put new life into the stereotyped forms of the preceding age by introducing in original composition the new-found branches of
2766:
2694:
2099:
2067:
2451:
2018:
1813:
1423:
1330:
1207:
1180:
1146:
1117:
631:
574:
549:
71:
30:
1418:
1293:
2791:
2776:
2684:
1970:
1780:
1388:
569:
2313:
1744:
1504:
558:
903:. Inevitably, their works and career were very much determined by the struggle between Reformation and the Catholic Church.
2756:
2741:
2658:
2620:
2496:
2484:
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2250:
1739:
1729:
1499:
1455:
1413:
892:
2761:
2751:
2561:
2541:
2245:
1806:
1531:
1445:
1435:
696:
van Leyden (b. ~1420) made sculptures such as "Man
Meditating", which even today appear more "modern" than does Italian
604:
585:
540:
2271:
2202:
2146:
1734:
1286:
896:
2668:
2663:
2467:
2385:
1855:
1721:
1592:
1570:
1352:
980:
971:
Bible. By 1481 the Low Countries had printing shops in 21 cities and towns. Famous publishing houses like those of
657:
2653:
2608:
2402:
967:, where the first dated extant book was printed in 1473, while the first book in the Dutch language was the 1477
834:
623:
348:
296:
217:
603:, leading to a style that incorporates Renaissance elements, but remains very far from the elegant lightness of
299:. In architecture, music and literature too, the culture of the Low Countries moved into the Renaissance style.
1373:
1067:
649:
579:
352:
272:, which made Flanders wealthy. Its nobles commissioned artists who became known across Europe. In science, the
56:
777:, and during his career enjoyed the patronage of three popes. Equally at ease in secular and religious music.
854:
483:
This led to frequent exchanges between the Low Countries and Northern Italy. Examples are Italian architects
2746:
2689:
2230:
1787:
1770:
1679:
1597:
956:
508:
162:
724:
2434:
2350:
2158:
1965:
1695:
1550:
1526:
1489:
1398:
1072:
1026:
959:
in the 1430s appears to be a romantic notion, the Low Countries had an early start in printing. By 1470 a
850:
789:
732:
410:
332:
320:
152:
106:
96:
81:
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practices, for example, were particularly strong in the region, while the 16th-century criticisms of the
2713:
2588:
1986:
1765:
1674:
1619:
1543:
1450:
1110:
744:
703:
488:
398:
147:
1268:
E. L. Eisenstein: The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, 1993 pp.13–17, quoted in:
2439:
2380:
2323:
2281:
2235:
2072:
1913:
1892:
1775:
1634:
1624:
1614:
1560:
1467:
1317:
1045:
972:
656:, who spent most of his career in Italy. An architect directly influenced by the Italian masters was
402:
344:
340:
328:
242:
210:
167:
111:
76:
36:
911:
667:
2625:
2546:
2397:
2390:
2370:
2318:
2276:
2255:
2119:
2062:
1918:
1872:
1867:
1829:
1700:
1642:
1579:
1516:
1357:
1062:
1031:
1004:
830:
523:
446:
383:
367:
316:
265:
157:
142:
127:
2355:
2141:
2055:
2023:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1705:
1652:
1647:
1607:
1555:
1472:
1345:
1014:
1009:
764:
720:
636:
336:
324:
137:
132:
599:
After 1550, the Flemish and Dutch painters begin to show more interest in nature and in beauty
2717:
2598:
2593:
2551:
2506:
2174:
2131:
2104:
2089:
2050:
2013:
1662:
1657:
1602:
1521:
1511:
1484:
1462:
1378:
1272:: Growth and Interaction in the World Economy: The Roots of Modernity, Washington 2005, p.17f.
1213:
1203:
1176:
1142:
1113:
937:
915:
822:
797:
785:
753:
693:
661:
284:
193:
91:
86:
61:
2583:
2207:
2197:
2153:
1882:
1862:
1760:
1335:
1238:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1057:
1040:
988:
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774:
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445:
in the northern provinces. Subsequently, the Southern Netherlands became a bastion for the
2613:
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2501:
2182:
1877:
1430:
900:
865:
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781:
615:
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394:
258:
66:
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2187:
2136:
2114:
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1036:
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846:
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in the south, other areas of thought remained associated with 16th-century currents of
386:, although a prominent part of the empire, became dependent on a large foreign power.
2730:
2709:
2648:
1249:
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in 1517, eventually led to outright war. The Reformation, particularly the ideas of
347:
were effectively split. While this fracture was reflected in the visual arts by the
2240:
757:
697:
685:
492:
434:
876:, who was one of the leading spirits in the war of Dutch independence. He wrote a
749:
611:
painters: landscapes, still lifes and genre painting – scenes from everyday life.
264:
Culture in the Low Countries at the end of the 15th century was influenced by the
2375:
1850:
1403:
1325:
1309:
995:
from around 1580 turned the Low Countries into a regional center of publishing.
941:
653:
512:
418:
390:
356:
307:
280:
254:
22:
936:
While Vesalius performed ground-breaking work in rediscovering the human body,
692:
with a dynamism almost unknown at the turn of the 15th century; and Dutch-born
311:
Map showing the political situation in the Low Countries between 1556 and 1648.
930:
800:, a Fleming who had lived in Italy as a youth and spent most of his career in
461:
422:
491:, who worked in the Low Countries for most of their careers, Flemish painter
2365:
2360:
2212:
1340:
1217:
728:
681:
450:
409:
were critical but remained loyal to the church. However, the spread of the
421:, gained significant support in the Low Countries, and following the 1566
2340:
2328:
1978:
1197:
842:
516:
477:
857:, who was led by an unbounded love of classical and mythological fancy.
1887:
1258:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 721.
976:
923:
608:
465:
406:
273:
250:
41:
1798:
1199:
A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day
992:
984:
945:
877:
861:
801:
504:
473:
269:
425:
Spain attempted to quell the tide and maintain the authority of the
968:
910:
881:
817:
748:
702:
666:
607:, and directly leads to the themes of the great Flemish and Dutch
568:
548:
460:
379:
306:
1802:
1282:
933:
of the human body) and the religious implications of his work.
453:
was the main religion of those in power in the Dutch Republic.
1278:
401:
that spread throughout Europe also reached the Low Countries.
1104:
735:
was another important name, primarily as a garden architect.
515:, a Flemish sculptor who spent his most productive years in
1141:(3rd ed.). Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education.
860:
The most important genre was music publishing, especially
382:, would inherit the largest empire in the world, and the
1171:
Heughebaert, H.; Defoort, A.; Van Der Donck, R. (1998).
922:
The new age presents itself in science as well. Flemish
507:
into the most important musical centre of its time (see
780:
Other important composers from the Low Countries were
592:
The first painter showing the marks of the new era is
389:
A second factor included religious developments. The
804:, was the leading composer of the late Renaissance.
2677:
2641:
2634:
2576:
2526:
2519:
2476:
2460:
2424:
2415:
2306:
2299:
2264:
2223:
2167:
2043:
2036:
2006:
1999:
1958:
1951:
1906:
1843:
1836:
1753:
1720:
1688:
1633:
1578:
1569:
1366:
1316:
880:on the Roman Catholic Church, started to work on a
1134:
884:translation and allegedly wrote the lyrics to the
343:. By the end of the 16th century the Northern and
287:'s map assisted explorers and navigators. In art,
245:that took place in around the 16th century in the
1202:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 59.
495:, whose visit to Italy in 1508 in the company of
622:, but the true genius among these painters was
586:Fifteenth-century painting in the Low Countries
335:led to a rebellion against the Spanish rule of
2346:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
955:Though the invention of the printing press by
829:In the middle of the 16th century, a group of
1814:
1294:
1175:. Wommelgem, Belgium: Den Gulden Engel bvba.
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
393:gave way to new modes of religious thinking.
218:
8:
773:was the most celebrated composer during the
2336:History of European Jews in the Middle Ages
814:Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature
2638:
2523:
2421:
2303:
2040:
2003:
1955:
1840:
1821:
1807:
1799:
1575:
1301:
1287:
1279:
874:Philips van Marnix, lord of Sint-Aldegonde
723:plays an important role in developing the
433:. The repression that followed led to the
225:
211:
18:
1103:Janson, H.W.; Janson, Anthony F. (1997).
2787:16th century in the Habsburg Netherlands
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
431:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba
2807:Early modern history of the Netherlands
1137:Spain, 1469–1714, A Society of Conflict
1084:
756:leading a chamber ensemble, painted by
688:(fl. ~1400) produced works such as the
614:This evolution is seen in the works of
180:
119:
48:
21:
545:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting
289:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting
303:Geopolitical situation and background
7:
2485:Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)
853:poetry. The leader of these men was
556:, the right panel from the triptych
457:Influence of the Italian Renaissance
2695:History of the Mediterranean region
1898:International relations (1648–1814)
429:Church through force by installing
319:were in a personal union under the
2782:16th century in the Dutch Republic
872:Best remembered of the writers is
14:
2452:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
2019:Journalism of Early Modern Europe
1331:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
632:Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
575:Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
499:left a deep impression, musician
2737:Renaissance in the Low Countries
1231:
1196:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000).
1109:(5th, rev. ed.). New York:
530:Renaissance in the Low Countries
378:. Their son, Charles V, born in
239:Renaissance in the Low Countries
29:
2797:16th century in the Netherlands
2685:History of Western civilization
1971:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1244:Gosse, Edmund William (1911). "
441:, and the establishment of the
407:Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam
2802:Early modern history of France
2314:Christianity in the modern era
2100:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
559:The Garden of Earthly Delights
291:went from the strange work of
1:
2659:History of the European Union
2497:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
2287:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
2251:War of the Spanish Succession
893:Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert
249:(corresponding to modern-day
241:was a cultural period in the
2772:Flemish Renaissance painters
2562:Early Netherlandish painting
1532:Platonism in the Renaissance
1436:Early Netherlandish painting
541:Early Netherlandish painting
2203:Absolute monarchy in France
2147:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
1246:Dutch Literature § Houwaert
897:Hendrick Laurensz. Spieghel
2823:
2767:Dutch Renaissance painters
2669:Military history of Europe
2664:Maritime history of Europe
2557:Dutch and Flemish painting
2468:Science in the Renaissance
1441:Dutch and Flemish painting
1384:Central and Eastern Europe
1353:Outline of the Renaissance
981:Petrus Phalesius the Elder
891:Other important names are
811:
742:
715:In the early-17th century
658:Cornelis Floris de Vriendt
644:Architecture and sculpture
538:
2707:
2654:Genetic history of Europe
2403:European wars of religion
2246:Second Hundred Years' War
835:Medieval Dutch literature
624:Pieter Brueghel the Elder
297:Pieter Brueghel the Elder
1068:List of Flemish painters
940:, as one of the leading
650:Renaissance architecture
580:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
295:to the everyday life of
2690:History of Christianity
2272:French–Habsburg rivalry
2231:French Wars of Religion
1255:Encyclopædia Britannica
957:Laurens Janszoon Coster
855:Johan Baptista Houwaert
605:Italian Renaissance art
437:, the beginning of the
2792:16th century in France
2777:Renaissance by country
2435:Renaissance philosophy
2351:Protestant Reformation
2159:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1966:Fall of Constantinople
1073:List of Dutch painters
1027:Burgundian Netherlands
919:
918:'s map of Europe, 1554
826:
790:Jacob Clemens non Papa
760:
733:Hans Vredeman de Vries
712:
676:
582:
566:
469:
423:iconoclastic outbreaks
411:Protestant Reformation
312:
2714:History of philosophy
2589:Industrial Revolution
1987:Scientific Revolution
1766:Medieval renaissances
1544:Scientific Revolution
1133:Kamen, Henry (2005).
1111:Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
914:
886:Dutch national anthem
821:
752:
745:Franco-Flemish School
725:Amsterdam Renaissance
706:
670:
572:
552:
489:Alessandro Pasqualini
472:Trade in the port of
464:
351:in the north and the
339:and the start of the
310:
2757:Habsburg Netherlands
2742:Northern Renaissance
2440:Renaissance humanism
2324:Bohemian Reformation
2282:Treaties of Nijmegen
1893:Age of Enlightenment
1635:Northern Renaissance
1173:Artistieke opvoeding
973:Christoffel Plantijn
664:, finished in 1564.
662:city hall of Antwerp
345:Southern Netherlands
268:, through trade via
243:Northern Renaissance
37:The School of Athens
2762:Spanish Netherlands
2752:History of Flanders
2626:Revolutions of 1848
2547:Florentine painting
2398:Counter-Reformation
2319:Proto-Protestantism
2277:Peace of Westphalia
2120:Seventeen Provinces
1979:Printing Revolution
1873:Early modern Europe
1868:Early modern period
1830:Early modern Europe
1588:Bergamo and Brescia
1580:Italian Renaissance
1358:Renaissance studies
1063:Romanism (painting)
1032:Seventeen Provinces
1021:Political situation
1005:English Renaissance
987:from 1553, and the
660:, who designed the
524:Italian Renaissance
447:Counter Reformation
368:Philip the Handsome
317:Seventeen Provinces
266:Italian Renaissance
2356:Ninety-five Theses
2142:Kingdom of Bohemia
2056:Free imperial city
2024:The General Crisis
1706:Spanish Golden Age
1346:Northern Mannerism
1015:German Renaissance
1010:French Renaissance
920:
827:
825:(finished in 1564)
765:Johannes Tinctoris
761:
721:Hendrick de Keyser
713:
677:
583:
567:
497:Philip of Burgundy
470:
466:Desiderius Erasmus
337:Philip II of Spain
313:
2724:
2723:
2718:History of Europe
2703:
2702:
2599:French Revolution
2594:Age of Revolution
2572:
2571:
2552:Venetian painting
2515:
2514:
2507:Leonardo da Vinci
2411:
2410:
2295:
2294:
2236:Thirty Years' War
2175:Habsburg monarchy
2132:Habsburg monarchy
2105:Cossack Hetmanate
2090:Portuguese Empire
2051:Holy Roman Empire
2032:
2031:
2014:Absolute monarchy
1995:
1994:
1947:
1946:
1796:
1795:
1716:
1715:
1689:Iberian peninsula
1456:Italian sculpture
1046:Eighty Years' War
938:Gerardus Mercator
916:Gerardus Mercator
823:Antwerp City Hall
798:Orlande de Lassus
786:Johannes Ockeghem
754:Orlande de Lassus
694:Nikolaus Gerhaert
673:The Well of Moses
285:Gerardus Mercator
235:
234:
194:Continuity thesis
181:History and study
2814:
2639:
2584:Great Divergence
2542:Italian painting
2524:
2422:
2304:
2256:Seven Years' War
2198:House of Bourbon
2154:Protestant Union
2125:Economic history
2041:
2004:
1956:
1883:Age of Discovery
1863:High Renaissance
1841:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1800:
1761:Cloak and dagger
1576:
1446:Italian painting
1336:High Renaissance
1303:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1153:
1152:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1100:
1058:Flemish painting
1041:Dutch Golden Age
989:House of Elzevir
927:Andreas Vesalius
775:High Renaissance
771:Josquin des Prez
648:As in painting,
594:Hieronymus Bosch
564:Hieronymus Bosch
485:Tommaso Vincidor
439:Eighty Years War
376:Juana of Castile
349:Dutch Golden Age
321:Burgundian Dukes
293:Hieronymus Bosch
279:led the way; in
277:Andreas Vesalius
227:
220:
213:
199:High Renaissance
189:Age of Discovery
33:
19:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2699:
2673:
2630:
2568:
2534:Renaissance art
2511:
2502:Matteo Palmieri
2472:
2456:
2445:Northern Europe
2417:
2407:
2291:
2260:
2219:
2183:House of Stuart
2163:
2028:
1991:
1943:
1914:Northern Europe
1902:
1878:Elizabethan era
1832:
1827:
1797:
1792:
1749:
1712:
1684:
1629:
1565:
1478:Northern Europe
1362:
1312:
1307:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1243:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1210:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1156:
1149:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1102:
1101:
1086:
1081:
1054:
1023:
1001:
909:
901:Roemer Visscher
866:Souterliedekens
816:
810:
794:Adrian Willaert
782:Guillaume Dufay
747:
741:
646:
616:Joachim Patinir
547:
539:Main articles:
537:
532:
509:Venetian School
501:Adrian Willaert
459:
427:post-Tridentine
399:Catholic Church
395:Devotio Moderna
353:Flemish Baroque
323:, and with the
305:
259:French Flanders
231:
168:Northern Europe
44:
40:(1509–1511) by
17:
16:Cultural period
12:
11:
5:
2820:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Dutch Republic
2744:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2604:Coalition Wars
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2521:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2188:House of Tudor
2185:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2137:Russian Empire
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2115:Dutch Republic
2112:
2110:Swedish Empire
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Spanish Empire
2092:
2087:
2085:Ottoman Empire
2082:
2081:
2080:
2078:British Empire
2070:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2001:
2000:Social history
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1975:Technological:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1845:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1270:Angus Maddison
1261:
1250:Chisholm, Hugh
1223:
1208:
1188:
1181:
1154:
1147:
1125:
1118:
1106:History of Art
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1037:Dutch Republic
1034:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1000:
997:
979:from 1555 on,
963:was in use in
961:printing press
908:
905:
809:
806:
743:Main article:
740:
737:
717:Dutch Republic
709:Man Meditating
645:
642:
620:Pieter Aertsen
536:
533:
531:
528:
458:
455:
443:Dutch Republic
361:Dutch Republic
304:
301:
233:
232:
230:
229:
222:
215:
207:
204:
203:
202:
201:
196:
191:
183:
182:
178:
177:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
122:
121:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
72:Greek scholars
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2819:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:Human history
2706:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Art of Europe
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Revolutionary
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:End of period
2575:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:Ancien Régime
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1983:Intellectual:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1939:Low Countries
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1670:Low Countries
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Italian domes
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1240:public domain
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:90-6109-440-2
1205:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1182:90-5035-222-7
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:0-582-78464-6
1144:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1119:0-8109-3442-6
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
949:
947:
943:
942:cartographers
939:
934:
932:
928:
925:
917:
913:
906:
904:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
824:
820:
815:
807:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
766:
759:
755:
751:
746:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
705:
701:
699:
695:
691:
690:Well of Moses
687:
683:
674:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
641:
638:
634:
633:
627:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
590:
587:
581:
577:
576:
571:
565:
561:
560:
555:
551:
546:
542:
534:
529:
527:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
467:
463:
456:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:Martin Luther
413:, started by
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:religious war
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:In 1500, the
309:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:Low Countries
244:
240:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
174:
173:Low Countries
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
118:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
47:
43:
39:
38:
32:
28:
27:
24:
20:
2490:
2483:
2241:Cabinet wars
1938:
1781:12th century
1669:
1374:Architecture
1264:
1253:
1226:
1198:
1191:
1172:
1136:
1128:
1105:
954:
950:
935:
921:
890:
871:
859:
831:rhetoricians
828:
779:
769:
762:
758:Hans Mielich
714:
708:
698:Quattrocento
686:Claus Sluter
678:
672:
647:
630:
628:
613:
600:
598:
591:
584:
573:
557:
553:
521:
493:Jan Gossaert
482:
471:
435:Dutch Revolt
388:
365:
314:
263:
238:
236:
172:
57:Architecture
35:
2621:Nationalism
2431:Philosophy:
2386:Switzerland
2376:Lutheranism
1851:Renaissance
1788:Reenactment
1771:Carolingian
1404:Plateresque
1326:Renaissance
1310:Renaissance
675:, 1395-1405
654:Giambologna
513:Giambologna
419:John Calvin
391:Middle Ages
384:Netherlands
357:Renaissance
333:Reformation
281:cartography
255:Netherlands
23:Renaissance
2731:Categories
2614:Napoleonic
2538:Painting:
2425:Philosophy
1907:By country
1745:Structures
1551:Technology
1527:Philosophy
1490:Literature
1409:Portuguese
1079:References
931:dissection
812:See also:
808:Literature
707:Gerhaert,
107:Technology
97:Philosophy
82:Literature
2416:Academic
2366:Huguenots
2361:Calvinism
2307:Overviews
2265:Diplomacy
2213:Louis XIV
2044:Countries
1959:Political
1837:Overviews
1740:Humanists
1730:Composers
1571:By region
1451:Sculpture
1399:Palladian
1341:Mannerism
924:anatomist
729:Mannerism
700:carving.
682:Donatello
503:who made
451:Calvinism
403:Humanists
274:anatomist
67:Fine arts
2635:See also
2381:Scottish
2341:Haskalah
2329:Hussites
2300:Religion
2179:England
2068:Germany
2037:Politics
2007:Concepts
1776:Ottonian
1696:Portugal
1680:Scotland
1598:Lombardy
1593:Florence
1517:Medicine
1468:Humanism
1424:Venetian
1367:By field
1218:52849131
999:See also
843:Flanders
671:Sluter,
517:Florence
478:Brussels
449:, while
405:such as
372:Burgundy
329:Humanism
163:Scotland
153:Portugal
77:Humanism
2527:General
2491:Authors
2461:Science
2391:Radical
2371:English
2194:France
2168:Leaders
2073:Britain
1934:Germany
1919:England
1888:Baroque
1856:Outline
1754:Related
1735:Figures
1653:Germany
1643:England
1561:Warfare
1556:Theatre
1539:Science
1505:Spanish
1419:Spanish
1318:General
1252:(ed.).
1242::
977:Antwerp
965:Utrecht
907:Science
839:Brabant
609:Baroque
601:an sich
468:in 1523
325:Flemish
251:Belgium
138:Germany
128:England
120:Regions
112:Warfare
102:Science
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