1428:. It may also apply to careers that are inherently competitive in the sense that there is a fixed number of slots, such as football league positions, music charts, or urban territory for illegal drug selling. These jobs are characterised by the existence of a small number of rich members of the guild, along with a much larger surrounding of poor people competing against each other under very poor conditions as they "pay their dues" to try to join the guild. (Reference: "Freakonomics: Why do drug dealers live with their Moms?").
1002:, it is the knowledge, performance, and ethical standards, as well as the cost of permits and licenses that are collectively controlled as to their number, regardless of the competence and willingness of those who wish to compete on price alone in the area being licensed. In regard to labor, economic rent can be created by the existence of mass education, labor laws, state social reproduction supports, democracy, guilds, and labor unions (e.g., higher pay for some workers, where collective action creates a
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investment. In a sense, the required investment is a natural barrier to entry, discouraging some would-be members from making the necessary investment in training to enter the competitive market for the services of the guild. This is a natural "free market" self-limiting control on the number of guild members and/or the cost of training necessitated by certification. Some of those who would have opted for a particular guild may decide to join a different guild or occupation.
57:
983:, where opportunity cost is an essential component. Economic rent is viewed as unearned revenue while economic profit is a narrower term describing surplus income earned by choosing between risk-adjusted alternatives. Unlike economic profit, economic rent cannot be theoretically eliminated by competition because any actions the recipient of the income may take such as improving the object to be rented will then change the total income to
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common, cost the labourer only the trouble of gathering them, come, even to him, to have an additional price fixed upon them. He must then pay for the licence to gather them; and must give up to the landlord a portion of what his labour either collects or produces. This portion, or, what comes to the same thing, the price of this portion, constitutes the rent of land ....
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As soon as the land of any country has all become private property, the landlords, like all other men, love to reap where they never sowed, and demand a rent even for its natural produce. The wood of the forest, the grass of the field, and all the natural fruits of the earth, which, when land was in
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However, a political restriction on the number of people entering into the competitive market for services of the guild has the effect of raising the return on investments in the guild's training, especially for those already practicing, by creating an artificial scarcity of guild members. To the
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was influential in developing the spatial analysis of rents, which highlighted the importance of centrality and transport. Simply put, it was density of population, increasing the profitability of commerce and providing for the division and specialization of labor, that commanded higher municipal
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Santa Monica's residents were being afforded too many choices... a population of 84,000 was served by 454 licensed taxis... City experts settled on a franchise system: Competition would be limited to five cab companies. The total number of taxis would be fixed at around 200. The biggest losers,
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Differential rent refers to the rent that arises owing to differences in fertility of land. The surplus that arises due to difference between the marginal and intra-marginal land is the differential rent. It is generally accrued under conditions of extensive land cultivation. The term was first
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who control the underlying standards in an industry or product line (e.g. Microsoft Office); rents associated with 'natural monopolies' of public or private utilities (e.g. telephone, electricity, railways, etc.); and rents associated with network effects of platform technologies controlled by
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makes a huge investment in training and education, which has limited potential application outside of that guild. In a competitive market, the wages of a member of the guild would be set so that the expected net return on the investment in training would be just enough to justify making the
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in the sense of rewarding control over persistently scarce or monopolised assets, rather than labour or sacrifice." Over time, economists shifted their definition of the term. Neoclassical economists defined economic rent as "income in excess of opportunity cost or competitive price."
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1110:, defines rent as "the part of the produce that accrues to the owners of land (or other natural capabilities) by virtue of ownership" and as "the share of wealth given to landowners because they have an exclusive right to the use of those natural capabilities."
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Monopoly rent refers to those economic rents derived from monopolies, which can result from (1) denial of access to an asset or (2) the unique qualities of an asset. Examples of monopoly rent include: rents associated from legally enforced knowledge
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Gross rent refers to the rent paid for the services of land and the capital invested on it. It consists of economic rent, interest on capital invested for improvement of land, and reward for the risk taken by the landlord in investing his or her
959:, economic rent includes income gained by labor or state beneficiaries of other "contrived" (assuming the market is natural, and does not come about by state and social contrivance) exclusivity, such as labor guilds and unofficial corruption.
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Scarcity rent refers to the price paid for the use of homogeneous land when its supply is limited in relation to demand. If all units of land are homogeneous but demand exceeds supply, all land will earn economic rent by virtue of its
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The generalization of the concept of rent to include opportunity cost has served to highlight the role of political barriers in creating and privatizing rents. For example, a person seeking to become a member of a medieval
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besides the Santa Monica residents who had a tougher time finding a taxi, were the single proprietors who'd bought taxis and earned their livings in the city only to be told that they were no longer welcome there.
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extent that a constraint on entrants to the guild actually increases the returns to guild members as opposed to ensuring competence, then the practice of limiting entrants to the field is a
1096:(1982), economic rents are "excess returns" above the "normal levels" that are generated in competitive markets. More specifically, a rent is "a return in excess of the resource owner's
1072:
Historically, theories of rent have typically applied to rent received by different factor owners within a single economy. Hossein
Mahdavy was the first to introduce the concept of "
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Morton, John; Goodman, Rae Jean B. (2003), "The story of economic rent: what do land, athletics and government have in common?", in Morton, John; Goodman, Rae Jean B. (eds.),
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rents. These high rents determined that land in a central city would not be allocated to farming but be allocated instead to more profitable residential or commercial uses.
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The same model explains the high wages in some modern professions that have been able to both obtain legal protection from competition and limit their membership, notably
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Hammes, John K. (1985), "Economic rent considerations in international mineral development finance", in
Tinsley, C. Richard; Emerson, Mark E. (eds.),
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Contract rent refers to rent that is mutually agreed upon between the landowner and the user. It may be equal to the economic rent of the factor.
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Mahdavy, Hossein (1970), "Pattern and problems of economic development in rentier states: the Case of Iran", in Cook, Michael A. (ed.),
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of such workers, as opposed to an ideal condition where labor competes with other factors of production on price alone). For most other
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is credited with the first clear and comprehensive analysis of differential land rent and the associated economic relationships (
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Bird, Ronald; Tarascio, Vincent J. (Winter 1992). "Paretian rent versus Pareto's rent theory: a clarification and correction".
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derived from intellectual property like patents or copyrights; rents associated with 'de facto' monopolies of companies like
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Bird, Ronald; Tarascio, Vincent J. (1999), "Paretian rent versus Pareto's rent theory: a clarification and correction", in
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Bebchuk, Lucian; Fried, Jesse (2004), "The managerial power perspective", in
Bebchuk, Lucian; Fried, Jesse (eds.),
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Thomas, Diana W. (September 2009). "Deregulation despite transitional gains: the brewers guild of
Cologne 1461".
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or resource, supply of which is fixed. In classical economics, economic rent is any payment made (including
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Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. (May 2000). "Political losers as a barrier to economic development".
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define the term as "extra returns that firms or individuals obtain due to their positional advantages."
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In simple terms, economic rent is an excess where there is no enterprise or costs of production.
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Progress and poverty: why there are recessions and poverty amid plenty - and what to do about it
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Information rent is rent an agent derives from having information not provided to the principal.
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Studies in the economic history of the Middle East: from the rise of Islam to the present day
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Goode, Richard B. (1984). "Taxation of exports and resources". In Goode, Richard B. (ed.).
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When economic rent is privatized, the recipient of economic rent is referred to as a
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In the moral economy of the economics tradition broadly, economic rent is opposed to
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2188:"Technoscience Rent: Toward a Theory of Rentiership for Technoscientific Capitalism"
2072:(3rd ed.), New York, N.Y: National Council on Economic Education, p. 266,
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extends the concept of rent to include factors other than natural resource rents.
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Shepherd, A. Ross (October 1970). "Economic rent and the industry supply curve".
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activity, and the excess return realized by the guild members is economic rent.
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Kittrell, Edward R. (July 1957). "Ricardo and the taxation of economic rents".
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For a produced commodity, economic rent may be due to the legal ownership of a
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The labeling of this version of rent as "Paretian" may be a misnomer in that
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Foldvary, Fred E. (January 2008). "The marginalists who confronted land".
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Pay without performance: the unfulfilled promise of executive compensation
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is any payment (in the context of a market transaction) to the owner of a
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1319: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Vilfredo Pareto: critical assessments of leading economists, volume 2
1045:. This distinction has important implications for public revenue and
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value) or benefit received for non-produced inputs such as location (
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2220:"Why Lawmakers Are So Interested in Apple's and Google's 'Rents'"
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and monopolies of scale that cannot be eliminated by regulation.
1057:. For example, economic rent can be collected by a government as
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is limited by legal charter, such as the UK, it also applies to
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1880:
George, Henry (2006) , "The law of rent", in Drake, Bob (ed.),
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Tollison, Robert D. (November 1982). "Rent seeking: a survey".
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Tullock, Gordon (Autumn 1975). "The transitional gains trap".
1947:
An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations
1913:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p.
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1076:", whereby one economy received rent from other economies.
2431:, a series of seminars at Queen Mary University of London.
1720:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p.
27:
Difference between marginal product and opportunity cost
1754:, New York, N.Y: Society of Mining Engineers of AIME,
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Advanced placement economics: teacher resource manual
1084:
Late 1800s thinkers conceptualized economic rent as "
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The
American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings
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1664:. wiseGEEK, Conjecture Corporation. 6 October 2023.
1906:
1713:
1159:for allowing production on the land they control.
2160:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
1678:The American Journal of Economics and Sociology
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1207:proposed that publicly collected land rents (
943:) and for assets formed by creating official
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8:
2424:Definition of economic rent at Economist.com
1884:, New York: Robert Schalkenbach Foundation,
1270:companies like Facebook, Google, or Amazon.
2104:, London New York: Routledge, p. 474,
1949:(5th ed.), London: Methuen & Co.,
1783:, London, New York: OUP, pp. 428–467,
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1716:Government finance in developing countries
1026:, if there is no exclusivity and there is
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1988:
1420:. In countries where the creation of new
1379:Learn how and when to remove this message
987:. Still, the total income is made up of
1580:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
991:(earned) plus economic rent (unearned).
2192:Science, Technology, & Human Values
1626:. Henry George Foundation. 5 June 2007.
1569:
1203:would not distort economic activities,
1049:policy. As long as there is sufficient
47:
2439:Rent-Seeking papers by Behrooz Hassani
1033:Economic rent is different from other
2251:Friedersdorf, Conor (23 March 2015).
1990:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-071146
1548:Differential and absolute ground rent
1199:Observing that a tax on the unearned
7:
2042:"Economics A-Z terms: economic rent"
1519:(finance, insurance and real estate)
1317:adding citations to reliable sources
1106:, best known for his proposal for a
3026:Microfoundations of macroeconomics
1977:Annual Review of Political Science
1867:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1982.tb00174.x
1691:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1957.tb00200.x
1069:such as minerals and oil and gas.
947:over natural opportunities (e.g.,
25:
1751:Finance for the minerals industry
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2173:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2007.00561.x
1589:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1738-2
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1132:In political economy, including
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870:
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1304:needs additional citations for
1086:incomes analogous to land rents
157:Concepts, theory and techniques
1:
2385:The Bell Journal of Economics
1822:10.1080/13563467.2022.2109612
1273:An antitrust probe described
2129:History of Political Economy
1432:Terminology relating to rent
2971:Civil engineering economics
2956:Statistical decision theory
2596:Income elasticity of demand
1638:"Economics A-Z terms: rent"
1148:, land is recognized as an
1146:schools of economic thought
927:In neoclassical economics,
3151:
2606:Price elasticity of supply
2601:Price elasticity of demand
2591:Cross elasticity of demand
2443:Agricultural economic rent
2100:; McLure, Michael (eds.),
1543:Johann Heinrich von ThĂĽnen
1459:proposed by David Ricardo.
1281:fees as "monopoly rents".
1223:Neoclassical Paretian rent
1193:Johann Heinrich von ThĂĽnen
1128:Classical rent (land rent)
29:
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2306:10.1007/s11127-009-9420-4
2142:10.1215/00182702-24-4-909
2007:Southern Economic Journal
1973:"The Politics of Housing"
1624:henrygeorgefoundation.org
1211:) should be the primary (
2662:Income–consumption curve
2205:10.1177/0162243919829567
1804:Stratford, Beth (2022).
1658:"What is economic rent?"
1583:(3 ed.). Springer.
1502:List of economics topics
145:JEL classification codes
2996:Industrial organization
1971:Ansell, Ben W. (2019).
1577:Alchian, Armen (2018).
331:Industrial organization
188:Computational economics
1228:Neoclassical economics
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1000:occupational licensing
957:neoclassical economics
183:Experimental economics
2966:Engineering economics
2561:Cost–benefit analysis
2098:Wood, John Cunningham
1810:New Political Economy
1175:The Wealth of Nations
30:Further information:
3130:Public choice theory
2783:Price discrimination
2677:Intertemporal choice
2436:Rent-Seeking Network
2367:10.1257/aer.90.2.126
2186:Birch, Kean (2019).
1313:improve this article
1153:factor of production
933:factor of production
410:Social choice theory
3094:Business portal
3031:Operations research
2858:Substitution effect
1209:land value taxation
1138:classical economics
1113:The law professors
1028:perfect competition
877:Business portal
198:Operations research
178:National accounting
2672:Indifference curve
2640:Goods and services
2581:Economies of scope
2576:Economies of scale
1538:Schumpeterian rent
1217:natural monopolies
1108:single tax on land
1041:income, including
208:Industrial complex
203:Middle income trap
3112:
3111:
3074:Political economy
2873:Supply and demand
2753:Pareto efficiency
2122:Also available as
1598:978-1-349-95189-5
1455:Differential rent
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1051:accounting profit
1024:production theory
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16:(Redirected from
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2834:Returns to scale
2692:Market structure
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1022:By contrast, in
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2112:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2020:10.2307/1056131
2003:
2002:
1998:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1768:on 13 May 2014.
1762:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1620:"Economic Rent"
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:Unearned income
1553:Property income
1482:
1434:
1410:medical doctors
1385:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1328:"Economic rent"
1322:
1320:
1310:
1298:
1287:
1279:Apple App Store
1254:
1246:Vilfredo Pareto
1225:
1179:
1168:
1130:
1094:Robert Tollison
1082:
1065:in the case of
1063:extraction fees
989:economic profit
981:economic profit
965:
921:
883:
881:
869:
862:
861:
832:
822:
821:
820:
819:
583:von Böhm-Bawerk
471:
460:
459:
221:
213:
212:
168:Economic growth
158:
150:
149:
91:
89:classifications
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3069:Macroeconomics
3066:
3065:
3064:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2884:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2768:Price controls
2760:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2689:
2687:Market failure
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2514:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2479:Microeconomics
2477:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2419:
2418:External links
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2392:(2): 671–678.
2379:
2351:(2): 126–130.
2337:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2263:Atlantic Media
2243:
2211:
2178:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2136:(4): 909–923.
2110:
2088:
2078:
2060:
2033:
2014:(2): 209–211.
1996:
1963:
1930:
1923:
1897:
1890:
1872:
1861:(4): 575–602.
1843:
1816:(3): 347–362.
1796:
1789:
1771:
1760:
1740:
1730:
1704:
1685:(4): 379–390.
1667:
1649:
1629:
1611:
1597:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
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1387:
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1253:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1224:
1221:
1166:
1129:
1126:
1115:Lucian Bebchuk
1081:
1078:
1055:public finance
964:
961:
923:
922:
920:
919:
912:
905:
897:
894:
893:
892:
891:
879:
864:
863:
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859:
854:
844:
839:
833:
828:
827:
824:
823:
818:
817:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
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775:
770:
765:
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730:
725:
720:
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710:
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695:
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560:
555:
550:
545:
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535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
474:
473:
472:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
376:Organizational
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
220:By application
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
159:
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137:
132:
127:
122:
113:
108:
103:
98:
92:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
74:
69:
61:
60:
52:
51:
45:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3147:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3105:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Institutional
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Computational
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2891:Law of supply
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Law of demand
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Social choice
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2853:Excess supply
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Risk aversion
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Price ceiling
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2729:Complementary
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:non-convexity
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:Public Choice
2288:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2167:(1): 89–117.
2166:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2111:9780415185011
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2079:9781561835669
2075:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2049:
2048:
2047:The Economist
2043:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1943:Cannan, Edwin
1940:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1924:9780674022287
1920:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1891:9780911312980
1887:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1790:9780197135617
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1761:9780895204356
1757:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1731:9780815731955
1727:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:The Economist
1639:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Rentier state
1521:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:Contract rent
1463:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1446:Scarcity rent
1445:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1383:
1380:
1372:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330: –
1329:
1325:
1324:Find sources:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1302:This section
1300:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1252:Monopoly rent
1251:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:David Ricardo
1177:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:According to
1090:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1074:external rent
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:contract rent
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
985:contract rent
982:
978:
974:
973:normal profit
970:
962:
960:
958:
954:
953:moral economy
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:economic rent
918:
913:
911:
906:
904:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
880:
878:
873:
868:
867:
866:
865:
858:
855:
852:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
826:
825:
816:
815:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
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689:
686:
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679:
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671:
669:
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664:
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656:
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651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
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571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
478:de Mandeville
476:
475:
470:
464:
463:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
407:
406:Public choice
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Participation
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:Institutional
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
291:Expeditionary
289:
287:
284:
282:
281:Environmental
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
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232:
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223:
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209:
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199:
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160:
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153:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
112:
111:International
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:Branches and
84:
83:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:
33:
19:
3036:Optimization
3021:Mathematical
2981:Experimental
2976:Evolutionary
2961:Econometrics
2828:
2819:Public goods
2793:Price system
2788:Price signal
2702:Monopolistic
2571:Distribution
2486:Major topics
2435:
2389:
2383:
2348:
2344:
2332:
2297:
2291:
2273:
2266:. Retrieved
2258:The Atlantic
2256:
2246:
2235:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2101:
2091:
2069:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2045:
2036:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1980:
1976:
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