832:
36:
564:-hydroperoxy-DHA by a 15-lipoxygenase (either ALOX15 or possibly ALOX15B) followed by the further metabolism of the two intermediates by ALOX5 to their 17-hydroperoxy derivatives; these di-hydroperoxy products are further altered to the cited RvDs by these oxygenases or by non-enzymatic reactions and the conversion of their peroxy residues ubiquitous cellular peroxidases.
924:
128:
143:
193:
682:-hydroperoxy intermediate (aspirin and atorvastatin change the activity of COX-2 from a cyclooxygenase to a hydroxyperoxidase-forming enzyme. The intermediate is then passed to nearby human
620:). Resolvins Es are formed in manner similar to AT resolvins Ts. COX-2 modified in activity by aspirin or atorvastatin or, alternatively, a microbial or possibly mammalian
937:. Resolution of inflammation involves various specialized lipid mediators, including resolvins. Resolvins are under laboratory research for their potential to act through
842:
46:
161:
628:-hydroperoxy derivative; this intermediate is then further metabolized by ALOX5 to a 5,6 epoxide which is hydrolyzed enzymatically or non-enzymatically to RvE1 and 18
945:, which is also activated by certain lipoxins and is therefore often termed the ALX/FPR2 receptor; 2) RvD1, AT-RVD1, RvD3, AT-RvD3, and RvD5 act through the
235:
acting on local tissues, resolvins are under preliminary research for their involvement in promoting restoration of normal cellular function following the
415:
hydroxyl residue. Certain isomers of RvDs are termed aspirin-triggered resolvin Ds (AT-RvDs) because their synthesis is initiated by a drug-modified
259:
Resolvins (Rvs) fall into several sub-classes based on the straight chain PUFA from which they are formed and derive their unique structure. The
617:
553:
204:
248:
179:
903:
107:
875:
79:
427:) hydroxyl residue of the RvEs; however, an unidentified as of 2023 cytochrome P450 enzyme(s) may also form this 17(
938:
933:
Following tissue injury, the inflammatory response is a protective process to promote restoration of the tissue to
814:-DPA). Subsequent studies found that these four RvTs are also formed by mixtures of human neutrophils and vascular
240:
1002:"Resolvins and omega three polyunsaturated fatty acids: Clinical implications in inflammatory diseases and cancer"
431:)-hydroxy intermediate and thereby contribute to the production of AT-RvEs. All of the cited resolvins except the
966:
942:
850:
54:
882:
86:
961:
receptor. All of these receptors activate their parent cells through standard GPR-mobilized pathways. RvE1, 18(
1378:
485:
861:
846:
65:
50:
889:
556:). These metabolites are formed by a wide range of cells and tissues by the initial metabolism of DHA to 7
93:
220:
212:
480:
RvDs are poly-hydroxyl metabolites of DHA. To date, six RvDs, which vary in the number, position, and
1504:
1499:
1445:
1333:
871:
216:
75:
644:
439:
1251:
224:
208:
572:
RvEs are di- or tri-hydroxyl metabolites of EPA. To date, four RvEs have been described: RvE1 (5
1379:"Elucidation of novel 13-series resolvins that increase with atorvastatin and clear infections"
1471:
1411:
1359:
1302:
1243:
1201:
1147:
1089:
1033:
370:
1461:
1453:
1401:
1393:
1349:
1341:
1292:
1282:
1235:
1191:
1183:
1137:
1129:
1079:
1069:
1023:
1013:
1226:
Qu Q, Xuan W, Fan GH (2015). "Roles of resolvins in the resolution of acute inflammation".
1494:
621:
466:
1058:"Emerging Concepts in the Resolution of Periodontal Inflammation: A Role for Resolvin E1"
1449:
1337:
1466:
1433:
1406:
1354:
1321:
1297:
1270:
1196:
1171:
1142:
1117:
1084:
1057:
1028:
1001:
462:
449:
enzymes may be responsible for metabolizing PUFA to resolvins: 15-lipoxygenase-1 (i.e.
401:
896:
100:
1488:
818:
cells and, additionally, are detected in the infected tissues of rodents and humans.
687:
469:
1255:
667:
236:
1187:
1172:"DHA- and EPA-derived resolvins, protectins, and maresins in airway inflammation"
1133:
934:
815:
536:-trihydroxy-DHA; chirality at position 5 not yet determined as of 2023), RvD5 (7
489:
329:
957:) analog of RvE1 are full activators while RvE2 is a partial activator of the
949:
receptor which is now also termed the RVD1 receptor; 3) RvD2 acts through the
683:
244:
1074:
1018:
481:
446:
1475:
1415:
1363:
1306:
1247:
1205:
1151:
1093:
1037:
1287:
969:
which is the receptor for inflammation-promoting PUFA metabolites such as
659:
228:
17:
1457:
1239:
978:
860:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
663:
454:
232:
64:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1345:
552:-dihydroxy-DHA). (The structures of these RvDs are further defined at
958:
686:
which metabolize it, probably by ALOX5 enzyme activity, to four poly-
450:
1397:
1434:"Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology"
953:
receptor also now termed the RvD2 receptor; and 4) RvE1 and the 18(
1000:
Moro, K; Nagahashi, M; Ramanathan, R; Takabe, K; Wakai, T (2016).
950:
946:
675:
458:
416:
191:
981:; by inhibiting the action of these pro-inflammatory mediators.
970:
647:
618:
Specialized pro-resolving mediators § EPA-derived resolvins
616:-dihydroxy-EPA). (Structures of the RvEs are further defined at
554:
Specialized pro-resolving mediators § DHA-derived resolvins
239:
that occurs after tissue injury. Resolvins belong to a class of
192:
825:
397:(RvTs) are metabolites of clupanodonic acid, that possess a 17
136:
29:
291:(RvEs) are metabolites of the 20-carbon PUFA, EPA (i.e. 5
263:(RvDs) are metabolites of the 22-carbon PUFA, DHA (i.e. 4
1116:
Serhan, C. N.; Chiang, N; Dalli, J; Levy, B. D. (2014).
857:
484:
of their hydroxyl residues as well as the position and
157:
61:
1271:"Roles of Resolvins in Chronic Inflammatory Response"
1322:"Novel n-3 immunoresolvents: structures and actions"
1118:"Lipid mediators in the resolution of inflammation"
152:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
670:metabolize the omega-3 DPA, clupanodonic acid (DPA
1269:Liu C, Fan D, Lei Q, Lu A, He X (December 2022).
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1165:
1163:
1161:
856:Please review the contents of the section and
632:-RvE1 or reduced to RvE2; alternatively the 18
60:Please review the contents of the article and
674:) by aspirin-treated or atorvastatin-treated
8:
1427:
1425:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1056:Balta, M. G; Loos, B. G; Nicu, E. A (2017).
941:(GPRs): 1) RvD1 and AT-RvD1 act through the
1275:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1122:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
492:, have been described. These are: RvD1 (7
1465:
1405:
1353:
1296:
1286:
1195:
1141:
1083:
1073:
1027:
1017:
180:Learn how and when to remove this message
164:, without removing the technical details.
1051:
1049:
1047:
989:
995:
993:
624:monoxygenase metabolizes EPA to its 18
219:(DHA), as well as from two isomers of
1377:Dalli J, Chiang N, Serhan CN (2015).
1320:Dalli J, Colas RA, Serhan CN (2013).
636:-hydroperoxide is converted to the 17
162:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
453:), possibly 15-lipoxygenase-2 (i.e.
1170:Duvall, M. G.; Levy, B. D. (2015).
369:are metabolites of the DPA isomer,
328:are metabolites of the DPA isomer,
205:specialized pro-resolving mediators
249:specialized proresolving mediators
25:
393:-docosapentaenoic acid); and the
1176:European Journal of Pharmacology
922:
830:
141:
126:
34:
1006:World Journal of Clinical Cases
858:add the appropriate references
62:add the appropriate references
1:
965:)-RvE1, and RvE2 inhibit the
608:-dihydroxy-EPA), and RvE3 (17
352:-docosapentaenoic acid); the
311:-eicosapentaenoic acid); the
1188:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.11.001
544:-dihydroxy-DHA), and RvD6 (4
287:-docosahexaenoic acid); the
1134:10.1101/cshperspect.a016311
939:G protein-coupled receptors
843:reliable medical references
255:Biochemistry and production
223:(DPA), one omega-3 and one
47:reliable medical references
27:Class of chemical compounds
1521:
1228:Cell Biology International
461:), cyclooxygenase-2 (i.e.
423:) hydroxyl rather than 17(
241:polyunsaturated fatty acid
967:leukotriene B4 receptor 1
943:formyl peptide receptor 2
849:or relies too heavily on
600:-trihydroxy-EPA), RvE2 (5
528:-trihydroxy-DHA), RvD4 (4
516:-trihydroxy-DHA), RvD3 (4
504:-trihydroxy-DHA), RvD2 (7
53:or relies too heavily on
1075:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01682
457:), 5-lipoxygenase (i.e.
1062:Frontiers in Immunology
1019:10.12998/wjcc.v4.i7.155
1432:Serhan, C. N. (2014).
560:-hydroperoxy-DHA and 4
197:
1288:10.3390/ijms232314883
404:residue, whereas all
221:docosapentaenoic acid
213:eicosapentaenoic acid
195:
690:metabolites: RvT1 (7
584:-trihydroxy-EPA), 18
217:docosahexaenoic acid
207:(SPMs) derived from
1458:10.1038/nature13479
1450:2014Natur.510...92S
1338:2013NatSR...3E1940D
822:Putative mechanisms
486:cis–trans isomerism
440:omega-3 fatty acids
438:are metabolites of
411:resolvins have a 17
209:omega-3 fatty acids
1326:Scientific Reports
1240:10.1002/cbin.10345
786:-DPA), and RvT4 (7
654:T series resolvins
419:enzyme to form 17(
225:omega-6 fatty acid
198:
196:Resolvin D2 (RvD2)
1346:10.1038/srep01940
931:
930:
907:
371:clupanodonic acid
190:
189:
182:
135:
134:
111:
16:(Redirected from
1512:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1444:(7503): 92–101.
1429:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1392:(9): 1071–1075.
1383:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1290:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1167:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1113:
1098:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1021:
997:
977:stereoisomer of
926:
925:
917:
914:
908:
906:
865:
834:
833:
826:
662:pretreated with
437:
410:
368:
360:
327:
319:
185:
178:
174:
171:
165:
145:
144:
137:
130:
129:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
38:
37:
30:
21:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1398:10.1038/nm.3911
1386:Nature Medicine
1381:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1281:(23). Table 1.
1268:
1267:
1263:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1115:
1114:
1101:
1055:
1054:
1045:
999:
998:
991:
987:
927:
923:
918:
912:
909:
866:
855:
851:primary sources
835:
831:
824:
673:
656:
650:product, RvE3.
622:cytochrome P450
570:
478:
467:cytochrome P450
465:), and certain
436:
432:
409:
405:
366:
362:
359:
355:
325:
321:
318:
314:
257:
186:
175:
169:
166:
158:help improve it
155:
146:
142:
131:
127:
122:
116:
113:
70:
59:
55:primary sources
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1518:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1421:
1369:
1312:
1261:
1211:
1157:
1128:(2): a016311.
1099:
1043:
1012:(7): 155–164.
988:
986:
983:
929:
928:
921:
919:
838:
836:
829:
823:
820:
754:-DPA), RvT3 (7
722:-DPA), RvT2 (7
671:
655:
652:
569:
566:
477:
474:
470:monooxygenases
445:The following
434:
407:
364:
357:
323:
316:
256:
253:
188:
187:
149:
147:
140:
133:
132:
125:
123:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1517:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
990:
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
920:
916:
905:
902:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
881:
877:
874: –
873:
869:
868:Find sources:
863:
859:
853:
852:
848:
844:
839:This section
837:
828:
827:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:-trihydroxy-9
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:-trihydroxy-8
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:-trihydroxy-8
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
669:
665:
661:
653:
651:
649:
646:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
475:
473:
471:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
361:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
320:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
184:
181:
173:
163:
159:
153:
150:This article
148:
139:
138:
124:
120:
117:November 2017
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
67:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
1441:
1437:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1231:
1227:
1179:
1175:
1125:
1121:
1065:
1061:
1009:
1005:
974:
962:
954:
932:
910:
900:
893:
886:
879:
867:
847:verification
840:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:-dihydroxy-8
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
679:
668:atorvastatin
657:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
571:
561:
557:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:double bonds
479:
444:
428:
424:
420:
412:
398:
395:resolvins Ts
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:resolvins Es
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:resolvins Ds
260:
258:
237:inflammation
211:, primarily
200:
199:
176:
167:
151:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
51:verification
44:
1505:Docosanoids
1500:Eicosanoids
1234:(1): 3–22.
1182:: 144–155.
935:homeostasis
841:needs more
816:endothelium
684:neutrophils
568:Resolvin Es
488:of their 6
476:Resolvin Ds
330:osbond acid
245:metabolites
231:similar to
45:needs more
1489:Categories
985:References
913:March 2018
883:newspapers
872:"Resolvin"
354:resolvins
313:resolvins
215:(EPA) and
170:March 2018
87:newspapers
76:"Resolvin"
660:platelets
482:chirality
447:oxygenase
229:autacoids
201:Resolvins
18:Resolvins
1476:24899309
1416:26236990
1364:23736886
1332:: 1940.
1307:36499209
1256:10160642
1248:25052386
1206:26546247
1152:25359497
1094:29312286
1068:: 1682.
1038:27458590
973:and the
688:hydroxyl
402:hydroxyl
251:(SPMs).
233:hormones
1467:4263681
1446:Bibcode
1407:4560998
1355:3672887
1334:Bibcode
1298:9738788
1197:4854800
1143:4315926
1085:5735081
1029:4945585
979:12-HETE
897:scholar
862:removed
678:to a 13
664:aspirin
645:vicinal
588:-Rv1 (5
455:ALOX15B
373:(i.e. 7
332:(i.e. 4
247:termed
243:(PUFA)
156:Please
101:scholar
66:removed
1495:Lipids
1474:
1464:
1438:Nature
1414:
1404:
1362:
1352:
1305:
1295:
1254:
1246:
1204:
1194:
1150:
1140:
1092:
1082:
1036:
1026:
959:CMKLR1
899:
892:
885:
878:
870:
658:Human
451:ALOX15
435:n-6DPA
408:n-3DPA
365:n-3DPA
358:n-3DPA
324:n-6DPA
317:n-6DPA
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1382:(PDF)
1252:S2CID
951:GPR18
947:GPR32
904:JSTOR
890:books
676:COX-2
532:,5,17
463:COX-2
459:ALOX5
417:COX-2
322:(RvDs
227:. As
108:JSTOR
94:books
1472:PMID
1412:PMID
1360:PMID
1303:PMID
1244:PMID
1202:PMID
1148:PMID
1090:PMID
1034:PMID
971:LTB4
876:news
845:for
648:diol
433:RvDs
406:RvDs
363:(RvD
203:are
80:news
49:for
1462:PMC
1454:doi
1442:510
1402:PMC
1394:doi
1350:PMC
1342:doi
1293:PMC
1283:doi
1236:doi
1192:PMC
1184:doi
1180:785
1138:PMC
1130:doi
1080:PMC
1070:doi
1024:PMC
1014:doi
810:,19
806:,16
802:,14
798:,10
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