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leadership in expertise. Outside scientific circles it was generally assumed that a person in an occupation related to the sciences carried out work which was necessarily "scientific" and that the skill of the scientist did not hold any more merit than the skill of a labourer. A philosophical position on science was not thought by all researchers to be intellectually superior to applied methods. However any research on scientific application was limited by comparison. A loose definition attributed all naturally occurring phenomena to "science". The growth of scientific study stimulated a desire to reinvigorate the scientific discipline by robust research in order to extract
31:
233:. His plan combined provisions for linguistic, philosophical and scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within the structure of a university. The St Petersburg Academy was established by decree on 28 January 1724.
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Research institutes came to emerge at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900, at least in Europe and the United States, the scientific profession had only evolved so far as to include the theoretical implications of science and not its application. Research scientists had yet to establish a
256:, the Italian-European Sistema Trieste with, among others, the International Centre for Theoretical Physics and the research complex Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, the biology project EMBL, and the fusion project
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This began with research conducted autonomously away from public utility and governmental supervision. Enclaves for industrial investigations became established. These included the
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and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention in the late 1800s, and because of that, he is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
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314:. A growing public consciousness of scientific research brought public perception to the fore in driving specific research developments. After the
133:(1559–1632). In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently discovered a number of important mathematical concepts.
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Evaluating
Research Centers and Institutes for Success: A Manual and Guide with Case Studies William R. Tash WT & Associates, 2006. 229 pages
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In the early medieval period, several astronomical observatories were built in the
Islamic world. The first of these was the 9th-century
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129:. The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with
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in 1666 which came after private academic assemblies had been created earlier in the seventeenth century to foster research.
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The expansion of universities into the faculty of research fed into these developments as mass education produced mass
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established an educational-research institute to be built in his newly created imperial capital,
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History of
Universities: 1994, Volume 13, Peter Denley, Oxford University Press.1995, p142
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At the
European level, there are now several government-funded institutions such as the
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670:. The Chicago History of Science and Medicine. University of Chicago Press. p.
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The
Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory
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laboratory set up to make highly accurate measurements of the stars. In the
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As of 2006, there were over 14,000 research centres in the United States.
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which in addition to technical developments has a strong research focus.
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441:, or SRI. Also known as Stanford Research Institute prior to 1977.
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used a research institute structure for its organizational model.
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190:, dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", was one of the first
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came the 17th century scientific academy. In London, the
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there are numerous notable research institutes including
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research, there are also many research institutes in the
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567:
Hughes After Howard, Kenneth
Richardson, 2011, pg88,
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Scientific research in the 20th century United States
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was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by
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Science in
America, a documentary history, 1900–1939
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393:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
102:, though the most famous were the 13th-century
136:The earliest research institute in Europe was
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343:International Centre for Theoretical Physics
368:Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering
115:Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics
322:specific research threads were followed:
94:observatory built during the time of the
58:. Research institutes may specialize in
27:Establishment endowed for doing research
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250:European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
450:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
54:is an establishment founded for doing
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445:Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology
424:Pennington Biomedical Research Center
7:
472:European Survey Research Association
395:is Asia's oldest research institute.
240:(ESA), the nuclear research centre
214:was founded in 1660, and in France
34:Researcher working in a laboratory.
399:Indian Council of Medical Research
373:Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
293:Carnegie Institution of Washington
66:. Although the term often implies
25:
455:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
279:from such broad categorisation.
404:Marine Sciences Research Center
549:The Scripps Research Institute
492:Research Organization Registry
487:Contract research organization
166:The Scripps Research Institute
1:
614:Walsh, Bryan (15 July 2009).
246:European Southern Observatory
202:Research institutes in Europe
388:Institute for Advanced Study
297:Institute for Advanced Study
220:Académie royale des sciences
225:In the early 18th century,
194:to apply the principles of
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618:. Time.com. Archived from
585:"The Wizard of Menlo Park"
363:Biological Research Centre
267:
86:Famous research institutes
662:Reingold, Ida H. (1981).
616:"The Electrifying Edison"
477:London Research Institute
419:Palo Alto Research Center
144:complex on the island of
334:Notable research centres
74:as well, especially for
324:environmental pollution
206:From the throes of the
119:Madhava of Sangamagrama
106:, and the 15th-century
589:The Franklin Institute
510:E. S. Kennedy (1962),
312:scientific communities
248:(ESO) (Grenoble), the
62:or may be oriented to
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429:Rockefeller Institute
383:Helmholtz Association
289:Rockefeller Institute
270:Research I university
238:European Space Agency
208:Scientific Revolution
108:Ulugh Beg Observatory
52:research organization
33:
348:Ames Research Center
131:Narayana Bhattathiri
104:Maragheh observatory
716:Research institutes
556:Library of Congress
252:(ESRF) (Grenoble),
82:research purposes.
18:Research laboratory
554:2002-09-14 at the
409:Max Planck Society
378:Fraunhofer Society
40:research institute
36:
681:978-0-226-70946-8
646:978-0-19-820531-9
573:978-0-9708050-8-9
439:SRI International
434:RTI International
178:SRI International
174:RTI International
170:Beckman Institute
148:, a 16th-century
16:(Redirected from
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622:on July 18, 2009
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591:. Archived from
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482:Research funding
328:national defence
316:Second World War
64:applied research
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624:. Retrieved
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218:founded the
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626:31 December
599:24 February
340:Abdus Salam
303:1940 onward
138:Tycho Brahe
711:Institutes
705:Categories
467:Think tank
268:See also:
162:Xerox Parc
80:historical
498:Footnotes
353:Bell Labs
320:atom bomb
283:1900–1939
216:Louis XIV
192:inventors
158:Bell Labs
142:Uraniborg
100:al-Ma'mun
552:Archived
461:See also
318:and the
295:and the
254:EUMETSAT
56:research
98:caliph
96:Abbasid
92:Baghdad
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244:, the
176:, and
123:Kerala
127:India
676:ISBN
642:ISBN
628:2013
601:2013
569:ISBN
525:Isis
326:and
258:ITER
242:CERN
146:Hven
113:The
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518:by
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