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Well logs are measured in depth and provide high resolution vertical data, but no insight into the inter-well space. Seismic are measured in time and provide great lateral detail but is quite limited in its vertical resolution. When correlated, well logs and seismic can be used to create a fine-scale
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In the next step of seismic to simulation, seismic inversion techniques combine well and seismic data to produce multiple equally plausible 3D models of the elastic properties of the reservoir. Seismic data is transformed to elastic property log(s) at every trace. Deterministic inversion techniques
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Once well logs are properly conditioned and edited, a petrophysical rock model is generated that can be used to derive the effective elastic rock properties from fluid and mineral parameters as well as rock structure information. The model parameters are calibrated by comparison of the synthetic to
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Based on the quality of the match, some models are eliminated. After the initial history match process, dynamic well parameters are adjusted as needed for each of the remaining models to improve the match. The final model represents the best match to original field measurements and production data
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The static model built from seismic is typically orthogonal but flow simulators expect corner point grids. The corner point grid consists of cubes that are usually much coarser in the horizontal direction and each corner of the cube is arbitrarily defined to follow the major features in the grid.
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In the last step of seismic to simulation, flow simulation continues the integration process by bringing in the production history. This provides a further validation of the static model against history. A representative set of the model realizations from the geostatistical inversion are history
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Using the porosity and permeability models and a saturation height function, initial saturation models are built. If volumetric calculations identify problems in the model, changes are made in the petrophysical model without causing the model to stray from the original input data. For example,
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The output volumes are at a sample rate consistent with the reservoir model because making synthetics of finely sampled models is the same as from well logs. Inversion properties are consistent with well log properties because the histograms used to generate the output rock properties from the
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Sometimes a single "shared earth model" is used for both purposes. More commonly, a geological model is constructed at a relatively high (fine) resolution. A coarser grid for the reservoir simulation model is constructed, with perhaps two orders of magnitude fewer cells. Effective values of
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Insight into the rock properties comes from a combination of basic geologic understanding and well-bore measurements. Based on an understanding of how the area was formed over time, geologists can predict the types of rock likely to be present and how rapidly they vary spatially. Well log and
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This statistical approach creates multiple, equi-probable models consistent with the seismic, wells, and geology. Geostatistical inversion simultaneously inverts for impedance and discrete properties types, and other petrophysical properties such as porosity can then be jointly cosimulated.
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An intermediate stratigraphic grid ensures that important structures are not misrepresented in the transfer. The stratigraphic grid has the same number of cells as the orthogonal seismic grid, but the boundaries are defined by stratigraphic surfaces and the cells follow the stratigraphic
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From the posterior PDF, realizations are generated using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. These realizations are statistically fair and produce models of high detail, accuracy and realism. Rock properties like porosity can be cosimulated from the elastic properties determined by the
51:. This fault line is between the blue/green contour lines and the purple/red/yellow contour lines. The thin red circular contour line in the middle of the map indicates the top of the oil reservoir. Because gas floats above oil, the thin red contour line marks the gas/oil contact zone.
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A reservoir model represents the physical space of the reservoir by an array of discrete cells, delineated by a grid which may be regular or irregular. The array of cells is usually three-dimensional, although 1D and 2D models are sometimes used. Values for attributes such as
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Inversion parameters are tuned by running the inversion many times with and without well data. Without the well data, the inversions are running in blind-well mode. These blind-well mode inversions test the reliability of the constrained inversion and remove potential bias.
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Following geostatistical inversion and in preparation for history matching and flow simulation, the static model is re-gridded and up-scaled. The transfer simultaneously converts time to depth for the various properties and transfers them in 3D from the
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attributes for the simulation model are then derived from the geological model by an upscaling process. Alternatively, if no geological model exists, the attribute values for a simulation model may be determined by a process of sampling geological maps.
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as a function of the impedance contrast between the layers. Acoustic impedance varies by rock type and can therefore be correlated to rock properties using rock physics relationships between the inversion attributes and petrophysical properties such as
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organization. This is a stratigraphic representation of the seismic data using the seismic interpretation to define the layers. The stratigraphic grid model is then mapped to the corner point grid by adjusting the zones.
517:
Castoro A., de Groot L., Forsyth D., Maguire R., Rijkers R., Webber R., "Accurate
Reservoir Modelling Through Optimized Integration of Geostatistical Inversion And Flow Simulation. A North Sea Case Study", Petex,
339:
Uncertainty is quantified by using random seeds to generate slightly differing realizations, particularly for areas of interest. This process improves the understanding of uncertainty and risk within the model.
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Merletti, G., Torres-Verdin, C., "Accurate
Detection and Spatial Delineation of Thin-Sand Sedimentary Sequences via Joint Stochastic Inversion of Well Logs and 3D Pre-Stack Seismic Amplitude Data", SPE
535:
Contreras, A., Torres-Verdin, C., "AVA sensitivity analysis and inversion of 3D pre-stack seismic data to delineate a mixed carbonate-siliciclas tic reservoir in the
Barinas-Apure Basin, Venezuela".
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Stephen, K., MacBeth, C. "Reducing
Reservoir Prediction Uncertainty by Updating a Stochastic Model Using Seismic History Matching", SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, December 2008.
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Seismic data is used by petrophysicists to identify the tops of various lithotypes and the distribution of rock properties in the inter-well space using seismic inversion attributes such as
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grid transfer to accurately move seismic-derived data to the geologic model, and flow simulation for model validation and ranking to determine the model that best fits all the data.
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The phrase "reservoir characterization" is sometimes used to refer to reservoir modeling activities up to the point when a simulation model is ready to simulate the flow of fluids.
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Soni, S., Littmann, W., Timko, D., Karkooti, H., Karimi, S., Kazemshiroodi, S. "An
Integrated Case Study from Seismic to Simulation through Geostatistical Inversion", SPE 118178.
532:"Building Highly Detailed, Realistic 3D Numerical Models of Rock and Reservoir Properties: Rigorous Incorporation of All Data Reduces Uncertainty", Fugro-Jason White Paper, 2008.
538:
Contreras, A., Torres-Verdin, C., Kvien, K., Fasnacht, T., Chesters, W., "AVA Stochastic
Inversion of Pre-Stack Seismic Data and Well Logs for 3D Reservoir Modeling", EAGE 2005.
298:(MCMC) based geostatistical inversion addresses the vertical scaling problem by creating seismic derived rock properties with vertical sampling compatible to geologic models.
71:
and making decisions regarding the development of the field, predicting future production, placing additional wells and evaluating alternative reservoir management scenarios.
320:, resulting in a posterior PDF that conforms to everything that is known about the field. A weighting system is used within the algorithm, making the process more objective.
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is created to describe the rock types and their known properties such as porosity and permeability. Lithotypes are described, along with their distinct elastic properties.
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508:"Incorporating Geophysics into Geologic Models: New Approach Makes Geophysical Models Available to Engineers in a Form They Can Use", Fugro-Jason White Paper, 2008.
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are associated with each cell. The value of each attribute is implicitly deemed to apply uniformly throughout the volume of the reservoir represented by the cell.
357:. The relative locations of properties are preserved, ensuring data points in the seismic grid arrive in the correct stratigraphic layer in the corner point grid.
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Jarvis, K., Folkers, A., Saussus, D., "Reservoir compartment prediction of the
Simpson field from the geostatistical inversion of AVO seismic data", ASEG 2007.
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inversion to determine a set of plausible seismic-derived rock property models at sufficient vertical resolution and heterogeneity for flow simulation,
477:"Benefits of Integrating Rock Physics with Petrophysics: Five Key Reasons to Employ an Integrated, Iterative Workflow", Fugro-Jason White Paper, 2007.
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of the sets of attribute values. The behaviour of the resulting simulation models can then indicate the associated level of economic uncertainty.
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are used to provide a good overall view of the porosity over the field, and serve as a quality control check. To obtain greater detail needed for
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Reservoir models are constructed to gain a better understanding of the subsurface that leads to informed well placement, reserves estimation and
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behavior should match historical (measured) well bottom hole pressure. Production flow rates and other engineering data should also match.
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Sams, M., Saussus, D., "Comparison of uncertainty estimates from deterministic and geostatistical inversion", SEG Annual
Conference, 2008.
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including: Xu & White, Greenberg & Castagna, Gassmann, Gardner, modified upper and lower Hashin-Shtrikman, and Batzle & Wang.
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Zou, Y., Bentley, L., Lines, L. "Integration of reservoir simulation with time-lapse seismic modeling", 2004 CSEG National
Convention.
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Seismic to simulation enables the quantitative integration of all field data into an updateable reservoir model built by a team of
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Francis, A., "Limitations of
Deterministic and Advantages of Stochastic Seismic Inversion", CSEG Records, February 2005, p. 5-11.
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The first step in seismic to simulation is establishing a relationship between petrophysical key rock properties and
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Pyrcz, M.J. and Deutsch, C. Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, 448 pages.
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Leggett, M., Chesters, W., "Joint AVO Inversion with Geostatistical Simulation", CSEG National Convention, 2005.
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Commercially available software is used in the construction, simulation and analysis of the reservoir models.
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matched against production data. If the properties in the model are realistic, simulated well bottom hole
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Converting directly from orthogonal to corner point can cause problems such as creating discontinuity in
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of the rock. This is required in order to find common ground between the well logs and seismic data.
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contrasts between rock layers. As different geologic structures are encountered, the sound wave
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Screenshot of a structure map generated by Contour map software for an 8500ft deep gas &
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All field data is incorporated into the geostatistical inversion process through the use of
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geostatistical inversion. This process is iterated until a best fit model is identified.
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The processes required to construct reservoir models are described by the phrase
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and aim to provide a static description of the reservoir, prior to production.
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logs. Calculations are performed following a number of rock physics
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inversion are based on well log values for those rock properties.
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provide samples to verify and fine-tune that understanding.
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sealing faults are added for greater compartmentalization.
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Reservoir models typically fall into two categories:
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within the reservoir, over its production lifetime.
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444:An Introduction to Reservoir Modeling
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394:decisions and production planning.
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303:probability distribution functions
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1928:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
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59:involves the construction of a
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1491:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
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1000:Production sharing agreements
282:MCMC geostatistical inversion
203:Rock physics and petrophysics
55:In the oil and gas industry,
2034:Canadian petroleum companies
2029:American Petroleum Institute
1566:National Iranian Oil Company
1551:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
377:Model validation and ranking
215:3D model of the subsurface.
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1034:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
344:Stratigraphic grid transfer
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1222:List of natural gas fields
822:Integrated asset modelling
230:. Seismic surveys measure
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2008:Weatherford International
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296:Markov chain Monte Carlo
124:to simulate the flow of
91:Types of reservoir model
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1933:China Oilfield Services
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689:Western Canadian Select
684:West Texas Intermediate
404:Extraction of petroleum
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1022:Submersible pump (ESP)
967:Underbalanced drilling
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263:the available elastic
116:models are created by
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901:Differential sticking
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827:Petroleum engineering
669:OPEC Reference Basket
409:Petroleum engineering
150:Seismic to simulation
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1810:Occidental Petroleum
1124:1990 oil price shock
950:Shale oil extraction
923:Drilling engineering
906:Directional drilling
832:Reservoir simulation
390:and is then used in
276:statistical database
114:Reservoir simulation
35:in the Erath field,
1958:Naftiran Intertrade
1903:Amec Foster Wheeler
1830:Reliance Industries
1719:Naftiran Intertrade
1531:Hindustan Petroleum
1129:2000s energy crisis
419:Reservoir simulator
414:Computer simulation
170:production planning
118:reservoir engineers
65:petroleum reservoir
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1805:Marathon Petroleum
1227:List of oil fields
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595:Petroleum industry
318:Bayesian inference
232:acoustic impedance
209:elastic properties
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955:Ljungström method
859:Seismic inversion
844:Petroleum geology
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465:"RETINA Homepage"
452:978-1-906928-07-0
355:corner-point grid
221:core measurements
100:Geological models
16:(Redirected from
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699:
695:
694:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
664:Japan Cocktail
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
625:
623:
617:
616:
614:
613:
611:Primary energy
608:
602:
599:
598:
593:
591:
590:
583:
576:
568:
561:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
529:
527:
524:
521:
520:
510:
498:
488:
479:
470:
456:
434:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
399:
396:
378:
375:
345:
342:
283:
280:
204:
201:
193:geostatistical
151:
148:
130:
129:
111:
92:
89:
61:computer model
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2144:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Geostatistics
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2082:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1886:
1876:
1875:Valero Energy
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Suncor Energy
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1469:TotalEnergies
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1415:
1413:organisations
1411:Companies and
1409:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:Petrocurrency
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Oil shale gas
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1303:Abbreviations
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Permian Basin
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:United States
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:Seven Sisters
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
987:
985:
983:
979:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
902:
899:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
879:
877:
873:
867:
864:
860:
857:
856:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
812:Core sampling
810:
809:
807:
805:
801:
789:
786:
785:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
744:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
709:
707:
703:
700:
696:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
649:Indian Basket
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
624:
622:
618:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
600:
596:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
570:
569:
566:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
530:
525:
514:
511:
505:
503:
499:
492:
489:
483:
480:
474:
471:
466:
460:
457:
453:
449:
445:
439:
436:
429:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
395:
393:
387:
385:
376:
374:
370:
366:
364:
358:
356:
352:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
292:
290:
281:
279:
277:
272:
270:
266:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
216:
212:
210:
202:
200:
198:
197:stratigraphic
194:
190:
186:
185:geophysicists
182:
177:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
159:to simulation
158:
149:
147:
144:
141:
139:
134:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
109:
108:geophysicists
105:
101:
98:
97:
96:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:Oil reservoir
29:
19:
1978:Schlumberger
1908:Baker Hughes
1800:Marathon Oil
1790:Imperial Oil
1785:Husky Energy
1775:Galp Energia
1765:Devon Energy
1651:Saudi Aramco
1631:Petrovietnam
1576:NNPC Limited
1480:National oil
1360:Petrofiction
1328:Orphan wells
1296:Other topics
1267:Persian Gulf
1194:Saudi Arabia
1164:Standard Oil
972:Well logging
849:Petrophysics
836:
513:
491:
482:
473:
459:
443:
438:
424:Rise in Core
388:
380:
371:
367:
359:
351:seismic grid
347:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
315:
300:
293:
285:
273:
261:
257:permeability
225:
217:
213:
206:
189:petrophysics
178:
167:
155:
153:
145:
142:
138:realizations
135:
131:
94:
81:permeability
73:
56:
54:
47:indicates a
1948:Halliburton
1820:Phillips 66
1641:QatarEnergy
1611:Petrobangla
1546:KazMunayGas
1436:Supermajors
1385:heavy crude
1272:Prudhoe Bay
1252:Niger Delta
1232:Caspian Sea
995:Concessions
945:Measurement
911:Geosteering
894:Squeeze job
804:Exploration
753:Consumption
712:Consumption
705:Natural gas
634:Bonny Light
45:contour map
2132:Seismology
2112:Geophysics
2096:Categories
1998:Transocean
1865:Tullow Oil
1855:TechnipFMC
1621:PetroChina
1459:ExxonMobil
1365:Shale band
1242:East Texas
1215:and fields
1029:Downstream
982:Production
889:Completion
817:Geophysics
758:Production
717:Production
654:Indonesian
629:Argus Sour
621:Benchmarks
430:References
363:fluid flow
311:variograms
307:histograms
269:algorithms
181:geologists
104:geologists
49:Fault line
1993:TC Energy
1894:companies
1724:Trafigura
1671:Sonatrach
1616:Petrobras
1606:Pertamina
1516:Ecopetrol
1482:companies
1426:companies
1424:petroleum
1400:tight oil
1395:oil shale
1390:oil sands
1370:Shale gas
1311:sweet oil
1282:Venezuela
1257:North Sea
1213:Provinces
1204:Venezuela
1051:Midstream
746:Petroleum
606:Petroleum
249:lithology
228:impedance
163:well logs
2081:Category
1988:Subsea 7
1968:Petrofac
1963:NOV Inc.
1943:GE Power
1938:Enbridge
1892:services
1714:Mercuria
1704:Glencore
1666:Sonangol
1626:Petronas
1561:Naftogaz
1333:Peak oil
1316:sour oil
1071:Upstream
1066:Refining
1061:Pipeline
1017:Pumpjack
1012:Gas lift
933:invasion
876:Drilling
763:Reserves
722:Reserves
446:(2007),
398:See also
392:drilling
384:pressure
245:porosity
240:refracts
236:reflects
120:and use
77:porosity
69:reserves
1656:Sinopec
1646:Rosneft
1526:Gazprom
1521:Equinor
1449:Chevron
1096:History
962:Tracers
884:Blowout
773:Exports
768:Imports
732:Exports
727:Imports
496:102444.
157:Seismic
2022:Others
1973:Saipem
1870:Tüpraş
1860:TNK-BP
1845:Sunoco
1835:Repsol
1795:Lukoil
1738:Others
1709:Gunvor
1343:timing
1277:Russia
1189:Norway
1174:France
1169:Canada
450:
255:, and
126:fluids
1889:Major
1755:Cepsa
1729:Vitol
1699:Enron
1661:SOCAR
1601:Pemex
1596:PDVSA
1591:Orlen
1556:Lotos
1496:ANCAP
1464:Shell
1421:Major
1179:India
783:Price
737:Price
679:Urals
674:Tapis
644:Dubai
639:Brent
518:2008.
353:to a
265:sonic
63:of a
1983:Snam
1923:CH2M
1676:TPAO
1184:Iraq
1154:OPEC
1149:GECF
698:Data
448:ISBN
309:and
238:and
106:and
83:and
1918:CGG
1815:OMV
1681:YPF
1454:Eni
2098::
1444:BP
1086:XT
501:^
365:.
259:.
251:,
247:,
183:,
79:,
39:,
587:e
580:t
573:v
467:.
454:.
20:)
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