2022:
movements of the common people. Nor is it becoming to a man of liberal birth, say they, thus to contend with such vile and unrefined antagonists, or to subject one's self to the lashings of contumely, or to put one's self in the way of injuries which ought not to be borne by a wise man. As if to a virtuous, brave, and magnanimous man there could be a juster reason for seeking the government than this—to avoid being subjected to worthless men, and to prevent the
2037:
of the lower orders. Nor is it acting like a gentleman (say they) thus to contend with antagonists so unwashed and so unrefined (impuris atque immanibus adversariis) or subject yourself to the lashings of contumely, of which the wisest will always have most to bear. As if to virtuous, brave, and magnanimous men, there could be a juster reason for seeking the government than this, that we should not be subjected to scoundrels, nor suffer the
1492:
1977:“But, my Africanus, (replied Tubero) of what credit is this tradition which states that Socrates rejected all these physical investigations, and confined his whole attention to men and manners? In this respect, what better authority can we cite than Plato's? And in many passages of his works, Socrates speaks in a very different manner, and even in his discussions respecting morals, and virtues, and
43:
1956:(ch. 16) dein Tubero: 'nescio Africane cur ita memoriae proditum sit, Socratem omnem istam disputationem reiecisse, et tantum de vita et de moribus solitum esse quaerere. quem enim auctorem de illo locupletiorem Platone laudare possumus? cuius in libris multis locis ita loquitur Socrates, ut etiam cum de moribus de virtutibus denique de
2424:(III,1) Verum ne nimis longum faciam, tacebo aliarum usquequaque gentium mala grauissima: quod ad Romam pertinet Romanumque imperium tantum loquar, id est ad ipsam proprie ciuitatem et quaecumque illi terrarum uel societate coniunctae uel condicione subiectae sunt, quae sint perpessae ante aduentum Christi, cum iam ad eius quasi corpus
2036:
and popular demagogues, incapable of all goodness, with whom it is disgraceful to mix; and to struggle with the passions of the insensate multitude, is a most miserable and hazardous life. On which account, no wise man will take the reins, since he cannot restrain the insane and unregulated movements
2005:
plerumque homines nulla re bona dignos, cum quibus comparari sordidum, confligere autem multitudine praesertim incitata miserum et periculosum sit. quam ob rem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas cum insanos atque indomitos impetus volgi cohibere non possit, neque liberi cum inpuris atque inmanibus
2369:
without being armed. It is not, however, usual for anyone to wear arms till the state has recognised his power to use them. Then in the presence of the council one of the chiefs, or the young man's father, or some kinsman, equips him with a shield and a spear. These arms are what the "toga" is with
1966:
But, then, my
Africanus, replied Tubero, of what credit is the tradition which states that Socrates rejected all these physical investigations, and confined his whole attention to men and manners? For, with respect to him what better authority can we cite than Plato? in many passages of whose works
2434:
But that I may not be prolix, I will be silent regarding the heavy calamities that have been suffered by any other nations, and will speak only of what happened to Rome and the Roman empire, by which I mean Rome properly so called, and those lands which already, before the coming of Christ, had by
2109:
For albeit you have triumphed with him for your noble victories, been Censor in your time, and Consul six times,7 times executed the sacred authority of the
Tribunes, patrones, and protectors of the Commons of Rome, together with him; albeit I say you have otherwise with your noble heart honouring
2021:
are generally good-for-nothing men, with whom it is discreditable to be compared, and miserable and dangerous to contend, especially when the multitude is in an excited state. On which account it is not the part of a wise man to take the reins, since he cannot restrain the insane and unregulated
2120:
You, who have had the honour of a triumph, and of the censorship, have been six times consul, and have shared in the tribunate; and, what is still more honourable, whilst you held them in conjunction with your Father, you have presided over the
Equestrian order, and been the Prefect of the
2333:
in the context of the
Germanic "barbarian" society. Here the word is used to convey the generic meaning of "public affair" or "the commonwealth" (in contrast to the private or family life) without the Roman connotations of republicanism. This is illustrated in the following text
2354:
nisi armati agunt. Sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris quam civitas suffecturum probaverit. Tum in ipso concilio vel principum aliquis vel pater vel propinqui scuto frameaque iuvenem ornant: haec apud illos toga, hic primus iuventae honos; ante hoc domus pars videntur, mox
2110:
and gracing both the court of the
Emperor your father, and also the whole state of Knights and Gentlemen of Rome, whiles you were captain of the guard, and Grand master of his house and royal palace (in which places all, you carried your selfe respectively to the good of the
2319:
Nonetheless it can only be admired in
Tacitus how, with some judicially chosen words, he most poignantly and to the point describes the transition from "(overdue) remnants of the republic" to "actual Imperial reign, already established in the minds of people".
2264:
he intends as "vetus" (the "old" res publica) - which implies he knows another, not "old", "re(s)public(a)", while
Tacitus' dense writing style would usually avoid redundancies. Nonetheless in the second quote, actually preceding the first in the text of the
2016:
Those apologies, therefore, in which men take refuge as an excuse for their devoting themselves with more plausibility to mere inactivity do certainly not deserve to be listened to; when, for instance, they tell us that those who meddle with
2717:– Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary, revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis, and Charles Short. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879. Various 20th and 21st century re-publications under
2099:(I) triumphalis et censorius tu sexiesque consul ac tribuniciae potestatis particeps et, quod his nobilius fecisti, dum illud patri pariter et equestri ordini praestas, praefectus praetorii eius omniaque haec
2406:, in which he comments, in the early 5th century on several Greek and Roman authors. Again, the standard translations of the expression "res publica" are multiple throughout the work. Examples taken from
2209:
remained, and he hesitated about being emperor. Even the proclamation by which he summoned the senators to their chamber, he issued merely with the title of
Tribune, which he had received under Augustus.
1610:(libertas), which meant freedom from the arbitrary control of another and the absence of a monarchical domination over the body politic, that was analogous to the absolute power of a master over a slave.
1812:, when referring to their constitution at the time of the "republic", and the "inalterable laws installed by the divine Augustus", for their equivalent of a constitution in the era of the early Empire.
1847:
The translations of the quotations below are copied without alteration from existing non-copyrighted material. Other translations might differ, but they all serve to illustrate the many aspects of the
1598:
is an attributive adjective meaning 'of or pertaining to the public, people'. Hence a literal translation is, 'the public thing, affair' or 'the people's thing, affair'. The Latin term
2141:, but used "commonwealth"/"republic" in the meaning of "the state". The ambiguity of Rome still considering itself formally, or just "pro forma", a republic throughout the era of the
2032:
Those apologies, therefore, which undertake to furnish us with an easy excuse for living in selfish inactivity, are certainly not worth hearing. They tell us that to meddle with
2006:
adversariis decertantem vel contumeliarum verbera subire, vel expectare sapienti non ferendas iniurias: proinde quasi bonis et fortibus et magno animo praeditis ulla sit ad
2605:
2248:
Thus the State had been revolutionised, and there was not a vestige left of the old sound morality. Stript of equality, all looked up to the commands of a sovereign...
1520:
2315:(compare to Holland and Bostock translations for the same concept in the Pliny quote above: "sacred authoritie of the Tribunes" and "the tribunate", respectively).
1804:
derives into something like "constitution", although "constitution", properly speaking, is a much more modern concept. Ancient Romans would use the expression "
2743:
2455:("the Roman empire") as a synonym to "the era when Rome was governed by emperors". Compare also to the 2nd quote from Tacitus above: there an expression
2001:(ch. 9) Iam illa, perfugia quae sumunt sibi ad excusationem quo facilius otio perfruantur, certe minime sunt audienda, cum ita dicunt accedere ad
1077:
2199:
et ambiguus imperandi: ne edictum quidem, quo patres in curiam vocabat, nisi tribuniciae potestatis praescriptione posuit sub
Augusto acceptae.
1882:
appararent in Cicero's time, who never knew the era of the
Emperors, and could only compare with the epoch of the Kings); on the other hand the
2010:
adeundi causa iustior, quam ne pareant inprobis, neve ab isdem lacerari rem publicam patiantur, cum ipsi auxilium ferre si cupiant non queant.
221:
2103:
es: nobis quidem qualis in castrensi contubernio, nec quicquam in te mutavit fortunae amplitudo, nisi ut prodesse tantundem posses et velles.
1602:
was incompatible with the idea of absolute power by any individual or group over the body of citizens. The most essential characteristic of a
1228:
1168:
1743:
could also be used in a generic meaning, referring to "public affairs" and/or the general system of government of a state. In this usage
1301:
1971:, he endeavors to interweave, after the fashion of Pythagoras, the doctrines of arithmetic, geometry, and harmonic proportions with them.
1626:
usually is something held in common by many people. For instance a park or garden in the city of Rome could either be 'private property' (
1218:
1513:
1371:
997:
688:
1198:
1388:
658:
2370:
us, the first honour with which youth is invested. Up to this time he is regarded as a member of a household, afterwards as a member
2722:
2145:, when a monarchic rule had already de facto been established, adds to the complexity of translating "res publica" in this context.
1478:
943:
728:
126:
2256:
The least that can be said is that the two quotes above (like so many passages in Tacitus' writings) are a translator's minefield:
1981:, he endeavours to interweave, after the fashion of Pythagoras, the doctrines of arithmetic, geometry, and harmonic proportions.”
1346:
1258:
1017:
1851:
concept in ancient Rome. The Latin original texts are given concurrently with the translations, in order to show that only the
2339:
2335:
1506:
352:
64:
57:
1273:
2114:) yet to all your friends, and especially to myself, you have borne the same colours, and lodged together in one pavilion.
1253:
643:
107:
2236:
Igitur verso civitatis statu nihil usquam prisci et integri moris: omnes exuta aequalitate iussa principis aspectare...
2041:
to be distracted by them, lest we should discover, too late, when we desire to save her, that we are without the power.
1468:
1431:
1351:
1311:
1213:
1208:
79:
31:
1203:
2026:
from being torn to pieces by them; when, even if they were then desirous to save her, they would not have the power.
1306:
1007:
678:
86:
1316:
1283:
1183:
1178:
848:
465:
2076:
1564:' has traditionally been used as a synonym for it; however, translations vary widely according to the context.
1341:
1336:
1331:
1233:
808:
211:
588:
93:
2067:
1366:
1356:
1321:
1037:
683:
274:
186:
53:
2690:
2388:
1376:
1361:
893:
828:
490:
377:
367:
2492:
Now, up to this time, Sylla's cause was the more worthy of the two; for till now he used arms to restore
1421:
1243:
1057:
938:
550:
530:
440:
284:
166:
75:
1836:
1406:
1148:
1087:
450:
372:
279:
246:
2088:
1942:
2184:
1862:
From these examples it also follows that probably there was also a gradual shift of meaning of the
1381:
1326:
1248:
1158:
1124:
1047:
560:
342:
332:
327:
216:
618:
2738:
2622:
2402:
2393:
1462:
1436:
1278:
1268:
1238:
1193:
1138:
987:
928:
703:
337:
1967:
Socrates speaks in such a manner that even when he is discussing morals, and virtues, and even
2718:
2614:
1902:
1824:
1473:
1446:
1223:
1163:
1143:
1027:
798:
743:
708:
460:
357:
145:
2545:
2525:
2163:
2080:
1828:
1791:
1456:
1416:
1133:
967:
873:
788:
773:
758:
698:
668:
598:
505:
500:
475:
382:
362:
347:
206:
2555:
2535:
2325:
2312:
2176:
1921:
is used several times throughout the work too. The quotes below aim at demonstrating that
1496:
1188:
1173:
813:
693:
653:
628:
608:
555:
540:
392:
387:
256:
251:
241:
196:
171:
2288:
exist in the time Tacitus describes here, and so could not be assigned to Tiberius as an
593:
420:
100:
1960:
disputet, numeros tamen et geometriam et harmoniam studeat Pythagorae more coniungere.'
1644:
Taking everything together that is of public interest leads to the connotation that the
2551:
2138:
1729:
1426:
1153:
1119:
918:
908:
863:
823:
818:
763:
753:
748:
733:
718:
663:
648:
633:
623:
535:
435:
425:
415:
2676:
Noted by Michel Rouche, "Private life conquers state and society", in Paul Veyne, ed.
1491:
2732:
1914:
1805:
1709:
1673:
1263:
1097:
1067:
977:
883:
878:
853:
833:
673:
545:
520:
495:
480:
470:
455:
410:
304:
176:
152:
1934:
1708:
in the context of the era when Rome was governed as a republic: the era between the
1680:
as a more accurate and neutral translation of the Latin term, as it implies neither
2521:
1713:
1655:
1561:
1549:
933:
913:
898:
858:
843:
803:
738:
723:
613:
515:
181:
2084:
1901:(this translates as "about the res publica"), a treatise of the 1st century BC in
2205:
For Tiberius would inaugurate everything with the consuls, as though the ancient
1764:, a translation can often be the even more generic "being occupied in politics".
1628:
1411:
948:
888:
838:
783:
578:
510:
236:
42:
2653:
2280:"imperandi", litt. "to command", is translated as "being emperor" - while the "
2142:
2125:, and, at the same time, have regarded me as a fellow-soldier and a messmate.
1948:
When Cicero refers to the Greek authors (pointing at the "politeia" concept):
1820:
1754:
1575:
1451:
1441:
903:
868:
793:
778:
713:
638:
583:
485:
430:
309:
294:
2643:
Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit. eds. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995. pg. 569.
2618:
2407:
2273:
have such qualifier, while in the context it is clear he meant the then lost
2694:
2486:
recuperare moliebatur; horum bonorum initiorum nondum malos euentus habuit.
2411:
2072:
1867:
1776:
in ancient Rome are diverse and multi-layered, and differing from the Greek
1772:
Even when limited to its "political" connotations, the meanings of the term
923:
603:
299:
191:
2218:... while Tacitus complained in the same writing that at the same time the
2482:(III,7) Adhuc autem meliorum partium ciuilium Sulla dux fuit, adhuc armis
17:
2698:
2293:
2274:
2172:
2137:, that is Vespasian or his predecessors, Pliny was not talking about the
1938:
1778:
1749:
1668:
1557:
768:
525:
289:
226:
2222:
went astray for good because not a single soul seemed to care any more:
2626:
2600:
2561:
2300:
2281:
2168:
2158:
1688:
rule, but rather refers to the state as a whole. However, translating
1607:
201:
1909:
as its subject. The differing interpretations and translations of the
1578:
singular Latin noun for a substantive or concrete thing—as opposed to
2566:
2510:
1894:
1782:
in many ways (that is: from the several interwoven meanings the word
1556:
phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'. It is the root of the word '
445:
2195:(I.7) Nam Tiberius cuncta per consules incipiebat, tamquam vetere
2153:
As another example of the complexities of the meaning of the word
1654:
in general equals 'the state'. For Romans, the state equaled the
1632:), or managed by the state, in which case it would be part of the
1553:
2474:
with a distinct form of state organisation, from the same book:
2435:
alliance or conquest become, as it were, members of the body of
2303:", while the "tribunicia potestas" is more about exercising the
2121:
Prætorians : all this you have done for the service of the
2075:
in the first century, he uses the word res publica (Latin from
1943:
Francis Barham's translation at "The Online Library of Liberty"
1886:
appears to have nearly completely worn off in late antiquity.
36:
2179:
had died (AD 14), sought to preserve all institutions of the
1786:
had). However, it is also the customary Latin translation of
1925:
of Cicero's work differing English translations of the term
1800:
In some contexts the "state organisation system" meaning of
30:
This article is about the Latin phrase. For other uses, see
2496:, and as yet his good intentions had met with no reverses.
2678:
A History of Private Life: I. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium
1815:
After the Roman Empire collapsed in the West, the idea of
2467:
is used for referring to "the (Roman) State" in general.
2185:
Latin and translation as available at the Perseus Project
1692:
as 'republic' when it clearly refers to the Roman Empire
1760:). Also, for a Roman politician engaging himself in the
1666:
as a whole, regardless of whether it was governed as a
1125:
1933:, in order to make sense. The quotes are taken from
1753:(which originally meant the state organisation of a
2641:A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy.
2606:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
2299:"tribunicia potestas" is translated as "title of
2089:John Bostock translation from the Perseus website
2161:, who in the early 2nd century described in his
2260:In the first quote above Tacitus qualifies the
2085:http://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/index.html
1588:, which means something unreal or ethereal—and
1514:
8:
2601:"Roman Republicanism: The Underrated Legacy"
1937:(chapter numbering follows this text), from
1728:, but to what is generally described as the
1884:translation of the Greek "politeia" concept
1535:
2049:The translation shows that the meaning of
1939:C. D. Yonge's translation at gutenberg.org
1521:
1507:
140:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2416:Meaning "the (Roman) state" in general:
2311:a Tribune, and had been an invention of
1870:: the "(Roman) Republic" connotation of
2578:
2447:Note that in this quote Augustine does
2342:translation from the Perseus Project):
1078:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
151:
1935:the Latin text at "The Latin Library"
63:Please improve this article by adding
2412:the version available at "New Advent"
2408:the Latin text at "The Latin Library"
2284:" concept (which in fact did not yet
1696:sometimes occurs (see quotes below).
1676:. In this context, scholars suggest
1229:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1169:Spanish American wars of independence
7:
2680:(Harvard University Press) 1987:419.
2230:(I.3-4) quotus quisque reliquus qui
1855:of the text allows to interpret the
2639:Haakonssen, Knud. 'Republicanism.'
2242:How few were left who had seen the
1913:of that work are discussed in the "
1704:Roman authors would use the phrase
998:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
2400:several times throughout his work
25:
2744:Latin political words and phrases
2654:"Res publica | political science"
2528:– 2nd meaning as indicated above)
2352:neque publicae neque privatae rei
27:Latin root of the word "republic"
2587:Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary
2470:Meaning "the Roman Republic" as
1874:is something that rather occurs
1490:
1018:Discourses Concerning Government
41:
2697:, receiving the official Roman
1819:disappeared, as foreign to the
1284:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
2307:of a tribune without actually
2055:even within the same paragraph
1929:need to be used, according to
1736:Public affairs or institutions
1219:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1199:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
2367:no public or private business
2275:republican form of government
1747:translated the Greek concept
65:secondary or tertiary sources
2599:Mitchell, Thomas N. (2001).
2292:) was usually indicated as "
1469:Republic without republicans
1214:11 September 1922 Revolution
1209:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
32:Res publica (disambiguation)
2410:, English translation from
1969:public affairs and politics
1204:Turkish War of Independence
1126:
2760:
2701:title for limited periods.
2589:, via the Perseus Project.
2491:
2481:
2433:
2423:
2386:
2364:
2349:
2241:
2229:
2204:
2194:
2119:
2108:
2098:
2031:
2015:
2000:
1976:
1965:
1955:
1917:" article. The expression
1859:concept in each instance.
1658:and all its interests, so
1259:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
1008:The Commonwealth of Oceana
29:
2065:When Pliny dedicates his
1839:of which he is speaking.
1640:The state or commonwealth
1432:The Emperor's New Clothes
1184:5 October 1910 revolution
1179:French Revolution of 1848
202:Liberty as non-domination
1274:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
1234:1952 Egyptian revolution
212:Political representation
2658:Encyclopedia Britannica
1878:to a closed period (so
1866:concept throughout the
1797:comes from this usage.
1254:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1038:Discourse on Inequality
187:Consent of the governed
2691:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
2389:Res publica Christiana
1941:(2nd column) and from
1923:within any translation
1662:may also refer to the
1536:
52:relies excessively on
2693:) lived in an age of
2350:(Ch. 13) Nihil autem
2269:, "res publica" does
1989:When pointing at the
1790:; the modern name of
1422:Criticism of monarchy
1244:North Yemen civil war
1058:The Federalist Papers
353:Federal parliamentary
2329:, Tacitus also uses
2077:LacusCurtius website
1694:under Imperial reign
1407:Classical radicalism
1149:Republic of Florence
1088:Democracy in America
247:Separation of powers
222:Public participation
2451:use the expression
2372:of the commonwealth
2183:completely intact (
2068:Naturalis Historiae
1724:refer to the Roman
1716:. So in this case,
1497:Politics portal
1302:Antigua and Barbuda
1249:Zanzibar Revolution
1159:American Revolution
1048:The Social Contract
217:Popular sovereignty
2715:A Latin Dictionary
2394:Augustine of Hippo
1905:format, takes the
1700:The Roman Republic
1463:Primus inter pares
1279:Nepalese Civil War
1269:Iranian Revolution
1239:14 July Revolution
1194:Russian Revolution
1189:Chinese Revolution
1139:Republic of Venice
988:Discourses on Livy
2689:Note that Sylla (
2500:
2499:
2443:
2442:
2378:
2377:
2252:
2251:
2214:
2213:
2129:
2128:
2083:translation from
2073:Emperor Vespasian
2045:
2044:
1985:
1984:
1903:Socratic dialogue
1825:Migrations Period
1560:', and the word '
1531:
1530:
1474:Republican empire
1447:List of republics
1296:National variants
1224:Spanish Civil War
1164:French Revolution
1144:Republic of Genoa
1028:The Spirit of Law
961:Theoretical works
305:Neo-republicanism
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2751:
2702:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2650:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2596:
2590:
2583:
2479:
2478:
2465:imperium Romanum
2453:imperium Romanum
2421:
2420:
2347:
2346:
2227:
2226:
2192:
2191:
2096:
2095:
2081:Philemon Holland
1998:
1997:
1953:
1952:
1829:Gregory of Tours
1720:does distinctly
1653:
1647:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1568:
1539:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1495:
1494:
1479:Republican Party
1457:Peasant republic
1417:Communitarianism
1134:Classical Athens
1129:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1003:
993:
983:
973:
207:Mixed government
141:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2729:
2728:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2507:
2403:The City of God
2391:
2385:
2313:Caesar Augustus
2247:
2235:
2151:
2063:
2061:Pliny the Elder
1892:
1876:with retrospect
1845:
1770:
1738:
1702:
1684:governance nor
1651:
1645:
1642:
1621:
1619:Public property
1616:
1614:In ancient Rome
1594:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1566:
1527:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1174:Trienio Liberal
1115:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
962:
954:
953:
689:Flynn (Stephen)
574:
566:
565:
406:
398:
397:
323:
315:
314:
270:
262:
261:
257:Social equality
252:Social contract
242:Self-governance
197:Democratization
172:Anti-corruption
167:Anti-monarchism
162:
146:Politics series
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
62:
58:primary sources
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2682:
2669:
2645:
2632:
2613:(2): 127–137.
2591:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2552:Rzeczpospolita
2549:
2539:
2532:chose publique
2529:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2487:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2396:uses the word
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2365:They transact
2363:
2360:
2317:
2316:
2297:
2278:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2200:
2167:how the first
2150:
2147:
2139:Roman Republic
2133:When under an
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2115:
2107:
2104:
2071:to his friend
2062:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2034:public affairs
2030:
2027:
2019:public affairs
2014:
2011:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1945:(3rd column).
1891:
1888:
1844:
1841:
1837:Eastern Empire
1769:
1766:
1737:
1734:
1730:Roman Republic
1701:
1698:
1674:imperial reign
1641:
1638:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1542:(also spelled
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1427:Egalitarianism
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:Related topics
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1372:United Kingdom
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:Dutch Republic
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1120:Roman Republic
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1004:
994:
984:
974:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
561:Wollstonecraft
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:
149:
148:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2756:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2724:
2723:0-19-864201-6
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:cosa pubblica
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2438:
2430:
2428:pertinerent.
2427:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2296:" by Tacitus.
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2157:one can cite
2156:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:De re publica
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:De re publica
1896:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1808:" instead of
1807:
1806:Twelve Tables
1803:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:Roman Kingdom
1707:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1389:United States
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:Metapolitefsi
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1098:On Revolution
1095:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1068:Rights of Man
1065:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1000:
999:
995:
990:
989:
985:
980:
979:
978:De re publica
975:
970:
969:
965:
964:
958:
957:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:Jones (Lynne)
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
579:Adams (Gerry)
577:
576:
570:
569:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
402:
401:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Revolutionary
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:Parliamentary
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
319:
318:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
266:
265:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Civil society
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
158:
157:
154:
153:Republicanism
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
76:"Res publica"
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
60:
59:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2714:
2685:
2677:
2672:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2610:
2604:
2594:
2586:
2581:
2541:
2531:
2522:Commonwealth
2514:
2508:
2494:the republic
2493:
2484:rem publicam
2483:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2436:
2426:rei publicae
2425:
2415:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2371:
2366:
2357:rei publicae
2356:
2351:
2330:
2324:
2323:In his book
2322:
2318:
2308:
2304:
2289:
2285:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2243:
2232:rem publicam
2231:
2219:
2217:
2207:constitution
2206:
2196:
2180:
2175:in the year
2162:
2154:
2152:
2134:
2132:
2122:
2112:Commonwealth
2111:
2101:rei publicae
2100:
2066:
2064:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2039:commonwealth
2038:
2033:
2024:Commonwealth
2023:
2018:
2008:rem publicam
2007:
2003:rem publicam
2002:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1968:
1957:
1947:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1835:, it is the
1832:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1794:The Republic
1793:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:Roman Empire
1705:
1703:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:commonwealth
1677:
1667:
1664:Roman Empire
1663:
1659:
1656:Roman Empire
1648:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1565:
1562:commonwealth
1550:vowel length
1548:to indicate
1544:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1461:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1026:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
976:
966:
779:Jones (Elin)
684:Flynn (Paul)
644:Clarke (Tom)
639:Clark (Katy)
584:Adams (John)
405:Philosophers
231:
182:Civic virtue
144:Part of the
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
51:
2515:Res publica
2461:res publica
2398:res publica
2331:res publica
2262:res publica
2220:res publica
2181:Res publica
2155:res publica
2053:can differ
2051:res publica
1927:res publica
1919:res publica
1907:res publica
1872:res publica
1864:res publica
1857:res publica
1849:res publica
1833:res publica
1827:: whenever
1817:res publica
1810:res publica
1802:res publica
1774:res publica
1762:res publica
1745:res publica
1741:Res publica
1718:res publica
1706:res publica
1690:res publica
1660:Res Publica
1649:res publica
1634:res publica
1629:res privata
1624:Res publica
1604:res publica
1600:res publica
1545:rēs pūblica
1537:Res publica
1412:Common good
1352:New Zealand
1347:Netherlands
1092:(1835–1840)
1062:(1787–1788)
972:(c. 375 BC)
894:Robespierre
669:Etherington
604:Benn (Tony)
573:Politicians
551:Tocqueville
511:Montesquieu
491:Machiavelli
237:Rule of law
232:Res publica
2733:Categories
2709:References
2695:civil wars
2663:2021-08-02
2387:See also:
2197:re publica
2143:principate
1958:re publica
1843:Quotations
1831:refers to
1821:barbarians
1768:Other uses
1682:republican
1576:nominative
1452:Monarchism
1442:Liberalism
1437:Jacobinism
1127:Gaṇasaṅgha
982:(54–51 BC)
466:Harrington
343:Democratic
333:Capitalist
328:Autonomous
310:Venizelism
295:Khomeinism
117:April 2021
87:newspapers
54:references
18:Respublica
2739:Roman law
2619:0003-049X
2457:different
2437:the state
2383:Augustine
2338:text and
2290:intention
2286:literally
2234:vidisset?
1993:context:
1868:Roman era
1672:or under
1307:Australia
939:Venizelos
929:Spadolini
919:Slaughter
864:McDonnell
829:Mackenzie
774:Jefferson
729:Griffiths
709:de Gaulle
704:Garibaldi
664:Drakeford
556:Warburton
476:Jefferson
471:Honderich
451:Condorcet
338:Christian
300:Nasserism
275:Classical
192:Democracy
2699:Dictator
2326:Germania
2294:princeps
2244:republic
2177:Augustus
2173:Tiberius
2169:Emperors
2123:Republic
1979:politics
1792:Plato's
1788:politeia
1784:politeia
1779:politeia
1750:politeia
1686:imperial
1669:republic
1558:republic
1377:Scotland
1317:Barbados
968:Republic
884:Prescott
854:Naysmith
844:McKechin
804:La Malfa
799:Khomeini
759:Iorwerth
724:Griffith
699:Gambetta
694:Galloway
679:Ferguson
659:Davidson
654:Cromwell
649:Connolly
629:Campbell
546:Sunstein
531:Rousseau
526:Polybius
461:Franklin
441:Chappell
436:Cattaneo
373:People's
358:Imperial
290:Kemalism
227:Republic
161:Concepts
2627:1558267
2585:'Res',
2562:Civitas
2546:Italian
2526:English
2511:calques
2505:Calques
2489:
2431:
2362:
2340:English
2301:Tribune
2282:emperor
2239:
2202:
2171:, like
2159:Tacitus
2149:Tacitus
2135:Emperor
2117:
2106:
2087:/ 1855
2079:/ 1601
2029:
2013:
1974:
1963:
1931:context
1853:context
1823:of the
1608:liberty
1593:publica
1552:) is a
1342:Morocco
1332:Jamaica
1327:Ireland
1312:Bahamas
1114:History
934:Taverne
909:Skinner
889:Ritchie
834:Madison
814:Lincoln
764:Jackson
754:Huppert
749:Hopkins
674:Fabiani
634:Chapman
619:BolĂvar
609:Bennett
599:Bartley
589:AtatĂĽrk
501:Mazzini
496:Madison
426:Bentham
416:Baggini
383:Secular
363:Islamic
348:Federal
285:Federal
269:Schools
101:scholar
2721:
2625:
2617:
2567:Public
2556:Polish
2536:French
2509:Later
2267:Annals
2164:Annals
1895:Cicero
1890:Cicero
1758:-state
1726:Empire
1367:Sweden
1357:Norway
1322:Canada
1102:(1963)
1082:(1794)
1072:(1791)
1052:(1762)
1042:(1755)
1032:(1748)
1022:(1698)
1012:(1656)
1002:(1649)
992:(1531)
944:Wilson
914:Slater
904:Skates
859:Mannin
849:Mullin
824:Mackay
789:Juárez
744:HĂ©bert
739:Hatton
734:Harvie
624:Burgon
541:Sidney
536:Sandel
521:Pettit
446:Cicero
411:Arendt
393:Soviet
388:Sister
280:Modern
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2623:JSTOR
2573:Notes
2459:from
2336:Latin
2309:being
2305:power
1991:Roman
1911:title
1652:'
1646:'
1595:'
1591:'
1585:'
1581:'
1574:is a
1571:'
1567:'
1554:Latin
1382:Wales
1362:Spain
1337:Japan
924:Smith
899:Sayed
879:Pound
874:Nehru
869:Nandy
839:Magid
819:Lucas
809:Lewis
719:Grévy
714:Greer
614:Black
594:Azaña
516:Paine
486:Locke
456:Crick
431:Bodin
421:Bello
322:Types
108:JSTOR
94:books
2719:ISBN
2615:ISSN
2463:and
2057:...
1880:less
1756:city
1712:and
1606:was
1583:spes
949:Wood
794:Kane
506:Mill
481:Kant
80:news
2611:145
2513:of
2472:era
2449:not
2271:not
2187:):
2091:):
1897:'s
1722:not
1569:Res
769:Jay
56:to
2735::
2656:.
2621:.
2609:.
2603:.
2517::
2439:.
2374:.
2359:.
1732:.
1636:.
67:.
2725:.
2666:.
2629:.
2558:)
2554:(
2548:)
2544:(
2538:)
2534:(
2524:(
2334:(
2277:.
2246:!
1522:e
1515:t
1508:v
130:)
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119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
61:.
34:.
20:)
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