556:. The glucose concentration in the airway surface liquid is held at a level of around 12 times lower than that of the blood sugar concentration. The tight junctions act as a barrier that restricts the passage of glucose across the epithelium into the airway lumen. Some glucose passes through, where it diffuses into the airway surface liquid to be kept at its reduced level by pulmonary glucose transport, and metabolism. However, airway inflammation decreases the effectiveness of the tight junctions making the barrier more permeable to glucose. Higher levels of glucose promote the proliferation of bacteria by providing glucose as a source for carbon for them. Increased levels of glucose in the airway surface liquid is associated with respiratory diseases, and
1285:
40:
363:
371:
1297:
516:
that differentiate into the other cell types found within the epithelium. Basal cells respond to injury of the airway epithelium, migrating to cover a site denuded of differentiated epithelial cells, and subsequently differentiating to restore a healthy epithelial cell layer. The differentiated
424:, and e) small granule cells (NDES) Goblet cells become increasingly fewer further down the respiratory tree until they are absent in the terminal bronchioles; club cells take over their role to some extent here. Another important cell type is the
455:
that lies under the microvilli of the tuft cells. Although their function is not yet fully understood, it has been suggested that they exhibit a virulence associated clearance role, activating mucociliary clearance by releasing
505:, the composition of which is tightly regulated; the mucus helps maintain epithelial moisture and traps particulate material and pathogens moving through the airway. and determines how well mucociliary clearance works.
1333:
386:
and are, therefore, a single layer of cells, their nuclei are not aligned in the same plane. Hence, it appears as though several layers of cells are present and the epithelium is called
1036:
U.S. EPA. Integrated
Science Assessment for Oxides of Nitrogen – Health Criteria (2016 Final Report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-15/068, 2016.
1037:
468:
The respiratory epithelium functions to moisten and protect the airways. It acts as a physical barrier to pathogens, as well as their removal in the mechanism of
1326:
1284:
776:
374:
Cells of the respiratory epithelium. Basal cells shown in purple, ciliated cells shown in brown, goblet cells shown in green, and submucosal gland shown in blue.
311:
290:
1319:
382:. This designation is due to the arrangement of the multiple cell types composing the respiratory epithelium. While all cells make contact with the
1226:
Garg, A; Sui, P; Verheyden, JM; Young, LR; Sun, X (2019). "Consider the lung as a sensory organ: A tip from pulmonary neuroendocrine cells".
760:
1470:
388:
379:
174:
346:. It also functions as a barrier to potential pathogens and foreign particles, preventing infection and tissue injury by the secretion of
264:
366:
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium, animated image highlights the epithelial cells, goblet cells, then underlying connective tissue
1247:
1109:
1002:
802:
700:
683:
954:"Chemosensory Cell-Derived Acetylcholine Drives Tracheal Mucociliary Clearance in Response to Virulence-Associated Formyl Peptides"
579:
Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells have been associated with a range of chronic lung disorders. They are also the originating cells of
534:, are also subject to the abrasive swallowing of food. To prevent the destruction of the epithelium in these areas, it changes to
100:
1450:
1443:
1436:
936:
535:
283:
197:
169:
146:
698:
Mescher AL, "Chapter 17. The
Respiratory System" (Chapter). Mescher AL: Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text & Atlas, 12e:
479:
that beat constantly at a rate of between 10 and 20 times per second. The direction of their beat is targeted towards the
475:
The ciliated cells are the primary components in the mucociliary clearance mechanism. Each epithelial cell has around 200
425:
1199:
241:
428:. These are innervated cells that only make up around 0.5% of the respiratory epithelial cells. The ciliated cells are
1679:
1416:
1409:
1390:
393:
246:
192:
164:
141:
432:
with specialized ciliary modifications. The ciliated cells make up between 50 and 80 per cent of the epithelium.
276:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1296:
490:
429:
183:
155:
132:
88:
76:
1017:
Stanke F The
Contribution of the Airway Epithelial Cell to Host Defense. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:463016.
1484:
392:(falsely layered). The respiratory mucosa transitions to simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium and finally to
228:
952:
Perniss, Alexander; Lui, Shuya; Boonen, Brett; Zufall, Frank; Buffe, Bernd; Kummer, Wolfgang (2020-04-14).
451:, or intestinal tuft cells, although there is a difference between the two types: the brush cells lack the
517:
epithelial cells can also dedifferentiate into stem cells and contribute to the repairing of the barrier.
448:
362:
469:
351:
223:
39:
93:
580:
569:
213:
1684:
1530:
343:
1616:
1261:
1137:
1110:"Airway Glucose Homeostasis: A New Target in the Prevention and Treatment of Pulmonary Infection"
770:
401:
233:
64:
928:
922:
1643:
1633:
1253:
1243:
1181:
1129:
1085:
1041:
1018:
998:
975:
932:
903:
851:
798:
756:
679:
631:
527:
509:
421:
383:
315:
45:
1160:"Sweet talk: insights into the nature and importance of glucose transport in lung epithelium"
568:
Long-term irritation of the epithelial cells can cause the overproduction of mucus, known as
1235:
1171:
1121:
1075:
1067:
965:
893:
885:
841:
831:
621:
613:
1621:
1552:
1547:
483:, either upwards from the lower respiratory tract or downwards from the nasal structures.
704:
1025:
370:
1654:
1628:
1575:
1080:
1055:
898:
873:
846:
819:
626:
601:
335:
1673:
1638:
1570:
557:
457:
397:
1265:
1141:
1056:"The innate immune function of airway epithelial cells in inflammatory lung disease"
1596:
1591:
872:
Reid, L; Meyrick, B; Antony, VB; Chang, LY; Crapo, JD; Reynolds, HY (1 July 2005).
549:
The respiratory epithelium has a further role of immunity for the lungs - that of
539:
486:
476:
452:
417:
59:
17:
970:
953:
649:
378:
The respiratory epithelium lining the upper respiratory airways is classified as
81:
1400:
1395:
1239:
1125:
553:
323:
322:, where it serves to moisten and protect the airways. It is not present in the
1489:
1342:
1176:
1159:
1071:
889:
617:
573:
513:
436:
339:
331:
125:
1542:
1525:
543:
520:
444:
443:
sometimes referred to as pulmonary brush cells; these are also known as the
1257:
1185:
1133:
1089:
1022:
979:
907:
855:
635:
542:
and abrasion. The squamous layer of the oropharynx is continuous with the
1537:
836:
106:
550:
531:
480:
1650:
874:"The mysterious pulmonary brush cell: a cell in search of a function"
413:
327:
1311:
412:
The cells in the respiratory epithelium are of five main types: a)
498:
494:
369:
361:
347:
1315:
1201:
Global
Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD
793:
Weinberger, Steven; Cockrill, Barbara; Mandel, Jess (2019).
701:"AccessMedicine | the Respiratory System: Introduction"
820:"Airway Epithelial Cell Cilia and Obstructive Lung Disease"
489:, so named because they are shaped like a wine goblet, are
878:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
602:"Airway epithelial cells: current concepts and challenges"
572:. Mucus hypersecretion results in the productive cough of
676:
Anatomy & physiology: the unity of form and function
523:
carry out similar functions in the more distal airways.
493:
that contain membrane-bound mucous granules and secrete
726:
1290:
Cross-section of pseudostratified columnar epithelium
27:
Mucosa that serves to moisten and protect the airways
1158:
Garnett, JP; Baker, EH; Baines, DL (November 2012).
1609:
1584:
1563:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1463:
1429:
1383:
1376:
1350:
1054:Hiemstra, PS; McCray PB, Jr; Bals, R (April 2015).
87:
75:
70:
58:
53:
44:Illustration depicting the respiratory epithelium.
32:
678:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 857–859.
995:Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology
1327:
380:ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
284:
8:
788:
786:
818:Yaghi, A; Dolovich, MB (11 November 2016).
753:Junqueira's basic histology: text and atlas
1515:
1508:
1460:
1426:
1380:
1334:
1320:
1312:
1153:
1151:
797:(Seventh ed.). Elsevier. p. 67.
775:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
291:
277:
116:
38:
1175:
1079:
969:
897:
845:
835:
625:
538:, which is better suited to the constant
1103:
1101:
1099:
435:Between the ciliated cells are numerous
1280:
1228:Current Topics in Developmental Biology
1108:Baker, EH; Baines, DL (February 2018).
592:
256:
205:
182:
154:
131:
124:
867:
865:
768:
104:
29:
755:(Fifteenth ed.). . p. 350.
727:"Bronchi, Bronchial Tree & Lungs"
7:
1471:Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
1038:Federal Register Notice Jan 28, 2016
120:This article is part of a series on
997:. Saunders/Elsevier. p. 473.
265:Table of epithelia of human organs
25:
1295:
1283:
1164:The European Respiratory Journal
1060:The European Respiratory Journal
795:Principles of pulmonary medicine
101:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
924:Spencer's Pathology of the Lung
1451:Stratified columnar epithelium
1444:Stratified cuboidal epithelium
1437:Stratified squamous epithelium
536:stratified squamous epithelium
1:
600:Crystal, R (September 2008).
426:pulmonary neuroendocrine cell
971:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.03.005
751:Mescher, Anthony L. (2018).
312:ciliated columnar epithelium
1240:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.002
1126:10.1016/j.chest.2017.05.031
1042:Report page at EPA website
1040:Free download available at
1701:
1417:Simple columnar epithelium
1410:Simple cuboidal epithelium
1391:Simple squamous epithelium
394:simple squamous epithelium
1177:10.1183/09031936.00052612
1072:10.1183/09031936.00141514
921:Hasleton, Philip (1996).
890:10.1164/rccm.200502-203WS
618:10.1513/pats.200805-041HR
501:(ASL), also known as the
491:columnar epithelial cells
430:columnar epithelial cells
314:found lining most of the
99:
37:
927:. McGraw-Hill. pp.
184:Cuboidal epithelial cell
156:Columnar epithelial cell
133:Squamous epithelial cell
1485:Transitional epithelium
503:epithelial lining fluid
439:, attached as tufts to
48:labelled as stem cells.
1476:Respiratory epithelium
581:small-cell lung cancer
449:gastrointestinal tract
375:
367:
304:Respiratory epithelium
33:Respiratory epithelium
564:Clinical significance
526:Certain parts of the
499:airway surface liquid
470:mucociliary clearance
420:, c) brush cells, d)
373:
365:
352:mucociliary clearance
206:Specialised epithelia
1302:Second cross-section
837:10.3390/cells5040040
650:"Respiratory mucosa"
570:mucus hypersecretion
338:, where instead the
993:Hall, John (2011).
674:Saladin, K (2012).
344:stratified squamous
1680:Respiratory system
1617:Myoepithelial cell
1207:. 2018. p. 15
964:(2): 683–699.e11.
606:Proc Am Thorac Soc
574:chronic bronchitis
512:are small, nearly
422:airway basal cells
376:
368:
350:and the action of
320:respiratory mucosa
94:H3.05.00.0.00003
65:Respiratory system
18:Respiratory mucosa
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1605:
1604:
1500:
1499:
1459:
1458:
1425:
1424:
1277:Additional images
762:978-1-26-002618-4
654:meshb.nlm.nih.gov
528:respiratory tract
384:basement membrane
316:respiratory tract
308:airway epithelium
301:
300:
115:
114:
110:
16:(Redirected from
1692:
1516:
1509:
1461:
1427:
1381:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1299:
1287:
1270:
1269:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1051:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1015:
1009:
1008:
990:
984:
983:
973:
949:
943:
942:
918:
912:
911:
901:
869:
860:
859:
849:
839:
815:
809:
808:
790:
781:
780:
774:
766:
748:
742:
741:
739:
737:
723:
717:
715:
713:
712:
703:. Archived from
696:
690:
689:
671:
665:
664:
662:
660:
646:
640:
639:
629:
597:
389:pseudostratified
293:
286:
279:
175:Pseudostratified
117:
107:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1622:Serous demilune
1601:
1580:
1559:
1496:
1455:
1421:
1372:
1346:
1340:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1250:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1035:
1031:
1016:
1012:
1005:
992:
991:
987:
951:
950:
946:
939:
920:
919:
915:
871:
870:
863:
817:
816:
812:
805:
792:
791:
784:
767:
763:
750:
749:
745:
735:
733:
725:
724:
720:
710:
708:
699:
697:
693:
686:
673:
672:
668:
658:
656:
648:
647:
643:
599:
598:
594:
589:
566:
497:as part of the
466:
410:
360:
310:, is a type of
297:
111:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1576:Alveolar gland
1573:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1467:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1308:External links
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1248:
1218:
1191:
1170:(5): 1269–76.
1147:
1120:(2): 507–514.
1095:
1066:(4): 1150–62.
1046:
1029:
1010:
1003:
985:
944:
937:
913:
861:
810:
803:
782:
761:
743:
718:
691:
684:
666:
641:
612:(7): 772–777.
591:
590:
588:
585:
565:
562:
530:, such as the
465:
462:
414:ciliated cells
409:
406:
398:alveolar ducts
359:
356:
336:laryngopharynx
299:
298:
296:
295:
288:
281:
273:
270:
269:
268:
267:
259:
258:
254:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
208:
207:
203:
202:
201:
200:
195:
187:
186:
180:
179:
178:
177:
172:
167:
159:
158:
152:
151:
150:
149:
144:
136:
135:
129:
128:
122:
121:
113:
112:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1697:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:Intercalated
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1597:Mucous glands
1595:
1593:
1592:Serous glands
1590:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:Tubular gland
1569:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:9780128104897
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1004:9781416045748
1000:
996:
989:
986:
981:
977:
972:
967:
963:
959:
958:Cell Immunity
955:
948:
945:
940:
934:
930:
926:
925:
917:
914:
909:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
862:
857:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
811:
806:
804:9780323523714
800:
796:
789:
787:
783:
778:
772:
764:
758:
754:
747:
744:
732:
728:
722:
719:
707:on 2013-06-03
706:
702:
695:
692:
687:
685:9780073378251
681:
677:
670:
667:
655:
651:
645:
642:
637:
633:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:
593:
586:
584:
582:
577:
575:
571:
563:
561:
559:
558:hyperglycemia
555:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
515:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
482:
478:
473:
471:
463:
461:
459:
458:acetylcholine
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:
385:
381:
372:
364:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
294:
289:
287:
282:
280:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
263:
262:
261:
260:
255:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
210:
209:
204:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
189:
188:
185:
181:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
161:
160:
157:
153:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
118:
108:
102:
98:
95:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
78:
74:
69:
66:
63:
61:
57:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1634:Intralobular
1475:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1200:
1194:
1167:
1163:
1117:
1113:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1032:
1013:
994:
988:
961:
957:
947:
923:
916:
884:(1): 136–9.
881:
877:
827:
823:
813:
794:
752:
746:
736:17 September
734:. Retrieved
730:
721:
709:. Retrieved
705:the original
694:
675:
669:
657:. Retrieved
653:
644:
609:
605:
595:
578:
567:
548:
525:
519:
507:
502:
487:Goblet cells
485:
474:
467:
453:terminal web
440:
434:
418:goblet cells
411:
387:
377:
319:
307:
303:
302:
229:Transitional
218:
1401:Mesothelium
1396:Endothelium
1211:10 November
1026:PMC 4491388
554:homeostasis
510:basal cells
441:brush cells
324:vocal cords
219:Respiratory
71:Identifiers
46:Basal cells
1685:Epithelium
1674:Categories
1610:Components
1490:Urothelium
1430:stratified
1343:Epithelial
938:0071054480
711:2015-02-24
587:References
532:oropharynx
521:Club cells
445:tuft cells
437:microvilli
340:epithelium
332:oropharynx
224:Intestinal
198:Stratified
170:Stratified
147:Stratified
1639:Striated
1585:Secretion
1553:Meibomian
1548:Sebaceous
1543:Holocrine
1526:Merocrine
1519:Mechanism
1363:Cuboidal
1358:Squamous
1234:: 67–89.
830:(4): 40.
771:cite book
544:esophagus
540:sloughing
358:Structure
330:, or the
238:Germinal
214:Olfactory
126:Epithelia
1538:Apocrine
1368:Columnar
1266:73489416
1258:30797518
1186:22878875
1142:13733461
1134:28610911
1090:25700381
1023:26185361
980:32294408
908:15817800
856:27845721
636:18757316
514:cuboidal
464:Function
1531:Eccrine
1081:4719567
899:2718446
847:5187524
731:nih.gov
659:26 July
627:5820806
551:glucose
481:pharynx
447:of the
402:alveoli
396:in the
326:of the
234:Vaginal
82:D020545
54:Details
1651:Acinus
1505:Glands
1384:Simple
1345:tissue
1264:
1256:
1246:
1184:
1140:
1132:
1088:
1078:
1021:
1001:
978:
935:
906:
896:
854:
844:
801:
759:
682:
634:
624:
328:larynx
242:female
193:Simple
165:Simple
142:Simple
60:System
1629:Ducts
1564:Shape
1512:Types
1464:Other
1377:Types
1351:Cells
1262:S2CID
1205:(PDF)
1138:S2CID
1114:Chest
824:Cells
495:mucus
477:cilia
416:, b)
408:Cells
348:mucus
306:, or
257:Other
105:[
1655:Lobe
1254:PMID
1244:ISBN
1213:2019
1182:PMID
1130:PMID
1086:PMID
1019:PMID
999:ISBN
976:PMID
933:ISBN
904:PMID
852:PMID
799:ISBN
777:link
757:ISBN
738:2019
680:ISBN
661:2019
632:PMID
508:The
400:and
334:and
247:male
77:MeSH
1236:doi
1232:132
1172:doi
1122:doi
1118:153
1076:PMC
1068:doi
966:doi
894:PMC
886:doi
882:172
842:PMC
832:doi
622:PMC
614:doi
342:is
318:as
1676::
1260:.
1252:.
1242:.
1230:.
1180:.
1168:40
1166:.
1162:.
1150:^
1136:.
1128:.
1116:.
1112:.
1098:^
1084:.
1074:.
1064:45
1062:.
1058:.
974:.
962:52
960:.
956:.
931:.
929:10
902:.
892:.
880:.
876:.
864:^
850:.
840:.
826:.
822:.
785:^
773:}}
769:{{
729:.
652:.
630:.
620:.
610:15
608:.
604:.
583:.
576:.
560:.
546:.
472:.
460:.
404:.
354:.
89:TH
1653:/
1335:e
1328:t
1321:v
1268:.
1238::
1215:.
1188:.
1174::
1144:.
1124::
1092:.
1070::
1044:.
1007:.
982:.
968::
941:.
910:.
888::
858:.
834::
828:5
807:.
779:)
765:.
740:.
716:.
714:.
688:.
663:.
638:.
616::
292:e
285:t
278:v
109:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
