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strong evidence of exercise-linked benefits related to task switching, selective attention, inhibition of prepotent responses, and working memory capacity; furthermore, cross-sectional fitness data suggest that working memory updating could potentially benefit as well. In young adults, working memory updating is the main executive function shown to benefit from regular exercise, but cross-sectional data further suggest that task-switching and post-error performance may also benefit. In children, working memory capacity has been shown to benefit, and cross-sectional data suggest potential benefits for selective attention and inhibitory control. ... Support for the idea that higher levels of aerobic activity may be associated with superior brain structure has been gained through cross-sectional studies in older adults and children (for a recent review, see Voss, Nagamatsu, et al., 2011). ... only those in the aerobic exercise group exhibited improved connectivity between the left and right prefrontal cortices, two areas that are crucial to the effective functioning of the fronto-executive network. ... Together, these studies provide evidence that regular aerobic exercise benefits control over responses during selective attention in older adults. ... aerobic fitness is a good predictor of performance on tasks that rely relatively heavily on inhibitory control over prepotent responses (e.g., Colcombe et al., 2004, Study 1; Prakash et al., 2011) and also that regular aerobic exercise
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executive functions-the set of neural processes that define cognitive control. Considerable evidence shows that regular physical activity is associated with enhanced cognitive functions, including attention, processing speed, task switching, inhibition of prepotent responses and declarative memory (for reviews see
Colcombe and Kramer, 2003; Smith et al., 2010; Guiney and Machado, 2013; McAuley et al., 2013). Recent research demonstrates a dose-response relationship between fitness and spatial memory (Erickson et al., 2011) ... The effects of physical activity on cognitive control appear to be underpinned by a variety of brain processes including: increased hippocampal volume, increased gray matter density in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), upregulation of neurotrophins and greater microvascular density ... Together, this research suggests that an improvement in control processes, such as attention and inhibition or interference control, is associated with an improvement in self-regulation of physical activity. ... Increasingly, research shows that cognitive control abilities are malleable, and that cognitive training can produce positive cognitive outcomes and improvements in daily function (Willis et al., 2006; Hertzog et al., 2008) that can have long-lasting effects (Rebok et al., 2014). Approaches to cognitive training are numerous and varied; however, the relative superiority of different approaches with regard to training and transfer continue to be debated.
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2009, Voss et al. 2011) ... Inhibitory control (one of the core EFs) involves being able to control one's attention, behavior, thoughts, and/or emotions to override a strong internal predisposition or external lure, and instead do what's more appropriate or needed. Without inhibitory control we would be at the mercy of impulses, old habits of thought or action (conditioned responses), and/or stimuli in the environment that pull us this way or that. Thus, inhibitory control makes it possible for us to change and for us to choose how we react and how we behave rather than being unthinking creatures of habit. It doesn't make it easy. Indeed, we usually are creatures of habit and our behavior is under the control of environmental stimuli far more than we usually realize, but having the ability to exercise inhibitory control creates the possibility of change and choice. ... The subthalamic nucleus appears to play a critical role in preventing such impulsive or premature responding (Frank 2006).
1433:; described below), significant negative consequences can result. ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression). ... Functional neuroimaging in humans demonstrates activation of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus (part of the striatum) in tasks that demand inhibitory control of behavior. ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.
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disproportionately, if something is not right in your life. They suffer first, and most, if you are stressed (Arnsten 1998, Liston et al. 2009, Oaten & Cheng 2005), sad (Hirt et al. 2008, von Hecker & Meiser 2005), lonely (Baumeister et al. 2002, Cacioppo & Patrick 2008, Campbell et al. 2006, Tun et al. 2012), sleep deprived (Barnes et al. 2012, Huang et al. 2007), or not physically fit (Best 2010, Chaddock et al. 2011, Hillman et al. 2008). Any of these can cause you to appear to have a disorder of EFs, such as ADHD, when you do not. You can see the deleterious effects of stress, sadness, loneliness, and lack of physical health or fitness at the physiological and neuroanatomical level in prefrontal cortex and at the behavioral level in worse EFs (poorer reasoning and problem solving, forgetting things, and impaired ability to exercise discipline and self-control). ...
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important clinical implications as well as relevance for public health policy regarding the widespread clinical use of psychostimulants and for the development of novel pharmacologic treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other conditions associated with PFC dysregulation. ... In particular, in both animals and humans, lower doses maximally improve performance in tests of working memory and response inhibition, whereas maximal suppression of overt behavior and facilitation of attentional processes occurs at higher doses.
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Animal and human imaging studies have revealed ... a key role in the preoccupation/anticipation stage for a widely distributed network involving the orbitofrontal cortex-dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and insula involved in craving and the cingulate gyrus,
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Executive functions are strategic in nature and depend on higher-order cognitive processes that underpin planning, sustained attention, selective attention, resistance to interference, volitional inhibition, working memory, and mental flexibility ... Data to date from studies of aging provide
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EFs can be improved (Diamond & Lee 2011, Klingberg 2010). ... At any age across the life cycle EFs can be improved, including in the elderly and in infants. There has been much work with excellent results on improving EFs in the elderly by improving physical fitness (Erickson & Kramer
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Females tend to have a greater basal capacity to exert inhibitory control over undesired or habitual behaviors and respond differently to modulatory environmental contextual factors relative to males. For example, listening to music tends to significantly improve the rate of response inhibition in
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Inhibition of irrelevant responses is an important aspect of cognitive control of a goal-directed behavior. Females and males show different levels of susceptibility to neuropsychological disorders such as impulsive behavior and addiction, which might be related to differences in inhibitory brain
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Collectively, this evidence indicates that at low, clinically relevant doses, psychostimulants are devoid of the behavioral and neurochemical actions that define this class of drugs and instead act largely as cognitive enhancers (improving PFC-dependent function). This information has potentially
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Core EFs are inhibition , working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking "outside the box," seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). ... EFs and prefrontal cortex are the first to suffer, and suffer
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These diverse inputs and back projections to both cortical and subcortical structures put the prefrontal cortex in a position to exert what is often called "top-down" control or cognitive control of behavior. ... The prefrontal cortex receives inputs not only from other cortical regions,
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Recent theory (e.g., Temporal Self-Regulation Theory; Hall and Fong, 2007, 2010, 2013) and evidence suggest that the relation between physical activity and cognitive control is reciprocal (Daly et al., 2013). Most research has focused on the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on
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Sternberg tasks suggest that regular exercise can also confer benefits for the volume of information that children and older adults can hold in mind at one
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including association cortex, but also, via the thalamus, inputs from subcortical structures subserving emotion and motivation, such as the amygdala (Chapter 14) and ventral striatum (or nucleus accumbens; Chapter 15). ...
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Driscoll, Helen; Zinkivskay, Ann; Evans, Kelly; Campbell, Anne (2006-05-01). "Gender differences in social representations of aggression: The phenomenological experience of differences in inhibitory control?".
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is an important aspect of inhibitory control. For example, successfully suppressing the natural behavioral response to eat cake when one is craving it while dieting requires the use of inhibitory control.
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1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
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1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1095:
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1086:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1061:
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1049:
1047:
1037:
1036:
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1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
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986:
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976:
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949:
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930:
928:
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923:
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918:
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913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
902:Brenda Milner
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
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883:
880:
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873:
870:
868:
865:
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850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
822:Alan Baddeley
820:
819:
811:
810:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
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773:
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763:
760:
758:
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752:Consciousness
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
729:
728:
721:
718:
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688:
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678:
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670:Brain regions
668:
667:
659:
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632:
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613:
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582:
579:
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569:
567:
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556:Psychologists
554:
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546:Organizations
544:
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528:
523:
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514:Psychometrics
512:
510:
507:
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477:
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474:Consciousness
472:
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412:
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394:Psychotherapy
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389:Psychometrics
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186:
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168:
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161:
160:Developmental
158:
156:
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148:
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143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
129:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
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91:
86:
81:
80:
75:
72:
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62:
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55:
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50:
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33:
19:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1674:
1670:
1648:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1595:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1542:
1510:
1506:
1482:
1479:
1460:(1): 73–86.
1457:
1453:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1399:
1374:
1344:
1340:
1282:
1278:
1226:
1209:Flanker task
1184:
1182:
1142:
1137:Self-control
1132:
1113:
1109:
1108:
917:Oliver Sacks
882:Muriel Lezak
877:Edith Kaplan
842:Phineas Gage
700:Neuroanatomy
499:Intelligence
230:Quantitative
195:Mathematical
190:Intelligence
180:Experimental
175:Evolutionary
165:Differential
1790:Amphetamine
1347:: 135–168.
1285:(6): 1–21.
1197:Stroop task
1169:amphetamine
1010:Stroop Test
912:Pasko Rakic
872:Eric Kandel
695:Human brain
541:Disciplines
414:Suicidology
309:Educational
264:Anomalistic
240:Theoretical
215:Personality
145:Comparative
128:Cognitivism
119:Behaviorism
1769:Categories
1254:References
1205:Simon task
832:David Bohm
787:Perception
469:Competence
334:Humanistic
314:Ergonomics
299:Counseling
274:Assessment
210:Perception
170:Ecological
46:Psychology
1785:Addiction
1780:Cognition
1743:2044-8295
1157:addiction
947:(patient)
747:Attention
464:Cognition
379:Political
289:Community
124:Cognitive
74:Subfields
1751:16613646
1703:26862388
1645:25499957
1592:19710631
1539:25324754
1483:improves
1476:23229442
1371:23020641
1307:15788121
1299:25591060
1232:See also
1201:go/no-go
1126:impulses
792:Planning
772:Learning
690:Dementia
576:Timeline
489:Feelings
484:Emotions
444:Behavior
438:Concepts
399:Religion
384:Positive
374:Pastoral
359:Military
324:Forensic
319:Feminist
304:Critical
294:Consumer
284:Coaching
279:Clinical
155:Cultural
94:Abnormal
1694:4746892
1636:4377121
1583:2805560
1530:4179677
1513:: 747.
1362:4084861
1116:, is a
802:Thought
742:Arousal
551:Outline
424:Traffic
419:Systems
354:Medical
185:Gestalt
69:History
64:Outline
1749:
1741:
1701:
1691:
1677:: 11.
1643:
1633:
1590:
1580:
1537:
1527:
1474:
1406:
1369:
1359:
1305:
1297:
1203:task,
1151:, and
1130:a.k.a.
815:People
777:Memory
663:Topics
581:Topics
404:School
329:Health
235:Social
138:Social
1486:time.
1303:S2CID
1187:is a
1179:Tests
962:Tests
945:K.C.
527:Lists
364:Music
349:Media
344:Legal
200:Moral
1747:PMID
1739:ISSN
1699:PMID
1641:PMID
1588:PMID
1535:PMID
1472:PMID
1431:ADHD
1404:ISBN
1367:PMID
1295:PMID
1159:and
1143:The
504:Mind
1731:doi
1689:PMC
1679:doi
1631:PMC
1623:doi
1578:PMC
1570:doi
1525:PMC
1515:doi
1462:doi
1357:PMC
1349:doi
1287:doi
1183:An
1167:or
1771::
1745:.
1737:.
1727:97
1725:.
1705:.
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1687:.
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1669:.
1657:^
1647:.
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1493:^
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1440:^
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1345:64
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1301:.
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1261:^
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