436:
of a restorative circle to resolve a kitchen issue. Since the residents left the kitchen untidy on repeated occasions, the officers punitively closed the kitchen for a couple of days. However, the closing of the kitchen created bitterness among the residents, one of whom proposed to carry out a restorative circle to establish a kitchen code of conduct. Initially hesitant to participate, the officers eventually helped mediate the residents' agreement; the officers' presence provided a sense of security to the prisoners.
233:
When a specific behavior or incident impacts individuals in the class or group, restorative circles aim to restore the climate and culture of the group through conflict resolution. Sometimes specific restorative conferences may transpire, which are direct and individual conferences between specific parties to discuss and resolve troubling behaviors and emotions.
400:, who has asserted that reliance on punishment as a social regulator is problematic because it shames and stigmatizes wrongdoers, pushes them into a negative societal subculture and fails to change their behavior. The restorative approach, on the other hand, reintegrates wrongdoers back into their community and reduces the likelihood that they will reoffend.
159:
issue. Some researchers also classify the study of restorative practice through the concept of process and values. In this framework, process refers to the specific actions taken to repair harms and/or build community. Values refer to the overarching principals that guide those actions and that differ from more traditional justice that may be punitive.
71:
restorative practices (RP) have been found to provide safe school environments through building quality relationships and a supportive community. Further, urban educators who carry out RP have observed a decrease in disciplinary issues and absenteeism, a heightened sense of community, as well as an increase in school safety and instructional time.
75:
needs. In
England's Criminal Justice System (CJS), prisons use RP to stimulate positive social interactions and decrease tension when situational challenges arise. Introduced in the 1990s in some of Europe's CJS, RP has improved relationships between the prisons' residents and their relatives through restorative family interventions.
131:
spree and agree to restitution. The positive response by the victims led to the world's first victim-offender reconciliation program, in
Kitchener, with the support of the Mennonite Central Committee and collaboration with the local probation department. The concept subsequently acquired various names, such as
352:
is a concept with broad application in many settings. It describes four basic approaches to maintaining social norms and behavioral boundaries. The four are represented as different combinations of high or low control and high or low support. The restorative domain combines both high control and high
232:
Circles can be both proactive and reactive. Proactive circles aim to create a positive classroom or environmental climate as facilitators solicit the expression of opinions and ideas in a safe environment. Reactive circles, often called restorative circles, work in conjunction with proactive circles.
200:
police officer, Terry O'Connell, as a community policing strategy to divert young people from court, into a restorative process often called a restorative conference. It has been called other names, such as a community accountability conference and victim-offender conference. In 1994 Marg
Thorsborne,
78:
In social work, family group decision-making (FGDM) or family group conferencing (FGC) processes empower extended families to meet privately, without professionals in the room, to make a plan to protect children in their own families from further violence and neglect or to avoid residential placement
435:
RP has served to attend concerns of legitimacy, fairness, and accountability. Restorative conversations and circles, and family interventions, have played a positive role in building relationships between residents, officers, and families. In one of
England's prisons, residents and officers made use
417:
One goal of RP has been to close the racial disciplinary gap since students of color, especially
African American children, are suspended more frequently than white students. According to a 2018 US Office of Civil Rights study of the 2015-16 school year, Black boys made up approximately one twelfth
368:
The social discipline window also defines restorative practices as a leadership model for parents in families, teachers in classrooms, administrators and managers in organizations, police and social workers in communities and judges and officials in government. The fundamental unifying hypothesis of
327:
are somewhat more structured but do not require the elaborate preparation needed for formal conferences. Moving from left to right on the continuum, as restorative practices become more formal, they involve more people, require more planning and time, and are more structured and complete. Although a
331:
The aim of restorative practices is to develop community and to manage conflict and tensions by repairing harm and building relationships. This statement identifies both proactive (building relationships and developing community) and reactive (repairing harm and restoring relationships) approaches.
280:
Use of restorative practices is now spreading worldwide, in education, criminal justice, social work, counseling, youth services, workplace, college residence hall and faith community applications. Notably, restorative practices can and do serve as reactionary tools in these settings but have also
130:
In the modern context, restorative justice originated in the 1970s as mediation or reconciliation between victims and offenders. In Elmira, Ontario, Canada, near
Kitchener, in 1974 Mark Yantzi, a probation officer, arranged for two teenagers to meet directly with their victims following a vandalism
74:
For example, in criminal justice, restorative circles and restorative conferences allow victims, offenders and their respective family members and friends to come together to explore how everyone has been affected by an offense and, when possible, to decide how to repair the harm and meet their own
444:
There have been criticisms of RP from different perspectives. RP interventions among elementary-aged school children seem to be more impactful than among early teens or teenaged children. The effectiveness of interventions across grade levels must be examined. Additionally, RP expectations may be
421:
In a 2020 survey of fifth and eighth graders, students found RP's restorative circles (RC) as a valuable method of expression and of sharing perspectives about problems. Students use RP as a way to express their thoughts and feelings, and encourage intercommunication. Schools have used classroom
220:
Circles can be used in any organizational, institutional or community setting. Circle time and morning meetings have been widely used in primary and elementary schools for many years and more recently in secondary schools and higher education. In industry, the quality circle has been employed for
158:
A major aspect of any restorative practice is neutrality. Though restorative practice aim to resolve issues within a group, the facilitation of the resolution is supposed to remain impartial. It is, therefore, important that facilitators of any restorative practice are neutral to the situation at
209:
A "circle" is a versatile restorative practice that can be used proactively, to develop relationships and build community or reactively, to respond to wrongdoing, conflicts and problems. Circles give people an opportunity to speak and listen to one another in an atmosphere of safety, decorum and
82:
These various fields employ different terms, all of which fall under the rubric of restorative practices: In the criminal justice field the phrase used is "restorative justice"; in social work the term employed is "empowerment"; in education, talk is of "positive discipline" or "the responsive
66:
The social science of restorative practices offers a common thread to tie together theory, research and practice in diverse fields such as education, counseling, criminal justice, social work and organizational management. Individuals and organizations in many fields are developing models and
154:
addresses power imbalances between the victim and offender by including additional supporters. In the 2010s, federal and local governments in the US, as well as community organizations, requested schools decrease suspension rates. To provide an alternative to disciplinary measures like
70:
In education, restorative practices, such as circles and groups, provide opportunities for students to share their feelings, build relationships and solve problems, and when there is wrongdoing, to play an active role in addressing the wrong and making things right. Schools that implement
1056:
Burford, G., & Pennell, J. (2000). Family group decision making and family violence. In G. Burford & J. Hudson (Eds.), Family Group
Conferencing: New Directions in Community-Centered Child and Family Practice (pp. 171–183). New York, NY: Aldine
426:
In New
Zealand, schools have experienced best restorative outcomes when all parties actively participate and understand how the problem originated, what should be done, and how the parties can reach a shared commitment that the issue not repeat itself.
699:
225:, which involved community members in helping to decide how to deal with an offender. In 1994 Mennonite Pastor Harry Nigh befriended a mentally challenged repeat sex offender by forming a support group with some of his parishioners, called a
874:
Roujanavong, W. (2005, November). Restorative justice: Family and community group conferencing (FCGC) in
Thailand. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Conferencing, Circles and other Restorative Practices, Manchester,
1066:
Braithwaite, J. (1994). Thinking harder about democratizing social control. In C. Alder & J. Wundersitz (Eds.), Family
Conferencing and Juvenile Justice: The Way Forward of Misplaced Optimism? Canberra: Australian Institute of
1076:
Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency. (1998). Victim offender conferencing in Pennsylvania’s juvenile justice system. Harrisburg, PA. Stutzman Amstutz, L., & Zehr, H. Retrieved from us.mcc.org/system/files/voc.pdf
1551:
Davey, L. (2007, November). Restorative practices: A vision of hope. Paper presented at “Improving Citizenship & Restoring Community,” the 10th International Institute for Restorative Practices World Conference, Budapest,
864:
Mbambo, B., & Skelton, A. (2003). Preparing the South African community for implementing a new restorative child justice system. In L. Walgrave, (Ed.), Repositioning Restorative Justice. (pp. 271–283). Devon, UK: Willan
341:
897:
Wong, D. (2005) Restorative justice for juveniles in Hong Kong: Reflections of a practitioner. Paper presented at the Sixth International Conference on Conferencing, Circles and other Restorative Practices, Penrith, NSW,
1163:
Lilles, H. (2002, August). Circle sentencing: Part of the restorative justice continuum. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Conferencing, Circles and other Restorative Practices, Minneapolis, MN,
887:
Goldstein, A. (2006, October). Restorative practices in Israel: The state of the field. Paper presented at the Eighth International Conference on Conferencing, Circles and other Restorative Practices, Bethlehem, PA,
217:, healing, support, decision making, information exchange and relationship development. Circles offer an alternative to contemporary meeting processes that often rely on hierarchy, win-lose positioning and argument.
445:
unrealistic. Out of numerous RP components, schools may only implement RP circles yet await a shift in school climate. In prison systems, RP is viewed as a soft option and counter to prison values by some officers.
599:
Riestenberg, N. (2002, August). Restorative measures in schools: Evaluation results. Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Conferencing, Circles and other Restorative Practices, Minneapolis, MN,
842:
Mirsky, L. (2004, April & May). Restorative justice practices of Native American, First Nation and other indigenous people of North America: Parts One & Two. Restorative Practices eForum. Retrieved from
149:
Eventually modern restorative justice broadened to include communities of care as well, with victims' and offenders' families and friends participating in collaborative processes called conferences and circles.
1575:
Wachtel, T. (2005, November). The next step: developing restorative communities. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Conferencing, Circles and other Restorative Practices, Manchester,
1541:
McCold, P., & Wachtel, T. (2001). Restorative justice in everyday life. In J. Braithwaite & H. Strang (Eds.), Restorative Justice and Civil Society (pp. 114–129). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
1186:
Gregory, Anne; Clawson, Kathleen; Davis, Alycia; Gerewitz, Jennifer (October 2016). "The Promise of Restorative Practices to Transform Teacher-Student Relationships and Achieve Equity in School Discipline".
413:
There has been an accumulation of RP experiences in schools. Research on these seems to validate that RP has led to a decrease in disciplinary measures and slight diminishment in racial exclusionary gaps.
83:
classroom"; and in organizational leadership "horizontal management" is referenced. The social science of restorative practices recognizes all of these perspectives and incorporates them into its scope.
290:
957:
907:
McCold, P. (1999, August). Restorative justice practice—The state of the field. Paper presented at Building Strong Partnerships for Restorative Practices Conference, Burlington, VT, USA.
253:
also includes the use of informal and formal processes that precede wrongdoing, those that proactively build relationships and a sense of community to prevent conflict and wrongdoing.
679:
McCold, P. (2003). A survey of assessment research on mediation and conferencing. In L. Walgrave (Ed.), Repositioning Restorative Justice (pp. 67–120). Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.
26:
social mediation system prioritizes punishment, RP privileges the repair of harm and dialogue among actors. In fact, the purpose of RP is to build healthy communities, increase
1173:
Rankin, B. (2007). Circles of support and accountability: What works. Let’s Talk/Entre Nous. Vol. 31, No. 3. Ottawa, ON, Canada: Correctional Service of Canada. Retrieved from
422:
conferencing to address disruption that has had an effect on learning. In such a situation, RP has helped teachers and students discuss behavioral expectations from one another
1145:
Wachtel, J., & Wachtel, T. (2012). Building Campus Community: Restorative Practices in Residential Life. Bethlehem, PA: International Institute for Restorative Practices.
340:
369:
restorative practices is that "people are happier, more cooperative and productive, and more likely to make positive changes when those in positions of authority do things
532:
466:
273:, are increasingly used to describe practices related to or derived from restorative conferences and circles. These practices also include more informal practices (see
812:
Peachey, D. (1989). The Kitchener experiment. In M. Wright and B. Galaway (Eds.), Mediation and Criminal Justice. Victims, Offenders and Community. London, UK: Sage.
332:
Organizations and services that only use the reactive without building the social capital beforehand are less successful than those that also employ the proactive.
289:
833:
Eagle, H. (2001, November). Restorative justice in native cultures. State of Justice 3. A periodic publication of Friends Committee on Restorative Justice.
1133:
Mirsky, L. (2011, May). Restorative practices: Whole-school change to build safer, saner school communities. Restorative Practices eForum. Retrieved from
855:
Haarala, L. (2004). A community within. In Restorative Justice Week: Engaging Us All in the Dialogue. Ottawa, ON, Canada:. Correctional Service of Canada.
30:, decrease crime and antisocial behavior, mend harm and restore relationships. It ties together research in a variety of social science fields, including
1085:
O’Connell, T. (1998, August). From Wagga Wagga to Minnesota. Paper presented at the First International Conference on Conferencing, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
67:
methodology and performing empirical research that share the same implicit premise, but are often unaware of the commonality of each other's efforts.
764:
Charney, R. (1992). Teaching Children to Care: Management in the Responsive Classroom. Greenfield, Massachusetts: Northeast Foundation for Children.
155:
suspension, large urban school districts, like New York City Public Schools and the Los Angeles Unified School District, started implementing RP.
1487:
1288:
821:
Office for Victims of Crime (1998). Recovered from U.S. Government website. National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). Retrieved from
1232:"Evaluation of a Whole-School Change Intervention: Findings from a Two-Year Cluster-Randomized Trial of the Restorative Practices Intervention"
1047:
Doolan, M. (2003). Restorative practices and family empowerment: both/and or either/or? Family Rights Newsletter. London: Family Rights Group.
328:
formal restorative process might have dramatic impact, informal practices have a cumulative impact because they are part of everyday life.
557:
Zakszeski, Brittany; Rutherford, Laura (2021-07-03). "Mind the Gap: A Systematic Review of Research on Restorative Practices in Schools".
1124:
Mirsky, L. (2007). SaferSanerSchools: Transforming school culture with restorative practices. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 16(2), 5–12.
139:
22:(or RP) is a social science field concerned with improving and repairing relationships and social connections among people. Whereas a
184:'s concerns with the number of their children being removed from their homes by the courts. It was originally envisioned as a family
622:
221:
decades to engage workers in achieving high manufacturing standards. In 1992 Yukon Circuit Court Judge Barry Stewart pioneered the
397:
1338:"Family Group Decision Making and Other Family Engagement Approaches to Child Welfare Decision Making (Vol. 25, No. 2, 2010)"
1337:
1003:
Morrison, Brenda; Ahmed, Eliza (2006). "Restorative Justice and Civil Society: Emerging Practice, Theory, and Evidence".
1782:
822:
51:
1230:
Acosta, Joie; Chinman, Matthew; Ebener, Patricia; Malone, Patrick S.; Phillips, Andrea; Wilks, Asa (2019-05-01).
958:"The long-term impact of a whole school approach of restorative practice: the views of secondary school teachers"
700:"AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF UNDERSTANDINGS AND EXPERIENCES OF IMPLEMENTING RESTORATIVE PRACTICE IN THREE UK PRISONS"
1103:
Roca, Inc. (n.d.). Peacemaking circles: A process for solving problems and building community. Retrieved from
743:
Simon, B. (1994). The Empowerment Tradition in American Social Work. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
245:. But from the emergent point of view of restorative practices, restorative justice can be viewed as largely
1792:
1787:
173:
143:
135:
and victim-offender dialogue as it spread through North America and to Europe through the 1980s and 1990s.
188:
process, not as restorative justice. In North America it was renamed family group decision making (FGDM).
138:
Restorative justice echoes ancient and indigenous practices employed in cultures all over the world, from
127:
that emphasizes repairing the harm done to people and relationships rather than only punishing offenders.
1722:
322:
298:
242:
226:
222:
214:
210:
equality. The circle process allows people to tell their stories and offer their own perspectives.
151:
132:
120:
1174:
1634:
Dhaliwal, Tasminda K.; Daramola, Eupha Jeanne; Alonso, Jacob D.; Marsh, Julie A. (January 2023).
1595:
Dhaliwal, Tasminda K.; Daramola, Eupha Jeanne; Alonso, Jacob D.; Marsh, Julie A. (January 2023).
1585:
Braithwaite, J. (1989). Crime, Shame and Reintegration. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
1212:
985:
917:
Dhaliwal, Tasminda K.; Daramola, Eupha Jeanne; Alonso, Jacob D.; Marsh, Julie A. (January 2023).
734:
Zehr, H. (1990). Changing Lenses: A New Focus for Crime and Justice. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press.
638:
Dhaliwal, Tasminda K.; Daramola, Eupha Jeanne; Alonso, Jacob D.; Marsh, Julie A. (January 2023).
582:
488:
Dhaliwal, Tasminda K.; Daramola, Eupha Jeanne; Alonso, Jacob D.; Marsh, Julie A. (January 2023).
396:
The social discipline window reflects the seminal thinking of renowned Australian criminologist
1562:
722:
American Humane Association (2003). FGDM Research and Evaluation. Protecting Children, 18(1–2).
1742:
1703:
1655:
1616:
1269:
1251:
1204:
1154:
Nonaka, I. (1993, September). The history of the quality circle. Quality Progress, 81–83. ASQ.
1030:
977:
938:
659:
618:
615:
A practical introduction to restorative practice in schools : theory, skills and guidance
574:
509:
297:
Restorative practices are not limited to formal processes, such as restorative conferences or
1734:
1723:"Restorative Practice in New Zealand Schools: Social development through relational justice"
1695:
1647:
1635:
1608:
1596:
1499:
1259:
1243:
1196:
1020:
1012:
969:
930:
918:
651:
639:
566:
501:
489:
249:, consisting of formal or informal responses to crime and other wrongdoing after it occurs.
124:
1682:
Skrzypek, Candra; Bascug, Erin W; Ball, Annahita; Kim, Wooksoo; Elze, Diane (2020-08-14).
1315:
1521:
1460:
1433:
1410:
1387:
1360:
1134:
1104:
844:
181:
791:
58:. RP has been growing in popularity since the early 2000s and varying approaches exist.
1264:
527:
461:
27:
23:
241:
The notion of restorative practices evolved in part from the concept and practices of
1776:
1767:
1216:
1016:
989:
586:
1094:
Pranis, K. (2005). The Little Book of Circle Processes. Intercourse, PA: Good Books.
1434:"Healing After a Student Suicide: Restorative Circles at the University of Vermont"
201:
an Australian educator, was the first to use a restorative conference in a school.
973:
570:
1738:
1200:
823:
https://www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/reports/96517-gdlines_victims-sens/guide4.html
752:
Nelsen, J. (1996). Positive Discipline (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
185:
177:
43:
39:
1247:
1651:
1612:
934:
655:
505:
55:
35:
1746:
1707:
1659:
1620:
1255:
1231:
1208:
1034:
981:
942:
773:
Denton, D. (1998). Horizontal Management. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
663:
578:
513:
197:
47:
31:
1273:
344:
Social Discipline Window. (Wachtel & McCold, adapted from Glaser, 1969)
1636:"Educators' Beliefs and Perceptions of Implementing Restorative Practices"
1597:"Educators' Beliefs and Perceptions of Implementing Restorative Practices"
1503:
919:"Educators' Beliefs and Perceptions of Implementing Restorative Practices"
640:"Educators' Beliefs and Perceptions of Implementing Restorative Practices"
490:"Educators' Beliefs and Perceptions of Implementing Restorative Practices"
1699:
1488:"Restorative practices meet key competencies: Class meetings as pedagogy"
313:
that cause people to reflect on how their behavior has affected others.
1115:
Mosley, J. (1993). Turn Your School Round. Cambridgeshire, UK: Wisbech.
1025:
418:(8%) of enrolled students but one fourth (25%) of suspended students.
389:
mode are not as effective as the restorative, participatory, engaging
1683:
381:
them." This hypothesis maintains that the punitive and authoritarian
1684:"In Their Own Words: Student Perceptions of Restorative Practices"
1522:"Restorative Justice in Everyday Life: Beyond the Formal Ritual"
237:
Difference between restorative justice and restorative practices
1175:
http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/lt-en/2006/31-3/7-eng.shtml
339:
288:
146:
to African, Asian, Celtic, Hebrew, Arab and many others.
281:
been successful when implemented as proactive pedagogy.
956:
Short, Rose; Case, Gill; McKenzie, Karen (2018-10-02).
91:
The use of restorative practices has the potential to:
1762:
1135:
http://www.iirp.edu/article_detail.php?article_id=Njkx
1105:
http://www.rocainc.org/pdf/pubs/PeacemakingCircles.pdf
845:
http://www.iirp.edu/article_detail.php?article_id=NDA1
261:
The term restorative practices, along with terms like
1388:"Welcome to Hull, the World's First Restorative City"
1189:
Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation
274:
1467:. International Institute for Restorative Practices
1440:. International Institute for Restorative Practices
1413:. International Institute for Restorative Practices
1390:. International Institute for Restorative Practices
1367:. International Institute for Restorative Practices
1318:. International Institute for Restorative Practices
794:. International Institute for Restorative Practices
229:, which was effective in preventing re-offending.
1763:International Institute for Restorative Practices
533:International Institute for Restorative Practices
467:International Institute for Restorative Practices
1361:"Home Work: Life in the CSF Residential Program"
617:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 27–28.
309:that communicate people's feelings, as well as
1515:
1513:
1461:"FaithCARE:Creating Restorative Congregations"
1486:Gray, Sheridan; Drewery, Wendy (2011-01-01).
785:
783:
781:
779:
353:support and is characterized by doing things
8:
1492:International Journal on School Disaffection
883:
881:
293:Continuum of Restorative Practices (Wachtel)
213:The circle has a wide variety of purposes:
760:
758:
552:
550:
385:mode and the permissive and paternalistic
301:, but range from informal to formal. On a
1263:
1024:
675:
673:
404:Implementations of restorative practices
730:
728:
453:
119:Restorative practices has its roots in
357:people (collaboratively), rather than
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1411:"Restorative Practices in Workplaces"
7:
704:British Journal of Community Justice
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
608:
606:
227:circle of support and accountability
1768:Restorative Practices International
1316:"Restorative Justice: The Evidence"
95:reduce crime, violence and bullying
528:"Restorative Practices: Explained"
462:"Restorative Practices: Explained"
365:them (without their involvement).
196:In 1991 the FGC was adapted by an
14:
1727:Educational Philosophy and Theory
315:Impromptu restorative conferences
305:, the informal practices include
1563:"What is Restorative Practices?"
1287:Mirsky, Laura (September 2011).
1236:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
1017:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00447.x
180:in 1989 as a response to native
1289:"Building Safer, Saner Schools"
303:restorative practices continuum
285:Restorative practices continuum
275:Restorative Practices Continuum
1:
1721:Drewery, Wendy (2016-01-28).
974:10.1080/02643944.2018.1528625
571:10.1080/2372966X.2020.1852056
267:restorative justice practices
1739:10.1080/00131857.2014.989951
1201:10.1080/10474412.2014.929950
104:provide effective leadership
1640:Education and Urban Society
1601:Education and Urban Society
923:Education and Urban Society
644:Education and Urban Society
494:Education and Urban Society
1809:
1248:10.1007/s10964-019-01013-2
962:Pastoral Care in Education
698:Calkin, Charlotte (2021).
79:outside their own homes.
52:organizational development
1652:10.1177/00131245211048439
1613:10.1177/00131245211048439
935:10.1177/00131245211048439
656:10.1177/00131245211048439
506:10.1177/00131245211048439
133:victim-offender mediation
1005:Journal of Social Issues
613:Hansberry, Bill (2016).
559:School Psychology Review
350:social discipline window
336:Social discipline window
299:family group conferences
101:strengthen civil society
192:Restorative conferences
174:family group conference
168:Family group conference
1688:Children & Schools
1293:Educational Leadership
792:"Defining Restorative"
345:
294:
263:restorative approaches
123:, a way of looking at
98:improve human behavior
1504:10.18546/IJSD.08.1.03
361:them (coercively) or
343:
292:
271:restorative solutions
251:Restorative practices
107:restore relationships
20:Restorative practices
307:affective statements
16:Social science field
1386:Richardson, Nigel.
311:affective questions
243:restorative justice
215:conflict resolution
121:restorative justice
1783:Community building
1700:10.1093/cs/cdaa011
409:Educational system
373:them, rather than
346:
295:
1459:Wachtel, Joshua.
1432:Wachtel, Joshua.
1340:. American Humane
1314:Wachtel, Joshua.
257:Other terminology
223:sentencing circle
176:(FGC) started in
1800:
1751:
1750:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1679:
1664:
1663:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1000:
994:
993:
953:
947:
946:
914:
908:
905:
899:
895:
889:
885:
876:
872:
866:
862:
856:
853:
847:
840:
834:
831:
825:
819:
813:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
787:
774:
771:
765:
762:
753:
750:
744:
741:
735:
732:
723:
720:
714:
713:
711:
710:
695:
680:
677:
668:
667:
635:
629:
628:
610:
601:
597:
591:
590:
565:(2–3): 371–387.
554:
545:
544:
542:
540:
524:
518:
517:
485:
479:
478:
476:
474:
458:
398:John Braithwaite
125:criminal justice
1808:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1773:
1772:
1759:
1754:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1681:
1680:
1667:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1002:
1001:
997:
955:
954:
950:
916:
915:
911:
906:
902:
896:
892:
886:
879:
873:
869:
863:
859:
854:
850:
841:
837:
832:
828:
820:
816:
811:
807:
797:
795:
789:
788:
777:
772:
768:
763:
756:
751:
747:
742:
738:
733:
726:
721:
717:
708:
706:
697:
696:
683:
678:
671:
637:
636:
632:
625:
612:
611:
604:
598:
594:
556:
555:
548:
538:
536:
526:
525:
521:
487:
486:
482:
472:
470:
460:
459:
455:
451:
442:
433:
411:
406:
338:
287:
259:
239:
207:
194:
170:
165:
140:Native American
117:
89:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1793:Socioeconomics
1790:
1788:Social economy
1785:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1757:External links
1755:
1753:
1752:
1733:(2): 191–203.
1713:
1694:(4): 245–253.
1665:
1626:
1587:
1578:
1568:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1520:Wachtel, Ted.
1509:
1478:
1451:
1424:
1401:
1378:
1359:Shafer, Mary.
1351:
1329:
1306:
1279:
1242:(5): 876–890.
1222:
1195:(4): 325–353.
1178:
1166:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1040:
1011:(2): 209–215.
995:
968:(4): 313–324.
948:
909:
900:
890:
877:
867:
857:
848:
835:
826:
814:
805:
790:Wachtel, Ted.
775:
766:
754:
745:
736:
724:
715:
681:
669:
630:
623:
602:
592:
546:
519:
480:
452:
450:
447:
441:
438:
432:
429:
410:
407:
405:
402:
337:
334:
286:
283:
258:
255:
238:
235:
206:
203:
193:
190:
169:
166:
164:
161:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
88:
85:
63:
60:
28:social capital
24:zero tolerance
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1805:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:(1): 88–118.
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:(1): 88–118.
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
949:
944:
940:
936:
932:
929:(1): 88–118.
928:
924:
920:
913:
910:
904:
901:
894:
891:
884:
882:
878:
871:
868:
861:
858:
852:
849:
846:
839:
836:
830:
827:
824:
818:
815:
809:
806:
793:
786:
784:
782:
780:
776:
770:
767:
761:
759:
755:
749:
746:
740:
737:
731:
729:
725:
719:
716:
705:
701:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
682:
676:
674:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:(1): 88–118.
649:
645:
641:
634:
631:
626:
624:9781784502324
620:
616:
609:
607:
603:
596:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
553:
551:
547:
535:
534:
529:
523:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:(1): 88–118.
499:
495:
491:
484:
481:
469:
468:
463:
457:
454:
448:
446:
439:
437:
431:Prison system
430:
428:
425:
419:
416:
408:
403:
401:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
366:
364:
360:
356:
351:
342:
335:
333:
329:
326:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
284:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
236:
234:
230:
228:
224:
218:
216:
211:
204:
202:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
167:
162:
160:
156:
153:
147:
145:
144:First Nations
141:
136:
134:
128:
126:
122:
114:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
92:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
61:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1691:
1687:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1581:
1571:
1557:
1547:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1498:(1): 13–21.
1495:
1491:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1464:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1437:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1409:Davey, Les.
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1364:
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1292:
1282:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1169:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1067:Criminology.
1062:
1052:
1043:
1008:
1004:
998:
965:
961:
951:
926:
922:
912:
903:
893:
870:
860:
851:
838:
829:
817:
808:
796:. Retrieved
769:
748:
739:
718:
707:. Retrieved
703:
647:
643:
633:
614:
595:
562:
558:
537:. Retrieved
531:
522:
497:
493:
483:
471:. Retrieved
465:
456:
443:
434:
423:
420:
415:
412:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
330:
323:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
296:
279:
270:
266:
262:
260:
250:
246:
240:
231:
219:
212:
208:
195:
182:Māori people
171:
157:
152:Conferencing
148:
137:
129:
118:
90:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
19:
18:
1465:IIRP eForum
1438:IIRP eForum
1365:IIRP eForum
865:Publishing.
186:empowerment
178:New Zealand
163:Terminology
110:repair harm
44:criminology
40:social work
1777:Categories
1057:DeGruyter.
1026:1885/28968
898:Australia.
709:2024-03-10
449:References
440:Criticisms
198:Australian
56:leadership
36:psychology
1747:0013-1857
1708:1532-8759
1660:0013-1245
1621:0013-1245
1527:16 August
1256:1573-6601
1217:264221514
1209:1047-4412
1035:0022-4537
990:149964754
982:0264-3944
943:0013-1245
664:0013-1245
587:234038288
579:2372-966X
514:0013-1245
87:Functions
48:sociology
32:education
1552:Hungary.
1274:30900083
539:April 5,
473:April 5,
377:them or
247:reactive
62:Overview
1471:11 July
1444:11 July
1417:11 July
1394:11 July
1371:11 July
1344:11 July
1322:11 July
1299:11 July
1265:6508973
798:11 July
324:circles
205:Circles
115:History
1745:
1706:
1658:
1619:
1542:Press.
1295:. ACSD
1272:
1262:
1254:
1215:
1207:
1033:
988:
980:
941:
662:
621:
585:
577:
512:
393:mode.
319:groups
1213:S2CID
986:S2CID
583:S2CID
1743:ISSN
1704:ISSN
1656:ISSN
1617:ISSN
1529:2012
1473:2012
1446:2012
1419:2012
1396:2012
1373:2012
1346:2012
1324:2012
1301:2012
1270:PMID
1252:ISSN
1205:ISSN
1164:USA.
1031:ISSN
978:ISSN
939:ISSN
888:USA.
800:2012
660:ISSN
619:ISBN
600:USA.
575:ISSN
541:2024
510:ISSN
475:2024
391:with
371:with
355:with
348:The
321:and
269:and
172:The
142:and
54:and
1735:doi
1696:doi
1648:doi
1609:doi
1576:UK.
1500:doi
1260:PMC
1244:doi
1197:doi
1021:hdl
1013:doi
970:doi
931:doi
875:UK.
652:doi
567:doi
502:doi
387:for
379:for
363:for
277:).
1779::
1741:.
1731:48
1729:.
1725:.
1702:.
1692:42
1690:.
1686:.
1668:^
1654:.
1644:55
1642:.
1638:.
1615:.
1605:55
1603:.
1599:.
1512:^
1494:.
1490:.
1463:.
1436:.
1363:.
1291:.
1268:.
1258:.
1250:.
1240:48
1238:.
1234:.
1211:.
1203:.
1193:26
1191:.
1029:.
1019:.
1009:62
1007:.
984:.
976:.
966:36
964:.
960:.
937:.
927:55
925:.
921:.
880:^
778:^
757:^
727:^
702:.
684:^
672:^
658:.
648:55
646:.
642:.
605:^
581:.
573:.
563:50
561:.
549:^
530:.
508:.
498:55
496:.
492:.
464:.
383:to
375:to
359:to
317:,
265:,
50:,
46:,
42:,
38:,
34:,
1749:.
1737::
1710:.
1698::
1662:.
1650::
1623:.
1611::
1565:.
1531:.
1506:.
1502::
1496:8
1475:.
1448:.
1421:.
1398:.
1375:.
1348:.
1326:.
1303:.
1276:.
1246::
1219:.
1199::
1037:.
1023::
1015::
992:.
972::
945:.
933::
802:.
712:.
666:.
654::
627:.
589:.
569::
543:.
516:.
504::
477:.
424:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.