220:) and given to the Spanish official who would move them to a different area to do whatever labor was needed. Legally, these systems were not allowed to interfere with the Amerindians own survival, with only 7-10% of the adult male population allowed to be assigned at any time. These Amerindians were paid wages for their labor, which they could then use to pay tribute to the Crown.
228:, these mining drafts were brought in indigenous workers through this draft labor system to do backbreaking work. While there were attempts to guard against overwork, abuses of power and high quotas set by mine owners continued, leading to both depopulation and the system of indigenous men buying themselves out of the labor draft by paying their own
292:) for six months to a year, during which time the worker was required to be paid a salary, and provided living quarters as well as religious services. In Northern New Spain, this was a frequent occurrence. This area was not greatly populated, and because of this, it was harder for the Spanish to enforce
311:
labor was unreliable, wage labor was the dominant form of labor used in New Spain. Although not ideal, the
Spanish Crown allowed this as silver was their priority for trade with China after the Ming Dynasty made silver the only currency for internal taxation and external trade.
223:
Native men, working around 3 to 4 weeks a year, could also be put to work by the local government in public works such as harvests, mines, and infrastructure. Mining, specifically, was a concern for the Crown as well as
Peruvian viceroy. Enacted by Don
204:, or later a Spanish settler or official, would be given and supervised a number of indigenous workers, who would labor in farms or mines, or in the case of the Philippines might also be assigned to the ship yards constructing the
116:
system that had come to be seen as abusive and promoting of unethical behavior. The
Spanish Crown aimed to remove control of the indigenous population, now considered subjects of the Crown, from the hands of the
184:âincluded natives, who resided in native communities, where native law and native authorities (as long as they did not contradict Spanish norms) prevailed.â It was in this second domain where the
775:
136:, in that the worker is not owned outrightâbeing free in various respects other than in the dispensation of his or her laborâand the work was intermittent. However, it created
745:
208:. This would come from Hispanic miners or agriculturalists putting in a weekly application for labor with the district magistrate or a special judge who is in charge of
740:
350:. The decline of rotational draft labor in New Spain paved the way for one of the first capitalist societies in the world as Amerindian laborers who left their
166:
system no longer made economic sense since there were not enough
Amerindians remaining. They needed to consolidate labor, which they did in a process known as
344:
had already established a centralized tribute system, as well as a common identity, and already had experience with a rotational labor system from the Incan
780:
770:
371:
586:
489:
358:
did not experience this same development because the
Amerindians remained landed for longer, having access to their own means of production.
46:
720:
636:
457:
260:) to which the native populations had no resistance, as well as to desertion from the work fields, led to the substitution of the
765:
750:
72:
755:
329:
280:. This was a dangerous venture, as it left them landless and without community. If an Amerindian left their
790:
785:
760:
154:. In New Spain, the collapse of indigenous populations from conquest and disease led to a shift from the
735:
686:
510:"Indigenous Reducciones and Spanish Resettlement: Placing Colonial and European History in Dialogue"
386:
355:
333:
225:
192:
had ownership over their land, but, deemed subjects of the
Spanish Crown, they had to pay tribute.
141:
50:
654:
642:
592:
531:
45:) (Spanish, "distribution, partition, or division") was a colonial labor system imposed upon the
570:
The
Mexican Heartland: How Communities Shaped Capitalism, a Nation, and World History, 1500-2000
716:
632:
582:
485:
453:
396:
121:
who had become a politically influential and wealthy class, with the shift away from both the
624:
574:
521:
445:
41:
83:
were drafted work for cycles of weeks, months, or years, on farms, in mines, in workshops (
666:
367:
205:
729:
535:
481:
473:
680:
140:-like conditions in certain areas, most notoriously in silver mines of 16th century
376:
201:
449:
244:
The diminution of the number of natives in the
Americas due to European diseases (
212:
labor. Adult males of the community whose turn it was to go were assembled by the
180:"included Spaniards, who lived in Spanish cities and obeyed Spanish law," and the
433:
401:
341:
285:
80:
64:
59:
391:
381:
294:
167:
112:
646:
621:
Silver
Capitalism and Indigenous Republics: Rebuilding Communities, 1500â1700
526:
509:
148:
influenced in part by a similar draft labor system the Inca used also called
616:
249:
17:
596:
568:
68:
628:
578:
354:
were landless and instead sold their labor to purchase food and housing.
346:
265:
245:
150:
103:
253:
137:
133:
54:
438:
The
Cambridge History of Latin America. Vol. 2, Colonial Latin America
307:
labor from. Northern New Spain had the most silver mines, and because
257:
176:
system was replaced by âtwo parallel yet separate ârepublicsâ.â The
478:
The World's History, Third Edition: Combined Volume (pages 457-458)
268:
in New Spain. In order to evade these compulsory labor system of
713:
The PotosĂ Mita, 1573-1700: Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes
264:
system and the creation of privately owned farms and
553:(8th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
125:system and the enslavement of the native groups.
776:History of indigenous peoples of North America
8:
617:"Silver Capitalism and Indigenous Republics"
623:. Princeton University Press. p. 71.
549:Burkholder, Mark; Johnson, Lyman (2012).
525:
332:by the beginning of the 17th century. In
47:indigenous population of Spanish America
715:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
413:
372:Spanish-controlled colonial Philippines
746:History of the Philippines (1565â1898)
662:
652:
188:resided. Amerindians who lived in the
144:under the draft labor system known as
53:. In concept, it was similar to other
40:
7:
741:Spanish colonization of the Americas
610:
608:
606:
562:
560:
503:
501:
434:"Mining in colonial Spanish America"
427:
425:
423:
421:
419:
417:
370:, a similar forced labor system in
340:labor system prevailed because the
781:Indigenous topics of South America
771:Indigenous topics of the Caribbean
324:, for the most part, replaced the
25:
216:(the Amerindian governors of the
27:Forced labor in Spanish colonies
110:was instated to substitute the
573:. Princeton University Press.
299:meaning they could not create
1:
450:10.1017/CHOL9780521245166.005
57:-labor systems, such as the
288:; others signed contracts (
807:
711:Cole, Jeffery A. (1985).
527:10.4000/lerhistoria.3146
432:Bakewell, Peter (1984).
330:Viceroyalty of New Spain
87:), and public projects.
42:[repaÉŸtiËmjento]
276:Amerindians left their
73:Ancien RĂ©gime de France
690:(Sixth ed.). 2007
551:Colonial Latin America
508:Herzog, Tamar (2018).
316:Capitalist development
284:, they would look for
178:repĂșblica de españoles
38:Spanish pronunciation:
687:Columbia Encyclopedia
629:10.2307/j.ctvc774tz.5
615:Tutino, John (2018).
579:10.2307/j.ctvc774tz.5
567:Tutino, John (2018).
91:Establishment of the
766:Spanish Puerto Rico
751:Spanish West Indies
387:Encomiendas in Peru
240:System in New Spain
226:Francisco de Toledo
214:jueces repartidores
182:repĂșblica de indios
95:and decline of the
588:978-0-691-17436-5
491:978-0-13-177318-9
476:(February 2005).
397:Jesuit Reductions
352:pueblos de indios
301:pueblos de indios
278:pueblos de indios
218:pueblos de indios
190:pueblos de indios
186:pueblos de indios
160:pueblos de indios
77:pueblos de indios
16:(Redirected from
798:
699:
698:
696:
695:
677:
671:
670:
664:
660:
658:
650:
612:
601:
600:
564:
555:
554:
546:
540:
539:
529:
505:
496:
495:
470:
464:
463:
429:
44:
39:
21:
806:
805:
801:
800:
799:
797:
796:
795:
756:Colonial Mexico
726:
725:
708:
703:
702:
693:
691:
681:"Repartimiento"
679:
678:
674:
661:
651:
639:
614:
613:
604:
589:
566:
565:
558:
548:
547:
543:
507:
506:
499:
492:
472:
471:
467:
460:
431:
430:
415:
410:
368:Polo y servicio
364:
328:throughout the
318:
242:
236:Decline of the
206:Manila galleons
200:In practice, a
198:
100:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
804:
802:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
728:
727:
724:
723:
707:
704:
701:
700:
672:
663:|journal=
637:
602:
587:
556:
541:
497:
490:
474:Spodek, Howard
465:
458:
412:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
363:
360:
317:
314:
274:repartimiento,
241:
234:
232:or employers.
197:
194:
99:
89:
75:: Through the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
803:
792:
791:Labor history
789:
787:
786:Unfree labour
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
761:Colonial Peru
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
731:
722:
721:0-8047-1256-5
718:
714:
710:
709:
705:
689:
688:
682:
676:
673:
668:
656:
648:
647:j.ctvc774tz.5
644:
640:
638:9780691174365
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
609:
607:
603:
598:
594:
590:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
563:
561:
557:
552:
545:
542:
537:
533:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
504:
502:
498:
493:
487:
483:
482:Prentice Hall
479:
475:
469:
466:
461:
459:9781139055178
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
428:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
414:
407:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
369:
366:
365:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:repartimiento
315:
313:
310:
309:repartimiento
306:
305:repartimiento
302:
298:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
238:Repartimiento
235:
233:
231:
227:
221:
219:
215:
211:
210:repartimiento
207:
203:
196:How it worked
195:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:repartimiento
126:
124:
120:
119:encomenderos,
115:
114:
109:
108:repartimiento
106:of 1542, the
105:
98:
94:
93:repartimiento
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
35:
34:
33:Repartimiento
19:
736:Encomenderos
712:
706:Bibliography
692:. Retrieved
684:
675:
620:
569:
550:
544:
520:(72): 9â30.
517:
514:Ler HistĂłria
513:
477:
468:
441:
437:
377:Cargo system
351:
345:
337:
325:
321:
319:
308:
304:
300:
293:
289:
281:
277:
273:
269:
261:
243:
237:
229:
222:
217:
213:
209:
202:conquistador
199:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
163:
159:
155:
149:
145:
129:
127:
122:
118:
111:
107:
101:
96:
92:
84:
76:
58:
32:
31:
29:
18:Repartimento
597:j.ctvc774tz
342:Inca Empire
295:reducciones
169:reducciones
81:Amerindians
65:Inca Empire
51:Philippines
730:Categories
694:2007-10-09
408:References
392:Reductions
382:Encomienda
326:encomienda
286:wage labor
270:encomienda
262:encomienda
174:encomienda
164:encomienda
158:system to
156:encomienda
123:encomienda
113:encomienda
97:encomienda
665:ignored (
655:cite book
536:166023363
402:GenĂzaros
266:haciendas
250:influenza
162:, as the
102:With the
362:See also
303:to pull
290:asientos
246:smallpox
132:was not
104:New Laws
49:and the
444:: 127.
254:measles
230:curacas
138:slavery
134:slavery
85:obrajes
71:of the
67:or the
63:of the
55:tribute
719:
645:
635:
595:
585:
534:
488:
456:
336:, the
282:pueblo
258:typhus
172:. The
79:, the
69:corvée
643:JSTOR
593:JSTOR
532:S2CID
347:mit'a
151:mit'a
146:mita,
60:mit'a
717:ISBN
685:The
667:help
633:ISBN
583:ISBN
486:ISBN
454:ISBN
356:Peru
338:mita
334:Peru
320:The
272:and
256:and
142:Peru
128:The
30:The
625:doi
575:doi
522:doi
446:doi
732::
683:.
659::
657:}}
653:{{
641:.
631:.
619:.
605:^
591:.
581:.
559:^
530:.
518:72
516:.
512:.
500:^
484:.
480:.
452:.
440:.
436:.
416:^
252:,
248:,
697:.
669:)
649:.
627::
599:.
577::
538:.
524::
494:.
462:.
448::
442:2
297:,
36:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.