3237:. In fact, it is different. While the ogonek is to be placed somewhat off the optical center of the glyph it goes with, the Rheinische Dokumenta hook explicitly goes to its center. Thus it gives another impression and does not resemble the ogonek. Most Rheinische Dokumenta prints choose it to be slightly more angular, longer, and thus appear bolder than ogoneks usually are.
2076:
Though some dialects vary the duration of nasal consonants considerably, they are not doubled to indicate extended length when written, while vocals are. Though this never creates ambiguities within a language, comparison of languages is less supported. A good argument against doubling is that often
1753:
may deviate somewhat from the articulation of the isolated monophthongs. Also, depending on languages, the lengths of their diphthongs may vary considerably between the extremes of as short as a typical short monophthong to longer than the sum of two long monophthongs. Varying lengths of diphthongs
1273:
and a length attribute. Since this schwa almost always corresponds to the digraph "er" ending a word or a separable syllable prefix of
Standard German orthography, most users of Rheinische Dokumenta positionally print "er", or "e̩r", respectively, for increased readability in an attempt of courtesy
587:
Vowels come in two variants, short and long. That many dialects feature three distinct vowel lengths is ignored, as doing so does not create any ambiguities and makes reading easier. Short vowels are represented by single letters, long vowels are represented by the same letters doubled to indicate
1738:
or an intervocalic joiner consonant "j" in between. There is no written distinction between these cases, although it is not forbidden to write the character "j" for clarity. The number of diphthongs existing in a dialect is far less than each possible combination of two vowels, thus there are not
276:
Rheinische
Dokumenta was designed to be easily readable for dialect speakers educated in German writing, but there are some differences that make it quite distinct from the usual ways of writing the dialects: There is no doubling of consonants to mark short vowels, and there are extra
563:
to indicate them, but since they are seen to considerably hamper readability, make prints ugly, and are hardly necessary to facilitate understanding, they are seldom used. Some dialects do not have tonal accent anyway. For the other ones, there are only a very few
1221:. There is no long version of "e̩". Although a schwa usually cannot carry word accent or stress, in some dialects there are exceptions. Words having only schwas do have their stress on schwas, and they can receive the main stress within a sentence as well. The
2236:
digraph when technically feasible. This recommendation is not always followed in an attempt to create prints closer resembling
Standard German or Dutch. Though the phoneme cannot appear at the beginning of a syllable, upper case glyphs exist for
1786:, voiced consonants cannot, or hardly ever, appear at the end of a word or sentence. This is one of the major differences between Rheinische Dokumenta and Standard German writing, since Standard German orthography tries to keep word
528:
Though not defined in the original specification, upper case letters can be used. While some authors do not use them at all, others start sentences with capitals or capitalise names, and few use capital initial letters on each
1734:" would be spelled: "bǫi" in Rheinische Dokumenta. There are occasions, when two monophthongs need to be written together without forming a diphthong; that means they are pronounced separately with either a
1229:
1730:
In
Rheinische Dokumenta, diphthongs are simply denoted as a sequence of the two monophthongs heard and spoken jointly. For instance, the English word "
1762:
There are no triphthongs, although diphthongs can be followed by schwas in some languages. If, for instance, Rheinische
Dokumenta was used in writing
70:
writing system developed in the early 1980s by a working group of academics, linguists, local language experts, and local language speakers of the
3388:
Grammatik der ripuarisch-fränkischen
Mundart. Verlag Friedrich Cohen, Bonn 1904. Nachdruck mit Genehmigung, Saendig Reprint Verlag, Vaduz, 1970.
1274:
towards their readers who read German more fluently than
Rheinische Dokumenta. From the standpoint of phonological writing, this is incorrect.
1489:
907:
3309:, usually have only their 1st character uppercased, when used in all caps or small caps, however, each letter is converted to upper case.
2450:
426:. These ambiguities are avoided writing Rheinische Dokumenta; despite the fact that word stems may change their printed appearance, when
3200:, at times even for natives. So the designers of Rheinische Dokumenta choose to consider their differentiation unnecessary or marginal.
2299:
1706:
1174:
2307:
1663:
1532:
1120:
953:
3441:
3425:
3395:
3374:
604:
There are 14 short vowels in the languages that the script was designed for, 13 of which are representable in
Rheinische Dokumenta:
3171:
2949:
400:
3437:
2855:
2822:
2564:
2266:
2090:
1953:
1824:
1453:
1426:
1295:
1250:
817:
786:
613:
45:
27:
1399:
748:
3252:
is recommended in such cases, resembling Dutch writing. There are no such replacements or recommendations for the letters
2694:
1586:
1372:
1337:
1037:
709:
663:
3456:
2893:
2597:
1620:
1524:
1085:
945:
86:
3471:
3024:
2496:
1559:
1481:
999:
899:
317:. These spellings appear in other Germanic languages as well, but Rhinelanders are generally not accustomed to them.
1795:
1742:
1321:
647:
75:
3476:
3080:
2644:
2458:
1783:
1698:
1364:
1166:
701:
423:
1766:, triphthongs would be written in a manner analogous to the diphthongs, using three adjacent letters of vocals.
3481:
3286:, never appears at the beginning of a syllable, word, or sentence. Yet its upper case version could be used in
2728:
1671:
1128:
330:
62:
2257:, this is hardly a characteristic of words, but prosodic. It is not noted when writing Rheinische Dokumenta.
3324:
Rheinische
Dokumenta is part of the Latin character set of Unicode, and thus part of its Basic Multilingual
3233:", which is being used to denote openness of the vowels ą̈, ǫ, ǫ̈. respectively, could be confused with the
2345:
1329:
1256:
655:
431:
3264:
3193:
2769:
1750:
419:
369:
306:
41:
37:
23:
3362:
3337:
3230:
2078:
572:
354:
198:
3400:
3241:
3177:
3169:
3078:
3022:
2947:
2891:
2853:
2767:
2726:
2692:
2642:
2595:
2494:
2456:
2448:
2351:
2343:
2305:
2297:
1763:
1704:
1696:
1669:
1661:
1618:
1584:
1557:
1530:
1522:
1487:
1479:
1451:
1424:
1397:
1370:
1362:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1254:
1210:
1172:
1164:
1126:
1118:
1083:
1035:
997:
951:
943:
905:
897:
855:
815:
784:
746:
707:
699:
661:
653:
645:
552:
505:
instead in almost all instances. The authors of
Rheinische Dokumenta suggest using the single letter
90:
1754:
are not noted in Rheinische Dokumenta, which at least does not create ambiguities within a dialect.
2353:
1803:
1719:
Rüüt (In Dutch, this name has a short vowel, but this is a usual Rhineländisch pronunciation)
474:
are unambiguous, especially the underlined letter combinations, and the ones having an arch below.
194:
568:
having identical unaccented Rheinische Dokumenta spellings but different tonal or stress accents.
3486:
3162:
3158:
2254:
1802:
across word boundaries which yields a consonant voiced at a word end, some authors write them as
1787:
1222:
379:
497:
at syllable joints is frequent in German, most languages that can use Rheinische Dokumenta have
218:
3421:
3391:
3370:
3219:
3189:
2524:
1212:
857:
407:
326:
202:
146:
3367:
Rheinische Dokumenta: Lautschrift für Rheinische Mundarten, Mundartdokumentation im Rheinland
3333:
3209:
1779:
1749:
are predominant in most of the languages written using Rheinische Dokumenta, thus diphthong
560:
278:
2081:
rather than being a characteristic of a word or a dialect, although that is not always so.
579:
information in many Rheinisch languages, is not preserved in Rheinische Dokumenta writing.
3325:
1775:
538:
411:
376:
122:
1593:
3197:
1746:
469:
443:
434:, always the most phonetically correct letters, digraphs, or trigraphs are being used.
415:
262:
238:
174:
3465:
454:
does not occur in the languages for which Rheinische Dokumenta was made. Thus, since
138:
110:
3196:
differently. Nevertheless they are acoustically hard to distinguish, in part due to
1253:
as an unstressed short , in some dialects and positions also as an unstressed short
422:. Several letters are ambiguous in these languages, such as voiced consonants which
3417:
3358:
3223:
2225:
1735:
1270:
1262:
565:
556:
506:
461:
182:
106:
3332:. While unaccented characters do that anyway, even some of the characters having
394:, and ten more letters, digraphs, and a trigraph, each having diacritical marks:
530:
162:
102:
3329:
3306:
3291:
3213:
3151:
3135:
2242:
489:, but only a few dialects allow a syllable initial (g) after a syllable final
427:
226:
206:
142:
94:
2539:; most often a specific dialect uses one, but not the other phone of a pair.
1261:. Some publications call it a "vocalic r". It is almost always followed by a
3166:
2536:
1791:
1713:
1265:. Glottal stops are not noted in Rheinische Dokumenta, even though they are
266:
258:
170:
166:
71:
3336:
nevertheless occupy only one character position in a text stream in their
3095:
3050:
2994:
2964:
2919:
3287:
3179:
3147:
2238:
1282:
There are 12 long vowels. For each short vowel with the exception of the
1246:
1051:
576:
486:
410:. Most letters represent the usual sounds for which they are used in the
254:
222:
178:
134:
67:
33:
3318:
2836:
2578:
2280:
2104:
1967:
1838:
1266:
1093:
963:
627:
230:
214:
190:
130:
114:
82:
399:
3414:
Alles Kölsch – eine Dokumentation der aktuellen Stadtsprache in Köln.
3234:
1799:
559:
are usually ignored when writing in Rheinische Dokumenta. There are
270:
242:
234:
158:
118:
3401:
https://archive.org/stream/grammatikderrip00mngoog#page/n18/mode/1up
1790:
unaltered, even if pronunciation varies with suffixes, endings, or
1739:
very many ambiguities when taking syllable structure into account.
2253:
Some dialects vary the duration of liquids. With the exception of
1283:
1218:
250:
246:
210:
186:
154:
150:
98:
2550:, are rarely used since these sounds occur in few dialects only.
1807:
534:
511:
126:
3192:
are to a large extent positionally distinguishable and clearly
2363:
1184:
406:
Each letter, digraph, or trigraph is strictly representing one
1731:
3412:
e.g. on page 178 in Christa Bhatt, Markus Lindlar (editors)
3317:
Rheinische Dokumenta cannot currently be fully written in
3440:
glyph really is the correct notation is disputable, see
3321:
but proposals are underway to have missing pieces added.
1245:
There is another schwa. It does not have a corresponding
3260:, respectively, which are comparatively much less used.
2804:
is technically not available. This resembles the use of
2077:
nasal durations depend on speaker, style of speech, and
3104:
3059:
3003:
2973:
2928:
458:
is not otherwise used in Rheinische Dokumenta, both
424:
lose their voice when appearing at the end of a word
81:
It offers a uniform common notation of almost every
32:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
575:, such as the "melody" of sentence, which carries
1237:(in Rheinische Dokumenta writing) is an example.
105:mountain regions, plus the areas surrounding the
74:. It was presented to the public in 1986 by the
3222:can be seen as their counterparts in German, or
596:Rheinische Dokumenta can write 25 monophthongs.
46:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3275:, when possible, is recommended in such cases.
2796:is recommended to be used as a replacement of
2523:There is no distinction between the different
1600:
1249:in Rheinische Dokumenta. It could be noted in
3369:. Rheinland-Verlag, Köln, 2nd edition, 1987,
1810:"-" to avoid having final voiced consonants.
89:area, the western and central Rhineland, the
8:
3386:
3328:. It is to a large extent covered by single
2361:
1182:
1045:
961:
3361:(presented following the previous works of
1286:"e̩", there is a corresponding long vowel:
3354:
3352:
3188:in Rheinische Dokumenta. The associated
1288:
3348:
3244:" may not always be available. Using
61:
7:
3267:" is not available, using the glyph
1922:New England American English "colt":
864:English article "a" when unstressed:
36:. For the distinction between ,
1539:French "Eau de Cologne":
325:The Rheinische Dokumenta uses the
14:
3442:voiceless palatal-velar fricative
3208:Rheinische Dokumenta has several
2232:) is recommended rather than the
375:. In addition, the three common
3031:German "mich" (me, myself):
438:Digraph and trigraph unambiguity
398:
2710:U+0073+FE27+0063+FE2D+0068+FE28
1774:Since most dialects follow the
28:International Phonetic Alphabet
16:Rhenish phonetic writing system
3420:, Bouvier Verlag, Bonn, 1998.
3301:, and the three variations of
1646:kǫ̈ǫ̈nl, kǫ̈ǫ̈ne̩l
1:
3457:Unicode combining diacritials
670:English "bud", "but", "butt":
414:or, slightly less so, in the
3282:in print, alternately spelt
3204:Typographical considerations
3094:
3077:
3049:
3038:
3021:
2993:
2963:
2946:
2918:
2907:
2890:
2880:
2869:
2852:
2842:
2783:
2766:
2753:
2742:
2725:
2715:
2708:
2691:
2677:
2658:
2641:
2622:
2611:
2594:
2584:
2510:
2493:
2483:
2472:
2447:
2437:
2426:
2407:
2386:
2375:
2342:
2332:
2321:
2296:
2286:
2203:
2192:
2174:
2163:
2152:
2142:
2131:
2120:
2110:
2058:
2047:
2037:
2026:
2015:
2005:
1994:
1983:
1973:
1929:
1918:
1908:
1897:
1886:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1844:
1379:British English "Argument":
1196:
1163:
1153:
1142:
1117:
1107:
1103:
1082:
1072:
1061:
1034:
1024:
1013:
996:
986:
975:
942:
932:
921:
896:
886:
871:
854:
842:
831:
814:
804:
800:
783:
773:
762:
745:
735:
723:
698:
688:
677:
643:
633:
76:Landschaftsverband Rheinland
63:[ˈʁaɪnɪʃədokuˈmɛnta]
3212:, some of which have their
3112:
3098:
3086:
3067:
3053:
3030:
3011:
2997:
2981:
2967:
2955:
2936:
2922:
2899:
2861:
2775:
2734:
2700:
2650:
2603:
2502:
2464:
2419:
2398:
2359:
2313:
2195:
2155:
2123:
2050:
2018:
1986:
1921:
1889:
1857:
1180:
1134:
1091:
1043:
1005:
959:
913:
863:
823:
792:
754:
715:
669:
3503:
3091:
3035:
2960:
2904:
2866:
2780:
2739:
2705:
2655:
2608:
2507:
2469:
2423:
2402:
2372:
2318:
2200:
2160:
2128:
2055:
2023:
1991:
1926:
1894:
1862:
1635:British English "burger":
1542:oode̩ kolǫnje̩
1433:Australian English "Mad":
1193:
1139:
1100:
1058:
1010:
972:
918:
868:
828:
797:
759:
720:
716:American English "column":
674:
485:may occur at the end of a
1806:or join the words with a
1784:final-obstruent devoicing
1617:
1607:
1477:
1467:
1092:German pronunciation of "
1566:British English "door":
1460:German "Esel" (donkey):
755:English "where", "ware":
331:ISO basic Latin alphabet
3278:The phoneme denoted by
2249:Liquids or approximants
1135:English verb, to "put":
1046:
516:instead of the digraph
481:has some ambiguity. An
24:phonetic transcriptions
3387:
3297:The two variations of
3157:Few West- and Central
2362:
1603:on the digraph "e̩r")
1183:
962:
566:word pairs or triplets
420:Luxembourgish language
309:pronunciation, German
21:This article contains
3271:as a replacement for
3248:as a replacement for
3087:German "Dach" (roof):
3040:U+0043+0332+0048+0332
2833:Rheinische Dokumenta
2575:Rheinische Dokumenta
2277:Rheinische Dokumenta
2101:Rheinische Dokumenta
1964:Rheinische Dokumenta
1835:Rheinische Dokumenta
1303:Rheinische Dokumenta
624:Rheinische Dokumenta
446:, the combination of
281:. The German letters
113:. It encompasses the
59:German pronunciation:
3265:horizontal bar below
2776:Dutch "goed" (good):
1269:occasionally having
353:, though it has the
305:when it indicates a
55:Rheinische Dokumenta
3436:Whether or not the
3159:Ripuarian languages
2812:Unvoiced fricatives
1643:English "colonel":
1599:Kööle̩r (see
1006:English word "off":
373:⟨sch⟩
362:⟨c͜h⟩
3472:Phonetic alphabets
3403:(November 5, 2009)
3363:Fritz Langensiepen
3305:, when written in
3231:central hook below
2808:in Dutch writing.
2535:. They are nearly
2255:Ripuarian dialects
1792:phonological rules
600:Short monophthongs
518:⟨ng⟩
503:⟨nj⟩
499:⟨mg⟩
495:⟨ng⟩
479:⟨ng⟩
452:⟨ch⟩
382:letters are used:
366:⟨ng⟩
358:⟨ch⟩
315:⟨kw⟩
311:⟨qu⟩
299:⟨ch⟩
295:⟨ks⟩
291:⟨ts⟩
117:of cities such as
3385:Ferdinand Münch:
3334:diacritical marks
3210:diacritical marks
3184:Both are written
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3075:
3074:
3019:
3018:
2989:
2988:
2944:
2943:
2790:
2789:
2554:Voiced fricatives
2521:
2520:
2222:
2221:
2069:
2068:
1940:
1939:
1814:Unvoiced plosives
1723:
1722:
1627:English "stern":
1496:English "speed":
1382:Ạạgjume̩nt
1278:Long monophthongs
1207:
1206:
491:⟨n⟩
483:⟨n⟩
477:Only the digraph
456:⟨c⟩
448:⟨s⟩
392:⟨ü⟩
388:⟨ö⟩
384:⟨ä⟩
351:⟨z⟩
347:⟨y⟩
343:⟨x⟩
339:⟨q⟩
335:⟨c⟩
303:⟨k⟩
287:⟨x⟩
283:⟨z⟩
279:diacritical marks
273:, and many more.
3494:
3477:German phonology
3445:
3434:
3428:
3410:
3404:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3356:
3304:
3300:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:center dot below
3187:
3183:
3175:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3084:
3070:
3062:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3041:
3028:
3014:
3006:
3000:
2995:
2984:
2983:U+0053-0043+0048
2977:
2976:U+0073-0063+0068
2970:
2969:U+0053+0063+0068
2965:
2953:
2939:
2931:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2897:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2872:
2859:
2849:
2845:
2816:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2785:U+0063+035C+0068
2773:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2732:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2706:ds︧c︭h︨ät
2698:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2648:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2591:
2587:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2534:
2530:
2517:
2513:
2500:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2475:
2462:
2454:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2414:
2410:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2378:
2367:
2357:
2349:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2324:
2311:
2303:
2293:
2289:
2260:
2259:
2235:
2231:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2134:
2117:
2113:
2084:
2083:
2065:
2061:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1997:
1980:
1976:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1932:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1858:English "pitch":
1851:
1847:
1818:
1817:
1780:Lower Franconian
1710:
1702:
1692:
1688:
1678:English "boot":
1675:
1667:
1657:
1653:
1624:
1614:
1610:
1590:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1528:
1518:
1514:
1504:English "meal":
1493:
1485:
1474:
1470:
1457:
1447:
1443:
1430:
1420:
1416:
1406:Kölsch "Wääsh":
1403:
1393:
1389:
1376:
1368:
1358:
1354:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1314:
1310:
1289:
1260:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1216:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1178:
1170:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1132:
1124:
1114:
1110:
1089:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1049:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1003:
993:
989:
982:
978:
967:
957:
949:
939:
935:
928:
924:
911:
903:
893:
889:
882:
878:
874:
861:
849:
845:
838:
834:
821:
811:
807:
793:English "batch":
790:
780:
776:
769:
765:
752:
742:
738:
730:
726:
713:
705:
695:
691:
684:
680:
667:
659:
651:
640:
636:
607:
606:
519:
515:
504:
500:
496:
492:
484:
480:
473:
465:
457:
453:
449:
402:
393:
389:
385:
374:
367:
363:
359:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
65:
60:
43:
39:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3482:Latin alphabets
3462:
3461:
3453:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3384:
3380:
3357:
3350:
3346:
3326:Plane (Unicode)
3315:
3302:
3298:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3216:peculiarities.
3206:
3185:
3165:, have the non-
3161:, most notably
3146:, are used for
3143:
3139:
3134:, are used for
3131:
3127:
3126:The variations
3113:
3106:
3099:
3068:
3060:
3054:
3043:
3039:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2956:English "shut":
2937:
2929:
2923:
2912:
2908:
2900:English "sick":
2885:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2862:English "fish":
2847:
2843:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2651:English "zeal":
2636:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2612:
2604:English "vice":
2589:
2585:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2532:
2528:
2527:represented by
2515:
2511:
2503:English "hell":
2488:
2484:
2477:
2473:
2465:English "wall":
2442:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2412:
2408:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2291:
2287:
2251:
2233:
2229:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2196:English "long":
2187:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2132:
2124:English "moon":
2115:
2111:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2051:English "guts":
2042:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2019:English "dull":
2010:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1978:
1974:
1945:
1943:Voiced plosives
1934:
1930:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1890:English "tell":
1881:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1849:
1845:
1816:
1772:
1760:
1728:
1716:'s first name:
1690:
1686:
1655:
1651:
1638:bǫ̈ǫ̈ge̩
1612:
1608:
1578:
1574:
1551:
1547:
1516:
1512:
1472:
1468:
1445:
1441:
1418:
1414:
1391:
1387:
1356:
1352:
1312:
1308:
1280:
1243:
1241:The schwa "e̩r"
1230:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1201:
1197:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1112:
1108:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1014:
991:
987:
980:
976:
973:kolǫnje̩
937:
933:
926:
922:
914:English "spit":
891:
887:
880:
879:
876:
872:
851:
847:
843:
836:
832:
809:
805:
778:
774:
767:
763:
740:
736:
728:
724:
693:
689:
682:
678:
638:
634:
602:
594:
585:
550:
544:
539:standard German
526:
520:when possible.
517:
509:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
478:
467:
459:
455:
451:
447:
440:
418:or that of the
412:German alphabet
391:
387:
383:
372:
365:
361:
357:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
323:
314:
310:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
219:Mönchengladbach
58:
51:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3500:
3498:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3451:External links
3449:
3447:
3446:
3429:
3405:
3378:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3314:
3311:
3226:, typography.
3205:
3202:
3198:coarticulation
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3047:
3046:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2916:
2915:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2765:
2751:
2750:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:English "yet":
2733:
2724:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:English "jet":
2699:
2690:
2675:
2674:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2640:
2620:
2619:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2593:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2492:
2481:
2480:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2358:
2341:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:English "law":
2312:
2295:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2250:
2247:
2220:
2219:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:English "new":
2154:
2151:
2140:
2139:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2003:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:English "bee":
1985:
1982:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1794:. If there is
1771:
1768:
1759:
1756:
1747:coarticulation
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1659:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1630:stǫ̈ǫ̈n
1628:
1625:
1616:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1555:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1476:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1422:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1360:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:Kölsch "Aap":
1342:
1316:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1279:
1276:
1242:
1239:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1179:
1162:
1151:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1042:
1033:
1022:
1021:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
995:
984:
983:
974:
971:
969:
958:
941:
930:
929:
920:
917:
915:
912:
895:
884:
883:
870:
867:
865:
862:
853:
840:
839:
830:
827:
825:
824:English "bet":
822:
813:
802:
801:
799:
798:bą̈tsch
796:
794:
791:
782:
771:
770:
761:
758:
756:
753:
744:
733:
732:
722:
719:
717:
714:
697:
686:
685:
676:
673:
671:
668:
642:
631:
630:
625:
622:
619:
616:
611:
601:
598:
593:
590:
584:
581:
549:
546:
541:writing does.
525:
522:
442:As opposed to
439:
436:
416:Dutch alphabet
404:
403:
322:
319:
175:Kaiserslautern
111:Moselle Rivers
85:spoken in the
44:⟩, see
20:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3499:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3426:3-416-02847-3
3423:
3419:
3416:286 pages, 4
3415:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3396:3-500-21670-6
3393:
3389:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3375:3-7927-0947-3
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3320:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3214:typographical
3211:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3137:
3111:
3097:
3089:
3082:
3066:
3052:
3048:
3044:U+0063++0068+
3036:mic̲h̲
3033:
3026:
3010:
2996:
2992:
2980:
2966:
2958:
2951:
2935:
2921:
2917:
2902:
2895:
2879:
2864:
2857:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2781:c͜huut
2778:
2771:
2752:
2737:
2730:
2714:
2703:
2696:
2676:
2653:
2646:
2621:
2606:
2599:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2540:
2538:
2526:
2505:
2498:
2482:
2467:
2460:
2452:
2436:
2421:
2417:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2385:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2347:
2331:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2227:
2198:
2173:
2158:
2141:
2126:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2053:
2036:
2021:
2004:
1989:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1924:
1907:
1892:
1875:
1863:pitsch
1860:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1466:
1463:eeṣe̩l
1462:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1436:Mą̈ą̈d
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1409:Vääsch
1408:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:minimal pairs
1268:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1168:
1152:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1087:
1071:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1044:Kölsch word "
1039:
1023:
1008:
1001:
985:
970:
966:
965:
955:
947:
931:
916:
909:
901:
885:
866:
859:
841:
826:
819:
803:
795:
788:
772:
757:
750:
734:
721:kạle̩m
718:
711:
703:
687:
672:
665:
657:
649:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
615:
612:
609:
608:
605:
599:
597:
591:
589:
588:lengthening.
582:
580:
578:
574:
569:
567:
562:
558:
557:tonal accents
554:
547:
545:
542:
540:
536:
532:
523:
521:
513:
508:
488:
475:
471:
463:
445:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
401:
397:
396:
395:
381:
378:
371:
356:
332:
328:
320:
318:
280:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
64:
56:
47:
35:
31:
29:
25:
3432:
3413:
3408:
3381:
3366:
3359:Peter Honnen
3323:
3316:
3296:
3277:
3262:
3239:
3228:
3224:Latin script
3218:
3207:
3156:
3125:
2961:schat
2867:fisch
2791:
2541:
2522:
2252:
2223:
2075:
1804:contractions
1796:assimilation
1773:
1761:
1751:articulation
1743:Assimilation
1741:
1736:glottal stop
1729:
1601:above remark
1596:'s surname:
1594:Horst Köhler
1499:spiit
1300:Sample Word
1281:
1263:glottal stop
1244:
1209:The "e̩" is
1208:
1101:Kǫ̈ln
603:
595:
592:Monophthongs
586:
571:Also, other
570:
551:
543:
527:
476:
450:followed by
441:
405:
324:
289:are spelled
275:
199:Ludwigshafen
183:Herzogenrath
80:
54:
52:
40:and ⟨
22:
3330:code points
3194:articulated
3114:U+0043+0048
3107:U+0063+0068
3100:U+0043+0068
3092:dach
2827:Sample Word
2792:The letter
2664:U+0073+0323
2660:U+0053+0323
2656:ṣiil
2609:vais
2569:Sample Word
2470:wǫǫl
2432:U+0072+0323
2428:U+0052+0323
2368:" (street):
2271:Sample Word
2224:The letter
2209:U+006E+0067
2205:U+004E+0047
2201:lǫng
2161:njuu
2129:muun
2095:Sample Word
2056:gats
1958:Sample Word
1927:kǫlt
1829:Sample Word
1764:Westphalian
1681:buut
1507:miil
1189:" (street):
919:spit
877:U+0065+0329
873:U+0045+0329
760:wäe̩
618:Sample Word
531:substantive
524:Letter case
329:of today's
313:is spelled
301:is spelled
263:Wipperfürth
239:Saarbrücken
163:Gummersbach
91:Berg region
87:Lower Rhine
3466:Categories
3344:References
3338:normalized
3307:title case
3292:small caps
3263:When the "
3167:allophones
3152:small caps
3136:title case
2905:sik
2740:jät
2537:allophones
2508:häl
2373:rüü
2319:lǫǫ
2243:small caps
2024:dal
1992:bii
1895:täl
1782:, rule of
1770:Consonants
1726:Diphthongs
1569:dǫǫ
1347:Aap
1140:put
1096:": "Köln":
1059:köt
829:bet
675:bat
561:diacritics
432:conjugated
333:, without
297:, German
227:Oberhausen
207:Maastricht
203:Luxembourg
147:Eschweiler
143:Eschweiler
139:Düsseldorf
95:Westerwald
3487:Rhineland
3163:Colognian
1798:or other
1714:Ruud Krol
1223:Colognian
1194:rü
1011:ǫf
869:e̩
267:Wuppertal
259:Wiesbaden
171:Karlsruhe
167:Heinsberg
72:Rhineland
3288:all caps
3148:all caps
3138:, while
3071:,
3015:,
2940:,
2685:,
2681:,
2360:French "
2239:all caps
1267:phonemes
1247:grapheme
1181:French "
960:French "
577:semantic
555:and the
514:⟩
510:⟨
493:. While
487:syllable
472:⟩
468:⟨
464:⟩
460:⟨
428:declined
380:Umlauted
370:trigraph
355:digraphs
255:St. Vith
223:Nijmegen
179:Kerkrade
135:Duisburg
115:dialects
103:Hunsrück
68:phonetic
38:/ /
34:Help:IPA
3319:Unicode
3313:Unicode
3220:Umlauts
3063:
3057:,
3007:
3001:,
2932:
2926:,
2888:
2884:,
2850:
2846:,
2837:Unicode
2830:
2819:Letter
2800:, when
2723:
2719:,
2689:
2639:
2635:,
2626:,
2592:
2588:,
2579:Unicode
2572:
2561:Letter
2491:
2487:,
2455:,
2445:
2441:,
2424:
2415:
2411:,
2403:
2394:
2390:,
2350:,
2340:
2336:,
2304:,
2294:
2290:,
2281:Unicode
2274:
2263:Letter
2245:print.
2193:
2190:
2186:,
2184:Ŋ
2178:,
2153:
2150:
2146:,
2121:
2118:
2114:,
2105:Unicode
2098:
2087:Letter
2079:prosody
2048:
2045:
2041:,
2016:
2013:
2009:,
1984:
1981:
1977:,
1968:Unicode
1961:
1950:Letter
1919:
1916:
1912:,
1887:
1884:
1880:,
1855:
1852:
1848:,
1839:Unicode
1832:
1821:Letter
1703:,
1693:
1689:,
1668:,
1658:
1654:,
1615:
1611:,
1581:
1577:,
1554:
1550:,
1529:,
1519:
1515:,
1486:,
1475:
1471:,
1448:
1444:,
1421:
1417:,
1394:
1390:,
1369:,
1359:
1355:,
1334:,
1326:,
1315:
1311:,
1292:Letter
1171:,
1161:
1157:,
1125:,
1115:
1111:,
1094:Cologne
1080:
1076:,
1052:cutaway
1032:
1028:,
994:
990:,
964:Cologne
950:,
940:
936:,
904:,
894:
890:,
846:,
812:
808:,
781:
777:,
743:
739:,
731:
706:,
696:
692:,
660:,
652:,
641:
637:,
628:Unicode
621:
610:Letter
573:prosody
548:Accents
327:letters
321:Letters
215:Malmedy
195:Limburg
191:Koblenz
131:Cologne
83:phoneme
66:) is a
26:in the
3424:
3394:
3373:
3340:form.
3294:type.
3256:, and
3235:ogonek
3190:phones
3142:, and
3130:, and
3105:
2974:
2913:U+0073
2909:U+0053
2875:U+0046
2871:U+0066
2748:U+006A
2744:U+004A
2687:s︧c︭h︨
2683:S︧c︭h︨
2679:S︧C︭H︨
2672:U+007A
2668:U+005A
2630:
2617:U+0056
2613:U+0076
2546:, and
2531:, and
2525:phones
2516:U+0068
2512:U+0048
2478:U+0077
2474:U+0057
2381:U+0072
2377:U+0052
2327:U+006C
2323:U+004C
2217:U+014A
2213:U+014B
2169:U+006E
2165:U+004E
2137:U+006D
2133:U+004D
2072:Nasals
2064:U+0067
2060:U+0047
2032:U+0064
2028:U+0044
2000:U+0062
1996:U+0042
1935:U+006B
1931:U+004B
1903:U+0074
1899:U+0054
1871:U+0070
1867:U+0050
1800:sandhi
1778:, and
1776:German
1478:
1318:
1231:"e̩ns"
1202:U+00FC
1198:U+00DC
1148:U+0075
1144:U+0055
1067:U+00F6
1063:U+00D6
1019:U+01EB
1015:U+01EA
981:U+006F
977:U+004F
927:U+0069
923:U+0049
881:U+0259
850:
837:U+0065
833:U+0045
768:U+00E4
764:U+00C4
729:U+1EA1
725:U+1EA0
683:U+0061
679:U+0041
644:
583:Vowels
553:Stress
377:German
271:Xanten
243:Siegen
235:Raeren
187:Cleves
159:Gennep
123:Bingen
119:Aachen
101:, and
93:, the
42:
3240:The "
3229:The "
3182:]
3178:[
3174:]
3170:[
3083:]
3079:[
3027:]
3023:[
2952:]
2948:[
2896:]
2892:[
2858:]
2854:[
2772:]
2768:[
2731:]
2727:[
2697:]
2693:[
2647:]
2643:[
2600:]
2596:[
2542:Both
2499:]
2495:[
2461:]
2457:[
2453:]
2449:[
2356:]
2352:[
2348:]
2344:[
2310:]
2306:[
2302:]
2298:[
1788:stems
1758:Other
1709:]
1705:[
1701:]
1697:[
1674:]
1670:[
1666:]
1662:[
1623:]
1619:[
1589:]
1585:[
1562:]
1558:[
1535:]
1531:[
1527:]
1523:[
1492:]
1488:[
1484:]
1480:[
1456:]
1452:[
1429:]
1425:[
1402:]
1398:[
1375:]
1371:[
1367:]
1363:[
1340:]
1336:[
1332:]
1328:[
1324:]
1320:[
1284:schwa
1259:]
1255:[
1225:word
1219:schwa
1215:]
1211:[
1177:]
1173:[
1169:]
1165:[
1131:]
1127:[
1123:]
1119:[
1088:]
1084:[
1040:]
1036:[
1002:]
998:[
956:]
952:[
948:]
944:[
910:]
906:[
902:]
898:[
860:]
856:[
820:]
816:[
789:]
785:[
751:]
747:[
712:]
708:[
704:]
700:[
666:]
662:[
658:]
654:[
650:]
646:[
537:, as
444:Dutch
408:phone
251:Venlo
247:Trier
211:Mainz
155:Eupen
151:Essen
99:Eifel
30:(IPA)
3422:ISBN
3392:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3176:and
3150:and
3013:C̲H̲
3005:c̲h̲
2999:C̲h̲
2241:and
1808:dash
1745:and
1613:ǫ̈ǫ̈
1609:Ǫ̈ǫ̈
1419:ą̈ą̈
1415:Ą̈ą̈
1217:, a
535:noun
533:and
466:and
293:and
285:and
231:Prüm
181:and
145:and
127:Bonn
109:and
107:Nahe
53:The
3438:IPA
3418:CDs
3365:):
3299:sch
3290:or
3186:sch
3140:SCH
3128:Sch
2938:SCH
2930:sch
2924:Sch
2823:IPA
2763:c͜h
2759:C͜h
2755:C͜H
2565:IPA
2364:rue
2267:IPA
2226:eng
2091:IPA
1954:IPA
1825:IPA
1732:boy
1296:IPA
1251:IPA
1185:rue
1050:" (
1047:Köt
614:IPA
507:eng
501:or
470:sch
430:or
307:/k/
3468::
3351:^
3303:ch
3284:ng
3273:e̩
3154:.
3144:CH
3132:Ch
3116:,
3069:CH
3061:ch
3055:Ch
3042:,
2985:,
2911:,
2873:,
2761:,
2757:,
2746:,
2670:,
2662:,
2615:,
2514:,
2476:,
2430:,
2379:,
2325:,
2234:ng
2215:,
2207:,
2180:ng
2176:NG
2167:,
2135:,
2062:,
2030:,
1998:,
1933:,
1901:,
1869:,
1707:ʏː
1699:yː
1691:üü
1687:Üü
1672:uː
1664:ʊː
1656:uu
1652:Uu
1621:œː
1587:øː
1579:öö
1575:Öö
1560:ɔː
1552:ǫǫ
1548:Ǫǫ
1533:ʊː
1525:oː
1517:oo
1513:Oo
1490:ɪː
1482:iː
1473:ii
1469:Ii
1454:eː
1446:ee
1442:Ee
1427:æː
1400:ɛː
1392:ää
1388:Ää
1373:ʌː
1365:ɑː
1357:ạạ
1353:Ạạ
1338:ʌː
1330:ɐː
1322:aː
1313:aa
1309:Aa
1257:ɐ̆
1200:,
1146:,
1078:ǫ̈
1074:Ǫ̈
1065:,
1017:,
979:,
968:":
925:,
875:,
852:ə
848:e̩
844:E̩
835:,
779:ą̈
775:Ą̈
766:,
727:,
681:,
462:ch
390:,
386:,
368:,
364:,
360:,
349:,
345:,
341:,
337:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
257:,
253:,
249:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
213:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
197:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
177:,
173:,
169:,
165:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
141:,
137:,
133:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
97:,
78:.
3444:.
3398:.
3280:ŋ
3269:ə
3258:ṛ
3254:ạ
3250:ṣ
3246:z
3180:ɧ
3172:ʃ
3102:,
3081:x
3025:ç
2971:,
2950:ʃ
2894:s
2886:s
2882:S
2856:f
2848:f
2844:F
2806:z
2802:ṣ
2798:ṣ
2794:z
2770:ɣ
2729:ʝ
2721:j
2717:J
2695:ʒ
2645:z
2637:z
2633:Z
2628:ṣ
2624:Ṣ
2598:v
2590:v
2586:V
2548:ṙ
2544:ṛ
2533:r
2529:l
2497:h
2489:h
2485:H
2459:β
2451:w
2443:w
2439:W
2413:ṛ
2409:Ṛ
2392:ṙ
2388:Ṙ
2354:ʀ
2346:ʁ
2338:r
2334:R
2308:ʎ
2300:l
2292:l
2288:L
2230:ŋ
2228:(
2188:ŋ
2148:n
2144:N
2116:m
2112:M
2043:g
2039:G
2011:d
2007:D
1979:b
1975:B
1914:k
1910:K
1882:t
1878:T
1850:p
1846:P
1213:ə
1175:ʏ
1167:y
1159:ü
1155:Ü
1129:u
1121:ʊ
1113:u
1109:U
1086:œ
1054:)
1038:ø
1030:ö
1026:Ö
1000:ɔ
992:ǫ
988:Ǫ
954:ʊ
946:o
938:o
934:O
908:ɪ
900:i
892:i
888:I
858:ə
818:e
810:e
806:E
787:æ
749:ɛ
741:ä
737:Ä
710:ʌ
702:ɑ
694:ạ
690:Ạ
664:ʌ
656:ɐ
648:a
639:a
635:A
512:ŋ
57:(
48:.
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