Rhine campaign of 1795 - Knowledge (XXG)

50: 229: 218: 176: 165: 123: 206: 195: 153: 142: 111: 807: 1294:, Nauendorf and Fröhlich to herd him back to France. Even during Moreau's advance, Phipps maintained, the commander was not only irresolute but seemed to have an unwarranted faith in Pichegru's abilities and resolve. Soult, who participated in the campaign as an infantry brigadier, noted that although Jourdan made many errors, the French government's errors were worse. Principally, the French were unable to pay for supplies because their currency was worthless, so the soldiers stole everything they needed. This ruined discipline and turned the local populations against the French. 1147: 1278:. Phipps emphasized the importance of experience under these trying conditions of manpower shortage, poor training, minimal equipment, supply shortage, tactical and strategic confusion, and interference from the Directory in his five volume analysis of the Revolutionary Armies. The training received in the early years of the war varied not only with the theater in which the young officers served but also with the character of the army to which they belonged. The experience of young officers under the tutelage of such experienced men as Soult, Moreau, 1229:

charge of their own independent corps. After 1795, they had clearly learned more lessons. Consolidating forces where possible along the Rhine, the Habsburg military prepared for 1796 by mobilizing the imperial contingents into their own army: this meant drafting raw recruits from the ten imperial circles; Charles was authorized to act as he saw fit and given overall command of the army. Eventually, Wurmser was transferred to northern Italy to address the

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drove them from their encampment; they either retreated into the city of Mannheim or fled to other forces in the region. Wurmser then laid siege to the French troops that had sought safety inside the city walls. While Wurmser besieged Mannheim, at Mainz, a Coalition army of 27,000, led by Clerfayt, launched a surprise assault on 29 October 1795 against four divisions (33,000 men) of the French Army of the Rhine and Moselle commanded by

1233:, leaving Charles on his own. Even with his force augmented by imperial recruits, in the spring of 1796 Charles had an army half the size of the French, covering a 340-kilometer (211 mi) front that stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea in what Gunther Rothenberg called the "thin white line". Imperial troops could not cover the territory from Basel to Frankfurt in sufficient depth to resist the pressure of their opponents. 1050: 708:. In January 1796, Clerfayt concluded an armistice with the French, allowing the Austrians to retain large portions of the west bank. During the campaign, Pichegru entered into negotiations with French Royalists. It is debatable whether Pichegru's treason, his bad generalship or the unrealistic expectations of the war planners in Paris was the actual cause of the French failure. 889: 1005:

access across the Rhine and along the Rhine bank between the German states and Switzerland or through the Black Forest, gave access to the upper Danube river valley. For the French, the more German territory they could control, the safer they felt and control of the crossings meant control from the east (German) side of the river.

1699: 1384:) or regional groups of ecclesiastical, dynastic and secular polities coordinated economic, military and political actions. During times of war, the circles contributed troops to the Habsburg military by drafting (or soliciting volunteers) among their inhabitants. Some circles coordinated their efforts better than others; the 1217:'s finances were in poor shape, so its armies would be expected to invade new territories and then live off the conquered lands, as they had been instructed to do in 1795. Knowing that the French planned to invade Germany, on 20 May 1796 the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May, and prepared for war. 1252:

and was in contact with individuals who wished for a return of the French monarchy. The Directory left him in command of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle until March 1796, when he resigned. He returned to Paris, where he was greeted with great acclaim by the populace. His replacement in army command

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in October, and forced most of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse to retreat to the west bank of the Rhine. Wurmser turned his attention to Mannheim. With Jourdan temporarily quiescent, his 17,000 Coalition troops engaged Pichigru's 12,000 French soldiers encamped outside the Mannheim fortress. Wurmser

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in October and forced most of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse to retreat to the west bank of the Rhine. At about the same time, Wurmser sealed off the French bridgehead at Mannheim. With Jourdan temporarily out of the picture, the Austrians defeated the left wing of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle

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garrison had surrendered all supplies, horses, armaments and weaponry, an action that seemingly confirmed to the Habsburg commanders that their allies were not reliable. By 1795, the Habsburg forces were better prepared to make war alone, placing Wurmser and Clerfayt, both experienced commanders, in

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Map of river Rhine shows Düsseldorf and the rivers Sieg and Lahn in the north, Strasbourg and Mannheim in the south. Both sides of the conflict viewed the Rhine as the main geographic asset, the natural border between the combatants. The state that controlled the Rhine crossings controlled access to

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plus several dozen ecclesiastic polities. Much of the territory of these polities was not contiguous: a village could belong predominantly to one polity but have a farmstead, a house or one or two strips of land that belonged to another polity. The size and influence of the polities varied, from the

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also singled out the French Revolutionary War Rhine campaigns as "the finest school the world has yet seen for an apprenticeship in the trade of arms". In 1795, Pichegru remained inactive for the better part of August, subsequently losing any opportunity to acquire the Habsburg supply depot outside

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Historians generally accept the French results of the Campaign of 1795 as an unmitigated disaster. The poor showing of the French may have been linked to Pichegru's possible treacherous behavior. By 1795, Pichegru was leaning heavily toward the Royalist cause: he accepted money from a British agent

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In the 1790s, the river was wild and unpredictable and armies crossed at their peril. Between the Rhine Knee and Mannheim, channels wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. Flash floods originating in the mountains could

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mountains on the west (French side). At the far edges of the eastern flood plain, tributaries cut deep defiles into the western slope of the mountains. Further to the north, the river became deeper and faster as it passed through the mountainous and hilly terrain of the Upper and Middle Rhine; the

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The predominantly German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in central Europe of the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Archduchy of Austria was a principal polity; the imperial electors typically selected the archduke as the Holy Roman Emperor.

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river basin of strategic importance for the defense of the Republic. At the border closest to France, the Rhine offered a formidable barrier to what the French perceived as Austrian aggression and the state that controlled its crossings controlled access into the territories on either side. Ready

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believed that war should pay for itself and did not budget to pay, feed or equip its troops, leaving them to scavenge for their needs from the villages and towns where they were stationed. By early 1795, this newly structured and expanded army had made itself odious throughout France through its

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Theirs was an army entirely dependent for support upon the countryside it occupied and it was imperative to get the armies out of France and into German territories as soon as possible. Although this solved some of the problems of feeding the army, by shifting the responsibility to the occupied

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Parisian revolutionaries and military commanders alike believed that an assault into the German states was essential. Not only in terms of war aims but also in practical terms, the Directory believed that war should pay for itself and did not budget for the payment or feeding of its troops. To

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To any one who believes with me that it is good to study bad as well as skilful campaigns and plans, the operations of 1795 are most interesting; for, while the actions of Jourdan, as far as he had a free hand, were sensible enough, those of Pichegru were like the nightmare of a professor of

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With late summer successes at Düsseldorf and Mainz, the French armies held significant footholds on the east bank of the Rhine. The promising advance eastward into the German states faltered. Pichegru missed at least one opportunity to seize Clerfayt's supply base in the

1694: 783:(mass conscription) created a new kind of army with thousands of illiterate, untrained men under the command of officers whose principal qualifications may have been their loyalty to the Revolution instead their military acumen. The formation of new 734:(27 August 1791) threatened ambiguous, serious consequences if anything should happen to the French royal family. With Habsburg, Prussian and British support, French émigrés continued to agitate for a counter-revolution. On 20 April 1792, the 1053:

The two principal French Armies of 1794 were formed from four smaller units, each contributing a portion of its troops to either the Sambre and Meuse or the Army of the Rhine and Moselle. The right flank of Army of the North remained in the

1595: 989:, between Kehl and Hüningen, but the small bridgehead made this unreliable for an army of any size. Only to the north of Kaiserslauten did the river acquire a defined bank where fortified bridges offered reliable crossing points. 897:

The Rhine formed the boundary between the German states of the Holy Roman Empire and its neighbors, principally France but also Switzerland and the Netherlands. Any attack by either party required control of the crossings. At

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with Louis' brothers and cousins. Radicalization of the Revolution after 1793 encouraged the suspicion of treason in every loss. The most radical of the revolutionaries purged the military of all men conceivably loyal to the

1065:, which the local inhabitants did not want, for lodging, food and general purchases; it eventually became worthless. After April 1796, pay was made in metallic currency; even then, though, pay was generally in arrears. 1059:

territories, it did not solve them all. The behavior that had made the troops unpopular in the French countryside and towns made them even more unpopular in the Rhineland. Soldiers were paid in paper currency called the

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Dragoon Regiment, an Émigré unit and three squadrons of the Royal Dragoon Regiment Nr. 3. Klenau's horsemen charged Dufour's troops as they moved through open country. The Austrians first routed six squadrons of French

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After initial successes in 1792, French fortunes varied in 1793 and 1794. By 1794, the armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption. Some of the old regime units, especially the cavalry, had defected

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In January 1796, Clerfayt concluded an armistice with the French. The Austrians retained large portions of the west bank. Despite the armistice, both sides continued to plan for war. In a decree on 6 January 1796,

1074: 629: 1182:(13–14 November 1795), an Austrian victory forced Pichegru to abandon his last defensive position north of Mannheim. Once the French troops at Pfeddersheim abandoned their position, the French position at 1257:. Historians still debate if Pichegru's treason, his bad generalship, or the unrealistic expectations set by the military planners in Paris were the actual cause of the French failure. Regardless, 275: 1116:. The Coalition garrison of 9,600 negotiated secretly with the French to relinquish the fortress. The French subsequently used the city as a staging area for much of the 1795 campaign. 1290:

Heidelberg. Phipps speculated on why Moreau gained renown by the supposed skill of his 1796 retreat and suggested that it was not skillful for Moreau to allow the inferior columns of

544: 1167:. The French division on the farthest right flank fled the battlefield, compelling the other three divisions to retreat with the loss of their siege artillery and many casualties. 1174:. The French continued to withdraw. Clerfayt advanced with 75,000 Coalition troops south along the west bank of the Rhine against Pichegru's 37,000-man strong defenses behind the 362: 574: 579: 1274:

Even a poorly run campaign, offers lessons for the future. In the campaigns of 1795 and 1796, young officers acquired valuable experience for the future engagements in the

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merged the old military units with new revolutionary formations: each demi-brigade included one unit of the old royal army and two created from the mass conscription. The

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to seize the Coalition supply base near Heidelberg, but his troops were attacked at Handshuhsheim, a Heidelberg suburb. The Austrian cavalry, under the command of

1291: 874:, groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional, religious, and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection. 1482:

was "corrected" (straightened) to make year-round transport easier. Between 1927 and 1975, the construction of a canal allowed better control of the water level.

1319:. The Army of the Rhine and Moselle (and its subsequent incarnations) included several future Marshals of France: Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, its commander-in-chief, 1388:

was among the more effective of the Imperial circles at organizing itself and protecting its economic interests. This structure is explained in more detail in

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and his subjects. As revolutionary rhetoric grew more strident, the monarchs of Europe declared their interests as one with those of Louis and his family. The

261: 1328: 355: 866:(also of different sizes and influence), ecclesiastical territories and such influential dynastic states as Prussia. Through the organization of ten 1630: 451: 554: 1339:

in the south German and Swiss campaigns. Jean de Dieu Soult, who served under Moreau and Massena, becoming the latter's right-hand man during the

816: 1396:. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975 and 1285:

Phipps' analysis was not singular, although his lengthy volumes addressed in detail the value of this so-called "School for Marshals". In 1895,

854:, the little states that covered no more than a few square miles or included several non-contiguous pieces, to such sizeable territories as the 1359:

and Saint-Cyr, participants in the subsequent 1796 campaign, all received honors in the third, fourth and fifth promotions (1809, 1811, 1812).

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The Rhine itself looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty-first century; in the nineteenth century, the passage from Basel to

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speculated, the Habsburgs may have concluded they could not rely on their allies. For example, in its prompt capitulation of Mannheim, the

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The French government considered the Holy Roman Empire as its principal continental enemy. The territories of the Empire in 1795 included

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Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797

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Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797

521: 2488: 1132:, included six squadrons each of the Hohenzollern Cuirassier Regiment Nr. 4 and Szekler Hussar Regiment Nr. 44, four squadrons of the 604: 2493: 2144: 1014:

further their goals for France's security, the war planners in Paris reorganized the army into task forces. The left flank of the

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Allgemeine encyclopädie der wissenschaften und künste in alphabetischer folge von genannten schrifts bearbeitet und herausgegeben

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deluge farms and fields. Any army wishing to traverse the river had to cross at specific points and, in 1790, complex systems of

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Throughout the spring and early summer of 1796, the soldiers were in almost constant mutiny: in May 1796, in the border town of

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Allgemeine encyclopädie der wissenschaften und künste in alphabetischer folge von genannten schrifts bearbeitet und herausgeben

1430: 777:(Old Regime), resulting in the loss of experienced leadership and non-commissioned officers. To fill the ranks of the army, a 1340: 1580:

The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II: The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle,

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The promising start to the French offensive ended when Pichegru lost an opportunity to seize Clerfayt's supply base in the

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The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle,

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rapacious dependence upon the countryside for material support, its general lawlessness, and its undisciplined behavior.

1344: 1324: 1187: 1094: 661: 511: 157: 1335:, in the 1795–1799 campaigns an intrepid cavalry commander, came into his own command under the tutelage of Moreau and 1143:, then turned their attention to the foot soldiers. Dufour's division was cut to pieces and the general was captured. 441: 1073:

The Rhine Campaign of 1795 (April 1795 to January 1796) opened when two Habsburg armies under the overall command of

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in the south. A French offensive failed in early summer but in August, Jourdan crossed the Rhine and quickly seized

2498: 1155: 759: 735: 692: 621: 536: 411: 372: 309: 41: 1331:. François Joseph Lefebvre, an old man by 1804, was named an honorary marshal but not awarded a field position. 1316: 1160: 1150:

The Battle of Handschuhsheim, outside of Heidelberg, marked the turning point of the campaign against the French.

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In August, Jourdan crossed and quickly seized Düsseldorf. The Army of the Sambre and Meuse advanced south to the

717: 516: 314: 58: 2217:

The Armies of the First French Republic: The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle

1254: 1183: 1146: 1121: 705: 688: 641: 531: 506: 466: 329: 304: 1098: 1090: 665: 649: 210: 199: 1458: 1414: 1356: 1348: 1031: 844: 731: 496: 406: 233: 222: 1186:, invested by the Coalition since October, became untenable. On 22 November 1795, after a one-month siege, 1179: 806: 2064: 1848: 1315:. He rewarded the most valuable of his generals and soldiers who had held significant commands during the 1199: 594: 461: 1190:'s 10,000-strong French garrison surrendered. This event brought the 1795 campaign in Germany to an end. 2233: 2162: 2086: 1959: 1901: 1763: 1715: 1495:, a demi-brigade revolted. In June, pay for two demi-brigades was in arrears and two companies rebelled. 1308: 1297: 1286: 1242: 1225: 1221: 1214: 1125: 1086: 1078: 1043: 657: 645: 633: 476: 426: 421: 391: 169: 127: 1027: 501: 2212: 1795: 1575: 1466: 1258: 1038:(Army of the Rhine) were united, initially on 29 November 1794 and formally on 20 April 1795, as the 559: 1093:

in the north, while the French Army of Rhine and Moselle under the command of Pichegru lay opposite

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The plethora of states of the Holy Roman Empire was especially dense on the east bank of the Rhine.

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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648,

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Volk, Helmut (2006). "Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue".

2300: 2278: 2256: 2241: 2220: 2202: 2188: 2172: 2152: 2131: 2114: 2094: 2072: 2050: 2042: 2030: 1864: 1531: 1352: 1129: 1082: 801: 779: 755: 739: 723: 637: 625: 205: 194: 152: 146: 141: 115: 110: 2357: 1627: 2292: 1389: 1210: 1035: 1023: 855: 788: 773: 491: 180: 2419: 1703: 1634: 1599: 1586: 1275: 1164: 1113: 930: 867: 697: 416: 319: 1669:

Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L, New York, Springer, 2006, pp. 5–19.

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Helmut Volk. "Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue."

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Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

1442: 1422: 1206: 954: 942: 743: 669: 340: 2026: 1567: 1279: 1105: 986: 917: 836: 784: 673: 1968:, Wakefield, EP Pub., 1977 (reprint of 1895 edition), pp. viii–xix, xvii quoted. 1963: 1945: 1351:, like Ney, was a competent and sometimes inspired regimental commander in 1796. 684:

and both French armies held significant footholds on the east bank of the Rhine.

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Napoleon’s Great Adversaries: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792–1914,

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150-kilometer (93 mi) stretch between Stein am Rhein and Basel, called the

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Napoleon's Great Adversaries: Archduke Charles and the Austrian Army, 1792–1914

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The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power

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The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power

1112:. On 20 September 1795, 30,000 French troops under the command of Jourdan laid 1450: 1332: 1300: 903: 2325: 2304: 2118: 700:

and moved down the west bank. In November, Clerfayt defeated Pichegru at the

2176: 2034: 1479: 958: 926: 824: 727: 2345: 2098: 1049: 862:. The governance of these states also varied; they included the autonomous 691:. While Pichegru delayed, Clerfayt massed against Jourdan, beat him at the 2297:

The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715

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The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715

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Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer.

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Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 1803, Official Report

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Crossing of the Rhine by the French army at Düsseldorf, 6 September 1795

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and flowed westerly along the border between the German states and the

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and flowed over a gravel bed; in such places as the former rapids at

1175: 1001: 921: 831:(free cities), the territories belonging to the princely families of 228: 217: 175: 164: 122: 2236:(Feb 1973). "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)". 1592:

Tableaux des armées françaises: pendant les guerres de la Révolution

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Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine. La République jacobine

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German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871

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German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871

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threat Napoleon posed to the southern border of the Austrian lands

1213:, again gave Germany priority over Italy as a theater of war. The 1145: 1109: 1048: 993: 899: 887: 883: 805: 677: 2338:

German Home Towns: Community, State and General Estate, 1648–1871

1462: 974: 934: 1034:. The remaining units of the former Army of the Center and the 916:

some 31 km (19 mi) wide, bordered by the mountainous

344: 257: 1282:, Lefebvre, and Jourdan provided them with valuable lessons. 1075:

François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt

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François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt

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Clerfayt massed his troops against Jourdan, beat him at the

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Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole, 1999, pp. 111, 120.

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the river dropped 23 meters (75 ft) in an unnavigable

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armies attempting to invade the south German states of the

1904:, "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)". 2149:

The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.

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US, Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 (1923–1933), p. 212.

672:. The Army of the Sambre and Meuse advanced south to the 1380:

Beginning in the sixteenth century, the ten "circles" (

1085:. The French Army of the Sambre and Meuse, commanded by 2113:(in German). Leipzig: J. F. Gleditsch. pp. 64–66. 1170:

On 10 November 1795, Clerfayt defeated Pichegru at the

902:, where the river makes a wide, northerly turn at the 1582:

Pickle Partners Publishing, (1932– ), v. II, p. 184;

1538:, New York, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 41–59. 906:, it enters what the locals called the Rhine Ditch ( 2454:"Siege of Mannheim, 10 October – 22 November 1795" 1770:Stroud, (Gloucester): Spellmount, 2007, pp. 70–74. 1574:, Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 283–290; 1220:Of the lessons learned in both 1794 and 1795, as 1030:(Army of the Ardennes) were combined to form the 949:, the Rhine divided into several channels in the 2362:. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1081:armies to cross the Rhine River and capture the 1950:nl, Skyhorse Publishing In, 2011, Chapter VIII. 1656:, Cornell University Press, 1998, Chapters 1–3. 1421:and flowed along the Alpine region bordered by 1263: 1000:, the south-western German territories and the 726:as an internal dispute between the French king 34: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 973:made access across the river reliable only at 1461:or after the confluence with the even larger 1303:also recognized this when he resurrected the 1022:(Army of the Moselle), the right wing of the 680:. Pichegru's army made a surprise capture of 356: 269: 8: 2403:"Combat of Heidelberg, 23–25 September 1795" 2386:"Combat of Frankenthal, 13–14 November 1795" 1706:. Leipzig, J. F. Gleditsch, 1889, pp. 64–66. 1453:, cut through steep hillsides only near the 992:By 1794–1795, civilian military planners in 985:. Sometimes a crossing could be executed at 907: 2340:. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press. 1810: 1808: 1645: 1643: 640:. At the start of the campaign, the French 1897: 1895: 1754:, New York, Random House, 2011, Chapter 6. 1723:, House of Commons, 1803, Official Report. 1018:(Army of the Center) later the called the 722:The rulers of Europe initially viewed the 363: 349: 341: 276: 262: 254: 31: 2479:Battles of the War of the First Coalition 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1562: 1560: 1124:. He had sent two divisions commanded by 2484:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars 2420:"Combat of the Pfrimm, 10 November 1795" 1341:France's invasion of Switzerland in 1798 620:(April 1795 to January 1796) during the 2029:Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1994: 1992: 1725:Vol 1, London, HMSO, 1803, pp. 249–252. 1517: 1373: 2219:. Vol. II. USA: Pickle Partners. 1626:Oxford University Press, 2012, vol.1, 1329:Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier 2049:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7: 1194:Subsequent plans and lessons learned 27:Military campaign in Western Germany 2437:"Battle of Höchst, 11 October 1795" 2314:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg 1739:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg 1504:Habsburg infantry wore white coats. 2145:Graham, Thomas, 1st Baron Lynedoch 1821:NY: Greenhill Press, 1996, p. 105. 1602:, , R. Chapelot, 1905, p. 62; and 1026:(Army of the North) and the entire 933:, and it widened as it approached 920:on the east (German side) and the 25: 1855:, Leonaur Ltd, 2011, pp. 286–287. 1960:Richard Phillipson Dunn-Pattison 227: 216: 204: 193: 174: 163: 151: 140: 121: 109: 48: 2251:Rothenberg, Gunther E. (2007). 1721:Hansard's Parliamentary Debates 1417:(also called the Grisons) near 1266:strategy, and the plans of the 981:, by Basel and in the north by 652:in the north, while the French 925:river abruptly turned between 1: 2275:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book 2171:. Vol. I. London: HMSO. 2128:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815 2047:The French Revolutionary Wars 1998:Dunn-Pattison, pp. xviii–xix. 1871:, Macmillan, 1966, pp. 46–47. 1752:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815 1741:, Band 10, 2006, pp. 159–167. 1554:, Paris, Seuil, 2005, p. 156. 1536:The French Revolutionary Wars 1446: 1429:. The river left the lake by 1413:The river began in the Swiss 1270:degenerated into sheer farce. 1077:, thwarted an attempt by two 1040:Army of the Rhine and Moselle 654:Army of the Rhine and Moselle 600:Italian campaign of 1796-1797 1889:Rothenberg, 2007, pp. 37–39. 1363:Notes, citations and sources 1325:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 1188:Anne Charles Basset Montaigu 1095:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 1032:Army of the Sambre and Meuse 823:that bordered on the Rhine, 662:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 642:Army of the Sambre and Meuse 628:armies under the command of 2183:Knepper, Thomas P. (2006). 2021:Bertaud, Jean Paul (1988). 1908:, (Feb 1973) 37:1, pp. 1–5. 1345:Swiss campaign of 1799–1800 819:, including the (Habsburg) 2515: 2255:. Gloucester: Spellmount. 2130:. New York: Random House. 1819:Napoleonic Wars Data Book, 1608:Napoleonic Wars Data Book. 1240: 1197: 881: 799: 760:War of the First Coalition 736:French National Convention 715: 622:War of the First Coalition 374:War of the First Coalition 73:April 1795 to January 1796 42:War of the First Coalition 2489:Battles involving Austria 1977:Phipps, pp. 347, 400–402. 1869:The Campaigns of Napoleon 1317:French Revolutionary Wars 1178:River near Worms. At the 718:French Revolutionary Wars 580:Rhine campaign of 1793–94 387: 295: 239: 186: 133: 102: 65: 47: 39: 2494:Battles involving France 1633:11 February 2017 at the 1404:. Ithaca, Cornell, 1998. 1255:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 1253:was General of Division 1122:Battle of Handschuhsheim 1089:, confronted Clerfayt's 912:). This forms part of a 817:more than 1,000 entities 689:Battle of Handschuhsheim 648:, confronted Clerfayt's 1935:Phipps, vol. 2, p. iii. 1917:Rothenberg, 2007, p. 39 1469:, it moved in torrents. 1349:Jean Baptiste Bessieres 1099:Army of the Upper Rhine 1091:Army of the Lower Rhine 957:, and emptied into the 941:. As the river passed 732:Declaration of Pillnitz 666:Army of the Upper Rhine 650:Army of the Lower Rhine 234:Army of Rhin-et-Moselle 223:Army of Sambre-et-Meuse 211:Army of the Upper Rhine 200:Army of the Lower Rhine 2234:Rothenberg, Gunther E. 2201:New York, Arcade Pub. 2199:Napoleon: A Biography. 2197:McLynn, Frank (2002). 1947:Napoleon: A Biography. 1849:Theodore Ayrault Dodge 1272: 1200:Rhine Campaign of 1796 1172:Battle of Pfeddersheim 1161:François Ignace Schaal 1151: 1055: 908: 894: 811: 702:Battle of Pfeddersheim 618:Rhine campaign of 1795 595:Rhine campaign of 1796 590:Rhine campaign of 1795 555:Mediterranean campaign 287:Rhine campaign of 1795 134:Commanders and leaders 59:Louis-François Lejeune 35:Rhine Campaign of 1795 18:Rhine Campaign of 1795 2277:. London: Greenhill. 2126:Gates, David (2011). 2093:. Wakefield: EP Pub. 1902:Gunther E. Rothenberg 1880:Phipps, v. 2, p. 278. 1779:Bertaud, pp. 283–290. 1764:Gunther E. Rothenberg 1716:Thomas Curson Hansard 1307:civil dignity of the 1287:Richard Dunn Pattison 1243:Marshal of the Empire 1222:Gunther E. Rothenberg 1215:French First Republic 1180:Battle of Frankenthal 1149: 1126:Georges Joseph Dufour 1087:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 1052: 1044:Jean-Charles Pichegru 1042:under the command of 891: 809: 658:Jean-Charles Pichegru 646:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 2452:Rickard, J. (2009). 2435:Rickard, J. (2009). 2418:Rickard, J. (2009). 2401:Rickard, J. (2009). 2384:Rickard, J. (2009). 2378:Additional resources 2107:Ersch, Johann Samuel 1986:Phipps, pp. 395–396. 1965:Napoleon's marshals. 1796:Ramsay Weston Phipps 1576:Ramsay Weston Phipps 1467:Koblenz, Switzerland 1415:canton of Graubünden 1321:Jean-Baptiste Drouet 1259:Ramsey Weston Phipps 864:free Imperial cities 796:Political conditions 738:declared war on the 2091:Napoleon's Marshals 1691:Johann Samuel Ersch 1678:Knepper, pp. 19–20. 1665:Thomas P. Knepper, 1598:22 May 2016 at the 1566:Jean Paul Bertaud, 1237:School for Marshals 977:, by Strasburg, at 748:Kingdom of Portugal 575:East Indies Theatre 565:War of the Pyrenees 2456:. historyofwar.org 2439:. historyofwar.org 2422:. historyofwar.org 2405:. historyofwar.org 2388:. historyofwar.org 2163:Hansard, Thomas C. 2007:Phipps, pp. 90–94. 1702:6 May 2016 at the 1311:to strengthen his 1209:, one of the five 1152: 1140:chasseurs à cheval 1056: 1028:Armée des Ardennes 998:upper Rhine Valley 895: 860:Kingdom of Prussia 839:, the duchies of 812: 2499:Conflicts in 1795 2369:978-0-19968-882-1 2293:Vann, James Allen 2284:978-1-8536-7276-7 2262:978-1-86227-383-2 2240:, 37:1, pp. 1–5. 2226:978-1-90869-225-2 2193:978-3-54029-393-4 2137:978-0-71260-719-3 2087:Dunn-Pattison, R. 2078:978-0-85706-598-8 2056:978-0-34056-911-5 2043:Blanning, Timothy 1865:David G. Chandler 1425:, northward into 1130:Johann von Klenau 1083:Fortress of Mainz 802:Holy Roman Empire 756:Holy Roman Empire 740:Habsburg monarchy 724:French Revolution 706:Siege of Mannheim 638:Holy Roman Empire 634:Republican French 626:Habsburg Austrian 613: 612: 605:Anglo-Spanish War 585:Atlantic campaign 570:Italian campaigns 560:War in the Vendée 545:Flanders campaign 338: 337: 252: 251: 147:Count of Clerfayt 98: 97: 16:(Redirected from 2506: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2373: 2349: 2329: 2308: 2288: 2266: 2238:Military Affairs 2230: 2180: 2141: 2122: 2102: 2082: 2071:. USA: Leonaur. 2060: 2038: 2025:. Translated by 2008: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1957: 1951: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1906:Military Affairs 1899: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1862: 1856: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1812: 1803: 1793: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1761: 1755: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1713: 1707: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1663: 1657: 1647: 1638: 1617: 1611: 1585: 1564: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1532:Timothy Blanning 1529: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1476: 1470: 1448: 1411: 1405: 1390:James Allen Vann 1378: 1211:French directors 1156:Battle of Höchst 1069:Campaign of 1795 1020:Armée de Moselle 911: 893:the other state. 868:Imperial circles 856:Duchy of Bavaria 789:French Directory 693:Battle of Höchst 382: 375: 365: 358: 351: 342: 290: 288: 278: 271: 264: 255: 232: 231: 221: 220: 209: 208: 198: 197: 181:Charles Pichegru 179: 178: 168: 167: 158:Dagobert Wurmser 156: 155: 145: 144: 126: 125: 116:Habsburg Austria 114: 113: 94:Austrian victory 67: 66: 52: 32: 21: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2469: 2468: 2459: 2457: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2417: 2408: 2406: 2400: 2391: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2370: 2354:Whaley, Joachim 2352: 2332: 2311: 2291: 2285: 2269: 2263: 2250: 2227: 2211: 2161: 2138: 2125: 2105: 2085: 2079: 2063: 2057: 2041: 2020: 2017: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1958: 1954: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1926:Phipps, p. 212. 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1863: 1859: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1813: 1806: 1794: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1762: 1758: 1749: 1745: 1734: 1733: 1729: 1714: 1710: 1704:Wayback Machine 1687: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1664: 1660: 1648: 1641: 1635:Wayback Machine 1618: 1614: 1600:Wayback Machine 1587:Charles Clerget 1583: 1565: 1558: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1530: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1490: 1486: 1477: 1473: 1412: 1408: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1276:Napoleonic wars 1250:William Wickham 1245: 1239: 1202: 1196: 1165:battle of Mainz 1071: 1016:Armée du Centre 1011: 996:considered the 931:Bingen am Rhein 886: 880: 804: 798: 720: 714: 698:Battle of Mainz 660:, lay opposite 632:, defeated two 614: 609: 541: 383: 373: 371: 369: 339: 334: 291: 286: 284: 282: 226: 225: 215: 203: 202: 192: 173: 172: 162: 150: 149: 139: 128:French Republic 120: 108: 86: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2512: 2510: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2449: 2432: 2415: 2398: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2368: 2350: 2330: 2309: 2289: 2283: 2267: 2261: 2248: 2231: 2225: 2209: 2195: 2181: 2165:, ed. (1803). 2159: 2151:London, (np). 2142: 2136: 2123: 2103: 2083: 2077: 2061: 2055: 2039: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2000: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1952: 1944:Frank McLynn, 1937: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1857: 1841: 1839:Smith, p. 105. 1832: 1830:Smith, p. 108. 1823: 1804: 1781: 1772: 1756: 1743: 1727: 1708: 1680: 1671: 1658: 1639: 1620:Joachim Whaley 1612: 1556: 1540: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1497: 1484: 1471: 1435:Stein am Rhein 1427:Lake Constance 1406: 1386:Swabian Circle 1372: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1238: 1235: 1198:Main article: 1195: 1192: 1114:siege to Mainz 1101:in the south. 1070: 1067: 1010: 1009:Plans for 1795 1007: 882:Main article: 879: 876: 870:, also called 851:Kleinstaaterei 800:Main article: 797: 794: 780:levée en masse 752:Ottoman Empire 716:Main article: 713: 710: 704:and ended the 611: 610: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 388: 385: 384: 370: 368: 367: 360: 353: 345: 336: 335: 333: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 305:Handschuhsheim 302: 296: 293: 292: 283: 281: 280: 273: 266: 258: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 237: 236: 213: 189: 188: 187:Units involved 184: 183: 160: 136: 135: 131: 130: 118: 105: 104: 100: 99: 96: 95: 92: 88: 87: 81: 79: 75: 74: 71: 63: 62: 45: 44: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2511: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2455: 2450: 2438: 2433: 2421: 2416: 2404: 2399: 2387: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2316:(in German). 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213:Phipps, R. W. 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:Palmer, R. R. 2024: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1750:David Gates, 1747: 1744: 1740: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1550:Roger Dupuy, 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1443:Swiss cantons 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:Liechtenstein 1420: 1416: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1337:André Masséna 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1305:ancien regime 1302: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1269: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1244: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207:Lazare Carnot 1201: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1063: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Armée du Rhin 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024:Armée du Nord 1021: 1017: 1008: 1006: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 919: 915: 910: 905: 901: 890: 885: 877: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 852: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 808: 803: 795: 793: 790: 786: 785:demi-brigades 782: 781: 776: 775: 774:Ancien Régime 769: 763: 762:(1792–1798). 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 744:Great Britain 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 719: 711: 709: 707: 703: 699: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 386: 380: 376: 366: 361: 359: 354: 352: 347: 346: 343: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 294: 289: 279: 274: 272: 267: 265: 260: 259: 256: 247: 244: 243: 238: 235: 230: 224: 219: 214: 212: 207: 201: 196: 191: 190: 185: 182: 177: 171: 166: 161: 159: 154: 148: 143: 138: 137: 132: 129: 124: 119: 117: 112: 107: 106: 101: 93: 90: 89: 85: 80: 77: 76: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 56: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 2458:. Retrieved 2441:. Retrieved 2424:. Retrieved 2407:. Retrieved 2390:. Retrieved 2358: 2337: 2334:Walker, Mack 2317: 2313: 2296: 2274: 2271:Smith, Digby 2252: 2237: 2216: 2198: 2184: 2167: 2148: 2127: 2110: 2090: 2068: 2065:Dodge, T. A. 2046: 2022: 2003: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1946: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1905: 1885: 1876: 1868: 1860: 1852: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1818: 1799: 1775: 1767: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1738: 1730: 1719: 1711: 1695: 1683: 1674: 1666: 1661: 1653: 1623: 1615: 1607: 1591: 1579: 1571: 1568:R. R. Palmer 1551: 1543: 1535: 1500: 1487: 1474: 1409: 1401: 1393: 1381: 1376: 1304: 1296: 1284: 1280:Lazare Hoche 1273: 1267: 1264: 1261:maintained, 1246: 1219: 1203: 1169: 1153: 1138: 1133: 1118: 1108:, isolating 1103: 1072: 1060: 1057: 1054:Netherlands. 1012: 991: 987:Neuf-Brisach 963: 918:Black Forest 896: 872:Reichskreise 871: 849: 837:Hohenzollern 813: 778: 772: 767: 764: 721: 686: 676:, isolating 617: 615: 589: 497:Newfoundland 462:Altenkirchen 330:2nd Mannheim 325:Pfeddersheim 315:1st Mannheim 285: 170:Jean Jourdan 103:Belligerents 54: 29: 2320:: 159–167. 1815:Digby Smith 1735:(in German) 1688:(in German) 1650:Mack Walker 1604:Digby Smith 1584:(in French) 1548:(in French) 1493:Zweibrücken 1455:Rhine Falls 1398:Mack Walker 953:, formed a 951:Netherlands 914:rift valley 909:Rheingraben 845:Württemberg 833:Fürstenberg 550:Chouannerie 2473:Categories 2185:The Rhine. 1667:The Rhine. 1459:Laufenburg 1451:High Rhine 1333:Michel Ney 1309:marchalate 1301:Napoleon I 1241:See also: 1106:Main River 943:Düsseldorf 904:Rhine knee 742:, pushing 712:Background 674:Main River 670:Düsseldorf 452:Den Helder 447:Guadeloupe 442:Martinique 412:Thionville 392:Porrentruy 300:Luxembourg 2460:18 August 2443:18 August 2426:18 August 2409:18 August 2392:18 August 2326:939802377 2305:923507312 2246:0026-3931 2147:. (1797) 2119:978611925 2089:(1977) . 1628:pp. 17–20 1570:(trans). 1512:Citations 1480:Iffezheim 1439:waterfall 1431:Reichenau 1419:Lake Toma 1353:MacDonald 971:causeways 959:North Sea 927:Wiesbaden 878:Geography 825:Offenburg 758:into the 728:Louis XVI 644:, led by 537:Diersheim 527:Fishguard 487:Neresheim 397:Quiévrain 2356:(2012). 2336:(1998). 2295:(1975). 2273:(1998). 2215:(2011). 2207:49351026 2177:85790018 2157:44868000 2109:(1889). 2067:(2011). 2045:(1998). 2035:17954374 1700:Archived 1631:Archived 1596:Archived 1343:and the 1226:Bavarian 1184:Mannheim 1134:Allemand 1062:assignat 983:Mannheim 979:Hüningen 967:viaducts 947:Duisburg 858:and the 829:Rottweil 821:Breisgau 768:en masse 754:and the 682:Mannheim 656:, under 517:Biberach 512:2nd Kehl 502:Würzburg 477:1st Kehl 472:Kircheib 457:Siegburg 437:Sardinia 432:Jemappes 402:Marquain 240:Strength 82:Western 78:Location 40:Part of 2346:2276157 2099:3438894 2015:Sources 1718:(ed.). 1357:Oudinot 1298:Emperor 1163:at the 939:Cologne 696:at the 616:In the 532:Neuwied 522:Ireland 507:Limburg 467:Wetzlar 248:187,000 245:175,000 84:Germany 2366: 2344: 2324: 2303: 2281: 2259: 2244: 2223: 2205: 2191: 2175: 2155: 2134: 2117: 2097: 2075: 2053: 2033: 1465:below 1445:. The 1382:Kreise 1292:Latour 1268:Comité 1176:Pfrimm 1079:French 1002:Danube 922:Vosges 750:, the 746:, the 624:, two 492:Amberg 482:Malsch 407:Verdun 310:Höchst 91:Result 61:(1824) 1433:; at 1368:Notes 1313:power 1110:Mainz 994:Paris 955:delta 900:Basel 884:Rhine 841:Baden 678:Mainz 427:Mainz 422:Lille 417:Valmy 320:Mainz 57:, by 2462:2014 2445:2014 2428:2014 2411:2014 2394:2014 2364:ISBN 2342:OCLC 2322:OCLC 2301:OCLC 2279:ISBN 2257:ISBN 2242:ISSN 2221:ISBN 2203:OCLC 2189:ISBN 2173:OCLC 2153:OCLC 2132:ISBN 2115:OCLC 2095:OCLC 2073:ISBN 2051:ISBN 2031:OCLC 1463:Aare 1327:and 975:Kehl 969:and 945:and 937:and 935:Bonn 929:and 843:and 835:and 827:and 379:List 70:Date 1097:'s 664:'s 2475:: 1991:^ 1962:, 1894:^ 1867:, 1851:, 1817:. 1807:^ 1798:, 1784:^ 1766:, 1693:, 1652:, 1642:^ 1622:, 1606:, 1589:, 1578:, 1559:^ 1534:. 1520:^ 1447:c. 1400:, 1392:, 1355:, 1347:. 1323:, 1046:. 961:. 2464:. 2447:. 2430:. 2413:. 2396:. 2372:. 2348:. 2328:. 2318:X 2307:. 2287:. 2265:. 2229:. 2179:. 2140:. 2121:. 2101:. 2081:. 2059:. 2037:. 1637:. 381:) 377:( 364:e 357:t 350:v 277:e 270:t 263:v 20:)

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