459:“What Stalin did from 1929 both against peasants and against various other victims, including leading Communists (among them, incidentally, Bucharin, who in 1929 had already publicly taken a position against the “new system”) and returned soldiers, was in fact historically new in its systematic inhumanity, and to this extent comparable with the deeds of Hitler. Certainly, Hitler, like all his contemporaries, had a preconception of the civil wars of Lenin’s time. Just as certainly his own ideas about the total annihilation of the Jews, the Gypsies, the “unworthy of life”, and so on, were independent of Stalin’s example. At any rate the idea of total annihilation of the Jews had already been developed in the last work of Hitler’s mentor, Dietrich Eckart, who died in 1924. For the reference to this source, which leaves no room for “balancing”, I am grateful to Ernst Nolte’s first large book, which appeared in 1963,
301:, Löwenthal was much influenced by his time in Britain. Löwenthal was late to write that “In England the German socialist emigrants got to know an impressive model of a free democracy which proved its worth under extreme external pressure; thus they were essentially confirmed in their democratic conviction and prepared for the task that awaited them after the war. The English, at least those who lent the emigrant an ear and cooperated with them, gathered new hope that a true democracy might be established in Germany and contributed considerably to the realization of this model during the first harsh postwar years. After a lapse of several decades, I can thus state with conviction that in spite of all the initial difficulties, the encounter proved rewarding to both sides”.
410:
Politburos were no greater than the powers of a
Western Prime Minister over their Cabinets. Löwenthal argued "Those countries have not gone from tyranny to freedom, but from massive terror to a rule of meanness, ensuring stability at the risk of stagnation". Moreover, Löwenthal argued that the essence of Communist totalitarianism was an utopian faith. Löwenthal contended that Communist utopianism was doomed to failure "as it conflicted with, and eventually succumbed to, the necessity for economic modernization". Without utopianism, Löwenthal argued that "revolutions from above" were excluded as a policy option. In a 1960 article in
414:, Löwenthal claimed that totalitarianism was a dead force in the East Bloc, even through none of the regimes were anything close to being "liberalized". Moreover, Löwenthal asserted it was impossible for the East Bloc regimes to return to totalitarianism, arguing that "that particular secular religion is dead-at least in those countries that have tried it out". Besides for writing on contemporary issues, in the 1980s, Löwenthal played a major role in the push for a Holocaust museum in Berlin, which as a German Jew was a cause that was of major interest to him.
385:
of repression and allow much greater level of pluralism into public life. In regards to foreign policy, Löwenthal argued that after Stalin, and even more so, after the overthrow of
Khruschchev, the ideological commitments that underlined Soviet foreign policy were considerably weakened. Despite this, Löwenthal maintained that Soviet foreign policy remained basically antagonistic towards the West, and that the
280:
to be given the lion’s share of the responsibility of governing
Germany after the war, as this would be the best means of ensuring the triumph of the German Left. After 1943, Löwenthal disavowed this position and instead urged that the main responsibility of re-building Germany after the war be given
384:
state, but what emerged after Stalin’s death was a system Löwenthal called variously “post-totalitarian authoritarianism” or "authoritarian bureaucratic oligarchy" in which the Soviet state remained omnipotent in theory and highly authoritarian in practice, but did scale down considerably the scale
443:, Löwenthal argued that “In all these battles there were heavy losses on both sides and horrible torture and murders of prisoners” Speaking of the differences between Lenin and Stalin, Löwenthal argued that “What Stalin did from 1929 on was something entirely different” Löwenthal argued that with
438:
of doing Löwenthal contended that comparisons between Hitler and Stalin were appropriate, but comparisons between Hitler and Lenin were not For Löwenthal, the decisive factor that governed Lenin’s conduct was that right from the onset when he took power, he was involved in civil wars within Russia
246:
was not a puppet of Big
Business as the Comintern had claimed and that, in fact, the Nazi regime was in and of itself the supreme power in the land. During the late 1930s, Löwenthal decided that another world war was inevitable, and saw his main task as preparing the German left for that war.
409:
In Löwenthal's opinion, the ending of the "revolution from above" also marked the end of totalitarianism in the Soviet Union. Likewise, Löwenthal maintained that in the "post-totalitarian" system meant that henceforward the powers of
Communist Party leaders over their Central Committees and
451:“...a hindrance to forced collectivization. They were not organized. They had not fought. They were shipped to far-away concentration camps and in general were not killed right away, but were forced to suffer conditions that led in the course of time to a miserable death”
234:, and if anything were more dangerous because of their “disguised” fascist nature, in contrast to the “open fascism” of the Nazis. Starting in 1935 Löwenthal began formulating his own definition of fascism, which was strongly influenced by the work of
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had no policy of rallying together the states of
Western Europe to resist Soviet encroachments, and was instead content to let matters drift. At the same time, Löwenthal was opposed to the French President
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434:
of the 1980s, Löwenthal argued for the "fundamental difference" in mass murder in
Germany and the Soviet Union, and against the "balancing" of various crimes in the 20th century as he accused
297:, Löwenthal called for a Socialist reconstruction of the European system with an especially prominent role to be allocated to Great Britain as the most progressive of the European powers. An
337:
orientation. In the late 1960s, Löwenthal was initially sympathetic towards student protestors, but turned against what he regarded as the destructive anarchism and “romantic relapse” into
150:, which he left over opposition to the tactics of the Comintern. Remaining on the Left, Löwenthal was a member of several dissident breakaway groups from the KPD in the last years of the
618:
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and then in 1939 returned to London, which was to be Löwenthal’s home until 1959. During the 1930s, in his writings Löwenthal expressed strong criticism of the definition of
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to overthrow the Nazi regime. During this period, Löwenthal adopted the alias Paul Sering. In July 1933 the New
Beginnings group broke up under the impact of a huge wave of
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Löwenthal based his studies largely upon developments in the Soviet Union and East Bloc. One of Löwenthal’s more notable ideas was that under the rule of
1072:
Western
Civilization and the Acceleration of Time. Richard Löwenthal’s Reflections on a Crisis of the West in the Aftermath of the Student Revolt of 1968
360:, Löwenthal's major interests were the emergence of what he considered to an element of pluralism into Soviet politics, especially during the rule of
1170:
1165:
1088:
732:
edited by Werner E. Mosse, Julius
Carlebach, Gerhard Hirschfeld, Aubrey Newman, Arnold Paucker, Peter Pulzer, J.C.B. Mohr, London, 1991 page 135.
439:
Löwenthal argued that “Lenin’s battle to hold on to power” did not comprise “one-sided mass annihilation of defenceless people” Speaking of the
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to the Western powers, who were, in Löwenthal’s opinion, the powers most likely to ensure a democratic Germany. Löwenthal very much admired the
135:
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333:. In 1960, Löwenthal married the sociologist Charlotte Abrahamsohn. Löwenthal was a strong advocate of closer European integration and of an
421:. Löwenthal felt that the Federal Republic was the most democratic government in German history, and criticized the left-wing philosopher
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would continue as long as the Soviet Union was an anti-democratic state. In the mid-1960s, Löwenthal was highly critical of the policy of
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where he remained active in left-wing German émigré groups. From April 1936 until October 1937, Löwenthal worked as a researcher in
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1120:
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edited by Hannelore Horn, Alexander Schwan & Thomas Weingartner, Berlin; New York : de Gruyter, 1978 page 13
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118:, the son of Ernst and Anna Löwenthal. His father was a real estate agent. From 1926 until 1931, Löwenthal studied
1027:
322:
325:. In 1974 Löwenthal became the Professor Emeritus at the Free University. Löwenthal ’s chief interests were
425:
for utopianism when the latter asserted in the 1970s that the Federal Republic was not democratic enough.
998:
Sozialismus in Theorie und Praxis: Festschrift für Richard Löwenthal zum 70. Geburtstag am 15. April 1978
369:
239:
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720:, Gerhard Hirschfeld, Aubrey Newman, Arnold Paucker, Peter Pulzer, J.C.B. Mohr, London, 1991 page 134
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A major intellectual in the SPD, Löwenthal was often consulted by the SPD’s leaders, especially
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Nove, Alec “Some Observations on Criteria for the Study of the Soviet Union” pages 13-37 from
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The Fate of the Revolution : Interpretations of Soviet history from 1917 to the Present
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The Fate of the Revolution : Interpretations of Soviet history from 1917 to the Present
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adopted the British model for its economic organization. In 1945, Löwenthal joined the
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arrests of its members. As a wanted man, Löwenthal continued to work for an anti-Nazi
1057:
The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet history from 1917 to the Present
417:
In addition to his work in Soviet studies, Löwenthal was noted for his defense of the
1104:
840:"BERLIN; Germans Argue Over a Museum That Will Offer A Probing Look At Their History"
690:"BERLIN; Germans Argue Over a Museum That Will Offer A Probing Look At Their History"
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639:"Cold war liberalism in West Germany: Richard Löwenthal and 'Western civilization'"
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276:. In 1941, Löwenthal published a book which argued that it was necessary for the
1039:
974:
edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993 pages 200-201.
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edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993 pages 199-200.
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policies, which Löwenthal felt were folly in light of the threat from the East.
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393:, or lack thereof, as Löwenthal asserted that the administration of President
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End and beginning on the Generations of cultures and the Origins of the West
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95:
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Second Chance: Two Centuries of German-Speaking Jews in the United Kingdom,
957:
edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993 page 200.
903:
edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993 page 199.
1161:
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
920:
edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993page 199.
883:
edited by Ernst Piper, Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, 1993 page 199
730:
Second Chance: Two Centuries Of German-speaking Jews in the United Kingdom
714:
Second Chance: Two Centuries Of German-speaking Jews in the United Kingdom
494:“Diplomacy and Revolution: The Dialectics of a Dispute”, pages 1–24 from
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182:
until increasing pressure from the Gestapo led Löwenthal to flee to the
665:
338:
305:
211:
172:
115:
523:
Issues in the Future of Asia: Communist and Non-Communist Alternatives
167:(New Beginnings / " begin anew") which sought to organize the German
539:
Die zweite Republik. 25 Jahre Bundesrepublik Deutschland: eine Bilanz
447:, the so-called “kulaks” were to be destroyed by the Soviet state as:
207:
195:
187:
111:
42:
996:(Editors) Hannelore Horn, Alexander Schwan & Thomas Weingartner
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Ernst Reuter, ein Leben für die Freiheit; eine politische Biographie
81:
Arguing for a post-totalitarianism interpretation of Soviet politics
203:
559:
Model or Ally? The Communist Powers and the Developing Countries
346:
501:“Factors of Unity and Factors of Conflict”, pages 106-116 from
514:“The Soviets and the West: A European View”, pages 83–91 from
503:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
263:
804:“The Soviets and the West: A European View” pages 83-91 from
791:“The Soviets and the West: A European View” pages 83-91 from
778:“The Soviets and the West: A European View” pages 83-91 from
765:“The Soviets and the West: A European View” pages 83-91 from
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theory which held that moderate left-wing groups such as the
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808:, Volume 28, Issue 1, April 1965 pages 83-84 & 89-91.
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Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
1074:, in: Themenportal Europaeische Geschichte (2010), URL:
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Union of German Socialist Organisations in Great Britain
584:
Widerstand und Verweigerung in Deutschland 1933 bis 1945
580:, New York: Columbia University Press, 1981, 0231050666.
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and rejected their call for a West German pull-out from
509:
World Communism: the Disintegration of a Secular Faith
146:. From 1926 until 1929, Löwenthal was a member of the
1146:
Communist Party of Germany (Opposition) politicians
77:
69:
53:
28:
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94:and professor who wrote mostly on the problems of
1076:http://www.europa.clio-online.de/2010/Article=434
966:Löwenthal, Richard "Letter to the Editor of the
949:Löwenthal, Richard "Letter to the Editor of the
929:Löwenthal, Richard "Letter to the Editor of the
912:Löwenthal, Richard "Letter to the Editor of the
895:Löwenthal, Richard "Letter to the Editor of the
875:Löwenthal, Richard "Letter to the Editor of the
364:. Unlike other totalitarianism theories such as
262:. From 1940 until 1942 Löwenthal worked for the
186:in August 1935. Subsequently Löwenthal moved to
806:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science
793:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science
780:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science
767:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science
516:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science
349:as opening the door for the Soviet conquest of
304:Until 1958, Löwenthal worked as a reporter for
285:and in several articles after 1945, urged that
218:, and in particular criticized the Comintern’s
90:(April 15, 1908 – August 9, 1991) was a German
1151:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
372:, whose work was chiefly inspired by studying
242:. In these writings, Löwenthal concluded that
989:“Apology to Richard Löwenthal” page 285 from
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795:, Volume 28, Issue 1, April 1965 pages 90-91.
782:, Volume 28, Issue 1, April 1965 pages 86-87.
8:
769:, Volume 28, Issue 1, April 1965 page 83-84.
600:, New York: Columbia University Press, 1984
828:, New York : Scribner's, 1987 page 251
756:, New York : Scribner's, 1987 page 243
561:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1977
511:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
317:. In 1959 Löwenthal became a professor in
198:before returning to Prague. Following the
18:
664:
654:
138:. His major intellectual influences were
1156:People from the Province of Brandenburg
629:
1141:Communist Party of Germany politicians
970:November 29, 1986" pages 199-201 from
953:November 29, 1986" pages 199-201 from
933:November 29, 1986" pages 199-201 from
916:November 29, 1986" pages 199-201 from
899:November 29, 1986" pages 199-201 from
879:November 29, 1986" pages 199-201 from
1000:, Berlin; New York: de Gruyter, 1978
7:
993:, Volume 25, Issue # 2 April 1963.
291:Social Democratic Party of Germany
273:Sender der europäischen Revolution
224:Social Democratic Party of Germany
157:In 1933 Löwenthal was a prominent
14:
864:Sozialismus in Theorie und Praxis
838:Schmemann, Serge (May 15, 1988).
688:Schmemann, Serge (May 15, 1988).
598:Social Change and Cultural Crisis
541:, Stuttgart: Seewald Verlag 1974.
518:, Volume 28, Issue 1, April 1965.
260:The International Socialist Forum
230:were as much fascist as were the
972:Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?
955:Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?
935:Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?
918:Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?
901:Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?
881:Forever In The Shadow of Hitler?
498:, Issue # 5 January- March 1961.
474:. He died, aged 83, in Berlin.
1171:20th-century German journalists
1166:German male non-fiction writers
545:Vom Kalten Krieg zur Ostpolitik
16:German journalist and professor
968:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
951:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
931:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
914:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
897:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
877:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
380:, the Soviet Union had been a
161:member of the anti-Nazi group
1:
1059:, New York: Scribner's, 1987
656:10.1080/01916599.2022.2095525
505:, Volume 349, September 1963.
254:, Löwenthal was close to the
716:edited by Werner E. Mosse,
547:, Stuttgart: Seewald, 1974
461:Faschismus in seiner Epoche
202:of 1938, Löwenthal fled to
1187:
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525:, New York: Praeger, 1969.
148:Communist Party of Germany
643:History of European Ideas
491:, München: Kindler, 1957.
323:Free University of Berlin
295:Jenseits des Kapitalismus
637:Bavaj, Riccardo (2022).
1136:German male journalists
455:Löwenthal argued that:
250:During his time in the
1089:WAS STALIN INEVITABLE?
991:The Review of Politics
586:, Berlin: Dietz, 1984
464:
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110:Löwenthal was born in
102:, and world politics.
529:Romantischer Rückfall
457:
449:
370:Karl Dietrich Bracher
258:, and helped publish
240:Franz Leopold Neumann
136:Heidelberg University
1091:by Richard Löwenthal
293:. In his 1948 book,
1121:Writers from Berlin
496:The China Quarterly
73:Political scientist
1024:Gerhard Hirschfeld
694:The New York Times
1131:Jewish socialists
1048:978-3-16-145741-8
533:Kohlhammer Verlag
441:Russian Civil War
400:Charles de Gaulle
395:Lyndon B. Johnson
362:Nikita Khrushchev
319:political science
308:press agency and
132:Berlin University
120:political science
88:Richard Löwenthal
85:
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23:Richard Löwenthal
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1042:, London, 1991,
1020:Julius Carlebach
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