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for reasons of implementation simplicity, many scholars prefer left-to-right presentation of texts, as this is also their practice when transcribing the texts into Latin script. Accordingly, the Old Italic script has a default directionality of strong left-to-right in this standard. When directional overrides are used to produce right-to-left presentation, the glyphs in fonts must be mirrored ...
178:
116:
75:
36:
1240:
Most early
Etruscan texts have right-to-left directionality. From the third century BCE, left-to-right texts appear, showing the influence of Latin. Oscan, Umbrian, and Faliscan also generally have right-to-left directionality. Boustrophedon appears rarely, and not especially early .... Despite this,
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557:
Right-to-left, top-to-bottom text is supported in common computer software. Often, this support must be explicitly enabled. Right-to-left text can be mixed with left-to-right text in
1222:
Since the 4th cent. As, when
Ethiopia was Christianized, the Ethiopic script has been written from left to right, though previously the direction of writing was from right to left.
407:
1206:
954:) – derived from Syriac. Sogdian eventually rotated from RTL to top-to-bottom, giving rise to the Old Uyghur, Mongolian, and Manchu vertical scripts.
355:
731:
438) – for Mende in Sierra Leone. Devised by
Mohammed Turay and Kisimi Kamara in the late 19th century. Still used, but only by about 500 people.
406:
left to right (with lines going from top to bottom). Books designed for predominantly vertical TBRL text open in the same direction as those for
432:
is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right.
1319:
195:
88:
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Ancient examples of text using alphabets such as
Phoenician, Greek, or Old Italic may exist variously in left-to-right, right-to-left, or
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279:
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rather than
Aramaic. Many other ancient and historic scripts derived from Aramaic inherited its right-to-left direction.
866:
1309:
228:
340:), writing starts from the right of the page and continues to the left, proceeding from top to bottom for new lines.
141:
1314:
188:
137:
1149:"Introduction to typing and using RTL (Right to Left) text, and configuring software applications to support RTL"
915:
134) – from
Pahlavi, with added letters. Used for recording the Zoroastrian sacred texts during the Sassanid era.
840:
210:
94:
1030:
were written right-to-left. Unicode treats Old Italic as left-to-right, to match modern usage. Some texts are
549:
order; therefore, it is not always possible to classify some ancient writing systems as purely RTL or LTR.
1256:
997:
772:
539:
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451:
are the most widespread RTL writing systems in modern times. As usage of the Arabic script spread, the
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Several languages have both Arabic RTL and non-Arabic LTR writing systems. For example,
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124) – ancient, closely related to Hebrew and
Phoenician. Spread widely by the
1234:
Davis, Mark; Everson, Michael; Freytag, Asmus; Jenkins, John H. (2001-05-16).
718:
513:
425:, where writing starts from the left of the page and continues to the right.
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was supplemented to accommodate the sounds of many other languages such as
1055:
could be written from right to left (as were
Etruscan and early Greek) or
1292:
L2/01-007, Iranianist
Meeting Report: Encoding Iranian Scripts in Unicode
794:
642:
494:
480:
410:: the spine is on the right and pages are numbered from right to left.
292:
652:
523:
464:
144:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1045:. The writing runs from right to left, unlike later Latin writing.
354:
291:
837:
115) – ancient, precursor to Hebrew, Imperial
Aramaic, and Greek.
590:
171:
109:
68:
29:
352:
are the most widespread RTL writing systems in modern times.
1267:. US: The Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. p. 595.
526:
appeared around 1600 CE. Most modern scripts are LTR, but
984:
305) – an ancient script of India, derived from Aramaic.
413:
These scripts can be contrasted with many common modern
400:, though in modern times they are also commonly written
800:
texts; attempts have been made to revive it since 2013.
133:
1251:
1249:
1263:
Collier's encyclopedia, with Bibliography and Index
1018:was RTL but LTR examples later became more common.
202:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1260:
542:(1980s) were created in modern times and are RTL.
1124:"Which Languages Are Written From Right to Left?"
1286:https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01024-n2311.pdf
1073:116) – ancient; some texts are left-to-right or
516:scripts, and a number of others have been used.
493:and Mandaean (Mandaic) scripts are derived from
1295:https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2001/01007-iran.txt
699:140) – closely related to Syriac, used for the
520:may be written in the Arabic or Latin script.
8:
765:166) – devised in the 1980s for writing the
964:) – intermediate between Syriac and Arabic.
103:Learn how and when to remove these messages
43:It has been suggested that this article be
793:192) – used for two 12th- or 13th-century
1236:"Unicode Standard Annex #27: Unicode 3.1"
280:Learn how and when to remove this message
262:Learn how and when to remove this message
160:Learn how and when to remove this message
1036:
569:Examples of right-to-left scripts (with
1165:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
1115:
779:167) – developed in the 1980s for the
827:403) – predates Phoenician influence.
7:
863:126) was also used to write Aramaic.
200:adding citations to reliable sources
512:is commonly written in Arabic and
25:
1283:Roadmapping early Semitic scripts
1041:The Old Latin inscription on the
475:, it is also used to write other
84:This article has multiple issues.
1290:Buntz, Carl-Martin (2000-12-21)
990:runes (also called Orkhon runes
414:
401:
388:) scripts of tradition, such as
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314:
302:
176:
114:
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34:
741:165) – devised in 1949 for the
501:is similar, but developed from
187:needs additional citations for
92:or discuss these issues on the
1281:Everson, Michael (2001-01-08)
685:) – used for varieties of the
1:
1320:Right-to-left writing systems
1162:Nath sen, Sailendra (1999).
379:top-to-bottom, right-to-left
365:top to bottom, right to left
359:Ancient Chinese was written
319:right-to-left, top-to-bottom
307:right-to-left, top-to-bottom
769:of West and Central Africa.
751:– designed in 1961 for the
453:repertoire of 28 characters
140:the claims made and adding
60:Proposed since August 2024.
1336:
713:123) – closely related to
1192:, Third Edition Revised,
1168:. Routledge. p. 35.
950:139, associated with the
905:) – derived from Aramaic.
841:Imperial Aramaic alphabet
925:127), used to write the
573:codes in brackets) are:
18:Right-to-left alphabetic
324:(commonly shortened to
1188:Sir Alan H. Gardiner,
1046:
673:135, variants 136–138
366:
309:
211:"Right-to-left script"
27:Type of writing system
1040:
497:and are written RTL.
471:is used to write the
358:
295:
1008:Old Italic alphabets
816:Egyptian hieroglyphs
625:many other languages
196:improve this article
1093:Complex text layout
952:Manichaean religion
855:empires. The later
831:Phoenician alphabet
565:List of RTL scripts
559:bi-directional text
408:RTL horizontal text
1310:Character encoding
1257:Halsey, William D.
1194:Griffith Institute
1088:Bidirectional text
1047:
968:Old Ge'ez alphabet
455:used to write the
372:can also refer to
367:
310:
125:possibly contains
1315:Writing direction
958:Nabatean alphabet
877:Old North Arabian
867:Old South Arabian
821:Cypriot syllabary
781:Rohingya language
743:Manding languages
553:Computing support
467:, etc. While the
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127:original research
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50:Writing direction
16:(Redirected from
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1190:Egyptian Grammar
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909:Avestan alphabet
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707:Samaritan script
701:Mandaic language
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693:Mandaic alphabet
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659:170) – used for
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647:Jewish languages
637:125) – used for
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619:161) – used for
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583:Persian alphabet
534:(19th century),
477:Jewish languages
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805:Ancient scripts
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773:Hanifi Rohingya
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745:of West Africa.
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717:, used for the
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696:
687:Syriac language
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667:Syriac alphabet
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645:and some other
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631:Hebrew alphabet
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612:
579:
577:Current scripts
567:
555:
540:Hanifi Rohingya
473:Hebrew language
469:Hebrew alphabet
457:Arabic language
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423:writing systems
328:or abbreviated
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1196:(2005), p. 25.
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749:Garay alphabet
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1014:210) – Early
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609:Arabic script
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584:
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547:boustrophedon
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532:Mende Kikakui
529:
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430:Arabic script
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420:left-to-right
417:
411:
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371:
370:Right-to-left
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326:right to left
323:
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263:
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223:
220:
216:
213: –
212:
208:
207:Find sources:
201:
197:
191:
190:
185:This article
183:
179:
174:
173:
164:
161:
153:
143:
139:
135:
129:
128:
123:This article
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52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1291:
1282:
1262:
1239:
1229:
1221:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1189:
1184:
1164:
1157:
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1130:. 2018-05-17
1127:
1118:
849:Neo-Assyrian
811:Indus script
715:Paleo-Hebrew
568:
556:
544:
538:(1980s) and
522:
507:
503:Proto-Hebrew
489:
439:
427:
412:
385:
381:
373:
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368:
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333:
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232:
225:
218:
206:
194:Please help
189:verification
186:
156:
147:
124:
100:
93:
87:
86:Please help
83:
59:
48:
735:N'Ko script
721:' writings.
585:– used for
300:is written
1304:Categories
1207:"Ethiopic"
1134:2023-08-16
1128:Word atlas
1110:References
988:Old Turkic
944:Manichaean
889:(130–133:
853:Achaemenid
719:Samaritans
514:Devanagari
222:newspapers
134:improve it
89:improve it
1053:Old Latin
978:Kharosthi
942:142) and
857:Palmyrene
603:Shahmukhi
571:ISO 15924
499:Samaritan
252:June 2015
150:June 2015
138:verifying
95:talk page
1259:(1965).
1216:10 April
1082:See also
1028:Faliscan
1016:Etruscan
938:141 and
595:Kashmiri
530:(1949),
479:such as
461:Kashmiri
394:Japanese
386:vertical
1020:Umbrian
1000:runes (
932:Sogdian
798:Kurdish
661:Dhivehi
643:Yiddish
599:Punjabi
587:Persian
518:Kurdish
495:Aramaic
481:Yiddish
449:Persian
390:Chinese
350:Persian
236:scholar
132:Please
55:Discuss
1172:
1026:, and
859:form (
795:Yazidi
787:Yezidi
653:Thaana
639:Hebrew
621:Arabic
524:Thaana
510:Sindhi
491:Syriac
485:Ladino
465:Pashto
447:, and
445:Arabic
441:Hebrew
398:Korean
396:, and
382:(TB-RL
348:, and
346:Hebrew
342:Arabic
322:script
238:
231:
224:
217:
209:
45:merged
1095:(CTL)
1024:Oscan
1004:176).
759:Adlam
615:160,
536:Adlam
334:RL-TB
312:In a
243:JSTOR
229:books
47:into
1218:2021
1170:ISBN
1071:Lydi
1012:Ital
1002:Hung
994:175)
992:Orkh
982:Khar
974:495)
972:Ethi
962:Nbat
948:Mani
940:Sogo
936:Sogd
923:Hatr
913:Avst
903:Phlv
899:Phlp
895:Phli
891:Prti
881:Narb
871:Sarb
861:Palm
851:and
845:Armi
835:Phnx
825:Cprt
791:Yezi
777:Rohg
763:Adlm
739:Nkoo
729:Mend
711:Samr
697:Mand
683:Syre
679:Syrj
675:Syrn
671:Syrc
657:Thaa
635:Hebr
623:and
617:Aran
613:Arab
591:Urdu
528:Niko
483:and
436:Uses
428:The
338:Role
296:The
215:news
384:or
336:or
330:RTL
198:by
136:by
53:. (
1306::
1248:^
1238:.
1220:.
1209:.
1126:.
1022:,
901:,
897:,
893:,
681:,
677:,
641:,
605:).
597:,
593:,
589:,
561:.
487:.
463:,
443:,
392:,
344:,
332:,
98:.
1178:.
1151:.
1137:.
1077:.
1069:(
1059:.
1010:(
980:(
970:(
960:(
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669:(
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277:(
265:)
259:(
254:)
250:(
240:·
233:·
226:·
219:·
192:.
163:)
157:(
152:)
148:(
130:.
105:)
101:(
57:)
20:)
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