Knowledge (XXG)

Gátur Gestumblinda

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199:, 'Heiðrekr konungr | hyggðu at gátu' ('consider this riddle, King Heiðrekr') (though in the manuscripts themselves this repeated line is usually abbreviated or even omitted). The riddles are mostly 'true riddles', providing a metaphorical description of their subject. The riddles often include formulaic phrases like "hvat er þat undra, er ek úti sá | fyrir Dellings durum?" ("what wonder is that, which I saw outside, before the doors of Dellingr?"). 1325:
Hannah Burrows has explored the series of 'wave-riddles', in which the waves of the sea are personified as powerful and dangerous women, and has shown the subtle interplay of this series with non-Christian mythology, which reveals how the waves are, 'like Ægir's daughters, both seductive—a source of
214:
The solution to two of the riddles is a mythological being; eight describe man-made artefacts; and most of the others describe the natural world. The order and to a lesser extent the content of the riddles differs dramatically between the medieval manuscripts of the saga and scholars have concluded
1245:
riddles had few analogues among wider international riddles. However, twenty-first century research first emphasised the degree to which the riddles of the saga are integrated into Eddaic verse conventions, and then identified more analogues for the riddles. Two seem to reflect the stock of oral
219:
the first four riddles in all three recensions are practically identical and always appear in the same order. These four beginning riddles, along with the Óðinn riddle and the Baldr question which end the verse cluster, are the only stanzas whose sequence remains constant through all three saga
145:
The person thought to be Gestumblindi then goes to King Heiðrekr, takes up the option to challenge Heiðrekr to solve riddles, and, depending on the manuscript, presents around thirty-seven. Heiðrekr solves them all until, finally, Óðinn/Gestumblindi asks Heiðrekr "What did Odin whisper in
104:, though after the Middle Ages they were also transmitted separately from the saga in numerous manuscripts. By making the riddles part of a wisdom-contest involving Óðinn, the saga recalls other Old Norse mythological wisdom-contests, particularly those in the poems 1237:
for integrating pre-existing poems, and the existence of some other riddles elsewhere in the Old Icelandic corpus make it most likely that the saga drew on pre-existing written riddles rather than all the riddles being composed especially for the saga.
142:, asking him for assistance. Shortly thereafter, a stranger appears at Gestumblindi's homestead. They exchange clothes and Gestumblindi goes into hiding, and everyone believes the visitor—implicitly Óðinn—to be Gestumblindi himself. 1334:
In post-medieval manuscripts the riddles were often transmitted separately from the rest of the saga, emphasising their independent literary interest, and were the subject of a seventeenth-century commentary by
162:
and flees. Óðinn curses Heiðrekr to be killed by slaves, which transpires in the following chapter. (Heiðrekr's sword cuts off a piece of the bird's tail, which the saga says is why the hawk has a short tail.)
1317:; and the core conceit of the angelica riddle (number 18 above), that the plant is a virgin yet a mother, is shared with ancient and medieval riddles in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic. 134:
Gestumblindi is a powerful man who has wronged the King. Heiðrekr sends a message to Gestumblindi saying that he must come to a settlement with the king or risk his life. Gestumblindi
131:
twelve men whom he entrusts to offer a just judgement to any of his enemies. Heiðrekr's enemies may also win their case against the king by posing riddles that Heiðrekr cannot answer.
1357:, the 'Óðinn riddle' entered oral tradition. A modern Swedish children's variant of it runs "vad har tre ögon, tio ben och en svans?" ("what has three eyes, ten legs and a tail?"). 1339:. This literary circulation also led to the riddles circulating in Icelandic oral tradition into the nineteenth century.They went on to influence oral riddling in Iceland. 175:, known as R, U, and H. The H-version includes the largest number, albeit by virtue of copies of that now fragmentary manuscript made when it was in a more complete state. 1428:
Alaric Hall and Shamira Meghani, '"I am a Virgin Woman and a Virgin Woman's Child": Critical Plant Theory and the Maiden Mother Conceit in Early Medieval Riddles',
92:, medieval Scandinavian social norms (including what is believed to be the only portrayal of female homosexuality in Old Norse), and rarely attested poetic forms. 1301:
Medieval analogues have been identified for three others: the riddle of the sow with an unborn litter (number 12 above) has a precursor in the Anglo-Saxon poet
220:
redactions the first four and final two stanzas may represent a core set of riddles which eventually grew into the collections which now appear in the
231:
The solutions are listed here from the edition of Burrows; the sign '✗' indicates a riddle in Hauksbók that has no equivalent in the other redactions.
202:
Modern editions read Heiðrekr's answers to the riddles as prose, but nineteenth-century scholars thought they might originally have been in verse and
1336: 1411: 1246:
folk-riddles known from more widely in Europe: riddle 29 is the earliest vernacular attestation of the famous international riddle-type
1597: 85:. In the estimation of Jeffrey Scott Love in 2013, they 'have received more scholarly attention than any other passage in the text'. 51:('Heiðrekr's speech'), are a group of around thirty-seven Old Icelandic verse riddles that constitute the main evidence for medieval 1314: 1759: 1774: 1233:
Twenty-first-century research has concluded that the stylistic diversity of the riddles, the demonstrable predilection of
215:
that there is little chance of resonstructing the order found in the saga's archetype. Jeffrey Scott Love has noted that
1572:, ed. by Margaret Clunies Ross, Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages, 8 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2017), pp. 367-487. 1247: 57: 1657: 1643: 1507: 1369:. Twenty-first-century editions and translations focusing solely on the riddles include those by Burrows and Orchard. 1633:, 3 vols, Folklore Fellows Communications, 26–28 (Helsinki/Hamina: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1918–20), II 173–216. 228:
The H redaction groups riddles by the phrasing used in their openings while others hint at thematic organisation.
1764: 1251: 154:. Heiðrekr, realising that his visitor is Óðinn, becomes very angry and tries to strike Odin with his sword 1769: 183:
The riddles are all in verse, each one stanza long, and well integrated in their style into the genre of
52: 1451:
Wit and Wisdom: The Worldview of the Old Norse-Icelandic Riddles and their Relationship to Eddic Poetry
203: 117: 189: 1489: 1306: 116:. The following summary of the frame-story is based on the R-recension of the saga, as edited by 1535: 1493: 1593: 1407: 1730:, Studia Fennica, Folkloristica, 10 (Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society, 2001), pp. 13–14; 1754: 1731: 1713: 1675: 1531: 1481: 1433: 1404:
The Reception of 'Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks' from the Middle Ages to the Seventeenth Century
1592:. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. Vol. 69. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 89: 1679: 1437: 195: 1309:
84, 'De scrofa pregnante'; the leek riddle (number 8 above) has a close analogue in the
17: 1748: 1485: 184: 1585: 1526: 1310: 1250:, while riddle 36, the so-called 'Óðinn riddle', is a variant of the international 124: 78: 70: 1353:
Becoming more widely known in the early modern period through printed editions of
1168: 253: 151: 139: 82: 74: 150:'s ear before Baldr was cremated?"—an unsolvable riddle of the kind known as a 1326:
food and of adventure—and dangerous and unpredictable, taking lives at will'.
1728:
Riddles: Perspectives on the Use, Function, and Change in a Folklore Genre
1350:('riddle ballad'), first attested from nineteenth-century oral tradition. 1661:, trans. by Christopher Tolkien (London: Nelson, 1960), pp. xix, 43 , 90. 1457:, ed. by Martin Chase (New York: Fordham University Press, 2014), 114–35. 1455:
Eddic, Skaldic, and Beyond: Poetic Variety in Medieval Iceland and Norway
1172: 155: 1670:
Alaric Hall, 'Latin and Hebrew Analogues to The Old Norse Leek Riddle',
123:
After a violent youth, King Heiðrekr has settled down in his kingdom of
1613: 1302: 135: 128: 1476:
s Wave-Riddles and Supernatural Women in Old Norse Poetic Tradition",
246:
Verse number in Reykjavík, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar, GKS 2845 4to (R)
1735: 1692: 1450: 1365:
The riddles have been edited and translated many times as part of
1199: 147: 159: 1647:, trans. by Christopher Tolkien (London: Nelson, 1960), p. 44 . 1256: 171:
The riddles survive in the three main medieval recensions of
187:. Each stanza has six to eight lines, usually in the metre 120:; the other medieval redactions are substantively similar. 1717:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1921), pp. 212-16. 1520:
Aurelijus Vijūna, 'On the Old Icelandic Riddle Collection
1406:, Münchener Nordistische Studien, 14 (Munich: Utz, 2013); 1241:
Through the twentieth century, it was accepted that the
249:
Verse number in Uppsala, University Library, R 715 (U)
1346:
seems to have become the basis for a Faroese ballad,
193:, followed by a two-line conclusion in the metre 1590:The Old English and Anglo-Latin Riddle Tradition 1478:JEGP: Journal of English and Germanic Philology 1262: 81:, propounds riddles to the saga's protagonist, 1696:: Björn Jónsson á Skarðsá's Riddle Commentary 206:recast them as verse in his 1829–30 edition. 8: 1511:(London: Nelson, 1960), pp. 30–44 (chs 8–9). 1536:10.15388/ScandinavisticaVilnensis.2014.9.13 233: 100:The riddles are first attested as part of 1694:Oedipus industrius ænigmatum islandicorum 1378: 1505:Christopher Tolkien (ed. and trans.), 127:and become a wise king. He has in his 1465: 1463: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 7: 1680:10.1553/medievalworlds_no14_2021s289 1620:, 2.2 (April 1943), 129–47 (p. 142). 1580: 1578: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1469:Hannah Burrows, "Enigma Variations: 1438:10.1553/medievalworlds_no14_2021s265 1714:Stories and Ballads of the Far Past 1570:Poetry in 'Fornaldarsögur': Part 1 1143:Hawk with eider-duck in its claws 243:Verse number in Orchard's edition 240:Verse number in Burrows's edition 88:The riddles provide insights into 25: 1658:The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise 1644:The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise 1508:The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise 1494:10.5406/jenglgermphil.112.2.0194 1486:10.5406/jenglgermphil.112.2.0194 1631:Vergleichende Rätselforschungen 1313:and a more distant one in the 1: 1618:California Folklore Quarterly 1568:', ed. by Hannah Burrows, in 436:half-lines, otherwise normal 259:metre (apart from last line) 1315:riddles of Dunash ben Labraṭ 1248:Four Hang; Two Point the Way 414:Raven, dew, fish, waterfall 77:, disguised as a man called 43:('Gestumblindi's riddles'), 1726:Annikki Kaivola-Bregenhøj, 47:('Heiðrekr's riddles') and 27:Old Icelandic verse riddles 1791: 882:Dead snake on an ice-floe 1566:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks 1527:Scandinavistica Vilnensis 1367:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks 1361:Editions and translations 158:, but Óðinn turns into a 102:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks 58:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks 34:Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks 963:Duck nesting in a skull 18:Riddles of Heiðreks saga 1760:13th-century literature 1480:, 112 (2013), 194–216, 1337:Björn Jónsson á Skarðsá 1263: 1342:The riddle-contest in 1281: 1260: 1252:Rider-and-horse riddle 226: 210:Content and sequencing 61:(itself also known as 1674:, 14 (2021), 289–96; 1432:, 14 (2021), 265–88; 1285:that on ten feet run, 1264:Hverir eru þeir tveir 1229:Origins and analogues 217: 53:Scandinavian riddling 1775:Icelandic literature 1702:, 26 (2015), 229–73. 1530:, 9 (2014), 167-80; 1402:Jeffrey Scott Love, 1287:three their eyes are 1202:riddle (unanswered) 1283:Who are those twain 204:Carl Christian Rafn 118:Christopher Tolkien 1691:Philip Lavender, " 1449:Burrows, Hannah, " 1321:Literary criticism 1293:O prince Heidrek! 1291:This riddle ponder 1289:but only one tail? 1068:Ítrekr and Andaðr 40:Gátur Gestumblinda 1629:Cf. Antti Aarne, 1412:978-3-8316-4225-0 1299: 1298: 1272:Heiðrekr konungr, 1266:er tíu hafa fœtr, 1226: 1225: 734:Hnefatafl pieces 73:in which the god 55:. 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99: 87: 79:Gestumblindi 66: 62: 56: 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 31: 29: 1006:mixture of 759:Ptarmigans 697:mixture of 667:mixture of 562:mixture of 167:Manuscripts 152:neck-riddle 96:Frame-story 49:Heiðreksmál 32:riddles of 1749:Categories 1614:The Riddle 1373:References 1268:augu þrjú, 1193:ljóðaháttr 1137:ljóðaháttr 1087:ljóðaháttr 1037:ljóðaháttr 932:ljóðaháttr 901:ljóðaháttr 876:ljóðaháttr 852:ljóðaháttr 828:ljóðaháttr 803:ljóðaháttr 778:ljóðaháttr 753:ljóðaháttr 728:ljóðaháttr 669:ljóðaháttr 643:ljóðaháttr 618:ljóðaháttr 593:ljóðaháttr 564:ljóðaháttr 538:ljóðaháttr 513:ljóðaháttr 488:ljóðaháttr 463:ljóðaháttr 438:ljóðaháttr 434:ljóðaháttr 432:lines 1–4 408:ljóðaháttr 383:ljóðaháttr 358:ljóðaháttr 333:ljóðaháttr 308:ljóðaháttr 283:ljóðaháttr 190:ljóðaháttr 136:sacrifices 114:Grímnismál 1348:Gátu ríma 1330:Influence 1221:málaháttr 1012:málaháttr 912:hnefatafl 709:Angelica 703:málaháttr 673:málaháttr 649:Obsidian 237:Solution 110:Alvíssmál 1588:(2021). 1173:Sleipnir 1093:Piglets 469:Bellows 254:Hauksbók 156:Tyrfingr 83:Heiðrekr 1755:Riddles 1303:Aldhelm 1208:GES EP 1118:Embers 938:Shield 599:Spider 389:Anchor 339:Hammer 65:and as 1700:Gripla 1596:  1492:  1453:", in 1410:  1307:enigma 858:Waves 834:Waves 809:Waves 784:Waves 574:Arrow 289:Paths 112:, and 1490:JSTOR 1474:' 1200:Baldr 1169:Óðinn 1018:Fire 679:Swan 494:Hail 444:Leek 148:Baldr 140:Óðinn 75:Óðinn 1594:ISBN 1408:ISBN 1171:and 1010:and 988:Cow 908:Húnn 701:and 671:and 624:Sun 566:and 364:Fog 314:Dew 264:Ale 179:Form 160:hawk 129:hirð 30:The 1732:doi 1698:", 1676:doi 1616:', 1532:doi 1524:,' 1482:doi 1434:doi 1305:'s 1217:66 1214:75 1211:70 1205:37 1189:65 1186:74 1183:69 1180:35 1177:36 1158:64 1152:68 1149:34 1146:35 1133:63 1124:33 1121:34 1108:62 1105:72 1102:65 1099:32 1096:33 1083:61 1080:59 1077:52 1074:31 1071:32 1058:60 1049:30 1046:31 1033:59 1030:63 1027:54 1024:29 1021:30 1003:58 997:67 994:28 991:29 978:57 975:70 972:62 969:27 966:28 953:56 950:71 947:57 944:26 941:27 928:55 925:61 922:56 919:25 916:26 910:in 897:54 894:69 891:51 888:24 885:25 872:53 869:65 866:64 861:24 845:53 842:61 837:23 824:52 821:52 818:60 815:22 812:22 799:51 796:54 793:59 790:21 787:21 774:50 771:55 768:58 765:20 762:20 749:49 746:60 743:53 740:19 737:19 724:48 721:58 718:50 715:18 712:18 694:47 691:68 688:49 685:17 682:17 664:46 661:62 658:48 655:16 652:16 639:45 630:15 627:15 614:44 611:56 608:46 605:14 602:14 589:43 580:13 577:13 559:42 556:73 553:66 550:12 547:12 534:41 525:11 522:11 509:40 500:10 497:10 484:39 481:67 478:45 459:38 456:57 453:47 429:37 404:36 401:66 398:63 379:35 376:64 373:55 354:34 351:51 348:44 329:33 326:50 323:43 304:32 301:49 298:42 279:31 276:48 273:41 138:to 1751:: 1577:^ 1543:^ 1488:, 1462:^ 1419:^ 1381:^ 1254:: 1155:✗ 1130:✗ 1127:✗ 1055:✗ 1052:✗ 1000:✗ 848:✗ 636:✗ 633:✗ 586:✗ 583:✗ 531:✗ 528:✗ 506:✗ 503:✗ 475:9 472:9 450:8 447:8 426:✗ 423:✗ 420:7 417:7 395:6 392:6 370:5 367:5 345:4 342:4 320:3 317:3 295:2 292:2 270:1 267:1 108:, 1738:. 1734:: 1682:. 1678:: 1602:. 1564:' 1538:. 1534:: 1496:. 1484:: 1440:. 1436:: 1414:. 20:)

Index

Riddles of Heiðreks saga
Scandinavian riddling
Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks
riddle-contest
Óðinn
Gestumblindi
Heiðrekr
Norse mythology
Christopher Tolkien
Reiðgotaland
hirð
sacrifices
Óðinn
Baldr
neck-riddle
Tyrfingr
hawk
Eddaic poetry
ljóðaháttr
fornyrðislag
Carl Christian Rafn
Hauksbók
Óðinn
Sleipnir
Baldr
Four Hang; Two Point the Way
Rider-and-horse riddle
Aldhelm
enigma
Bern Riddles

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