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anarchist protest leaders held that they shared more important long-term goals, however, of deposing foreign capitalist interests, and used the issue of fumes to stand a class-based opposition to Rio Tinto. Beginning in
January, the Anti-Smoke League funded the militant anarchist Maximiliano Tornet, formerly of Cuba, to roil the workers to action, resulting in demands for improved pay and conditions. Other area anarchist groups pledged their support to protest against the company.
71:) to deliver their petitions to the mayor. While the mayor spoke with the crowd's representatives, the Huelva military governor and civil guards watched over the protest. The military governor's attempts to disperse the crowd only incensed it further. The civil guards, under perceived threat of mob violence, fired on the crowd, killing 13 and injuring 35. Other casualty estimates vary widely. One counts 45 dead and 70ā100 wounded.
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Having failed in the protest's aims, a number of workers turned from anarchism to socialism for social change, though mineworkers would largely continue to associate with anarchism for another decade. The protest's leaders, including Tornet, left or were driven from the mines. Anarchism in the region
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in blast furnaces. It was an unlikely alliance, as the Anti-Smoke League desired an end to calcination, based on what the toxic fumes did to local farmland, but the workers understood its necessity and were willing to accept recompense in exchange for periods when smoke prevented normal work. The
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Charles E. Harvey, who wrote a history of the Rio Tinto
Company, described this protest as the only regional example prior to 1900 of anarchist action based on confronting class differences ("communalist" anarchism) as opposed to reformist actions based on unions ("collectivist" anarchism).
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Castillo CaƱiz, Assumpta (December 12, 2020). "Violence
Against Strikers in the Rural Peripheries of the Iberian Peninsula, 1890ā1915". In Millan, Matteo; Saluppo, Alessandro (eds.).
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At noon on
February 4, 1888, several thousand rank and fileāagriculturalists, anarchists, and mikeworkersāmarched from
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returned to a more collectivist approach, with specific, targeted strikes rather than general strikes.
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The Rio Tinto
Company: An Economic History of a Leading International Mining Concern, 1873-1954
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Corporate
Policing, Yellow Unionism, and Strikebreaking, 1890ā1930: In Defence of Freedom
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Capitalismo minero y resistencia rural en el suroeste andaluz: RĆo Tinto, 1873ā1900
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Not on Queen
Victoria's Birthday: The Story of the Rio Tinto Mines
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Constructing
Spanish Womanhood: Female Identity in Modern Spain
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Enders, Victoria LorƩe; Radcliff, Pamela Beth, eds. (1999).
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came together to protest the company practice of open-air
309:(in Spanish). Huelva: DiputaciĆ³n Provincial de Huelva.
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In early 1888, Anti-Smoke League agriculturalists and
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94:CompaƱĆa EspaƱola de Minas de RĆo Tinto
305:Ferrero Blanco, MarĆa Dolores (1994).
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16:1888 mass killing in Andalusia, Spain
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355:"Rioting at the Rio Tinto Mines"
25:fired on a crowd of protesting
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478:Massacres committed by Spain
65:to the Rio Tinto town hall (
254:. Alison Hodge Publishers.
248:Harvey, Charles E. (1981).
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171:, p. 50, n. 55.
99:Rio Tinto Company Limited
463:Labour disputes in Spain
333:"Current Foreign Topics"
473:Anti-anarchism in Spain
458:Rio Tinto (corporation)
230:10.4324/9780429354243-4
468:Environmental protests
185:. SUNY Press. p.
341:. February 29, 1888.
278:Avery, David (1974).
21:On February 4, 1888,
433:February 1888 events
363:. February 6, 1888.
75:Aftermath and legacy
57:Protest and massacre
23:Spanish civil guards
282:. London: Collins.
169:Castillo CaƱiz 2020
159:, pp. 132ā133.
448:Anarchism in Spain
443:Massacres in Spain
360:The New York Times
338:The New York Times
223:. pp. 44ā61.
438:Massacres in 1888
316:978-84-86842-81-9
289:978-0-00-211334-2
261:978-0-906720-03-5
240:978-0-429-35424-3
196:978-0-7914-4029-2
43:Rio Tinto workers
27:Rio Tinto Company
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50:calcination
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37:Background
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369:0362-4331
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