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both projectiles and irritants to disperse the protesters. These incidents were widely documented through the use of social media. Documentation and support for the protests further facilitated the movement. One study, recorded by the
National Institute of Health, studied the usage of social media as well as its contributions to the movement's legitimacy. Counter-protesters as well as right wing militia committed violence against the protesters in addition to police departments. Instead of irritants or other standardized tools for riot control, these counter-protesters often used more violent techniques such as ramming into protesters with their cars. Data supports that Black Lives Matter protests in particular were faced with much more state intervention. Suppression techniques that were used by both the state and right wing counter-protesters resulted in injury and death. Both during and after the protests, there were many pieces of legislation that either were passed or were written to curb these protests. Law makers and the public questioned riot control and its violations of the First Amendment including the right to assembly and the right to free speech. 45 U.S. states had considered this legislation. Concerns were raised by both political parties on the distinction between riots and protests.
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1276:, was a trying time for all Americans as protesters stormed the Capitol Building in Washington D.C. In the process, they beat, trampled, sprayed police officers with chemicals, overwhelmed the police, and almost killed numerous police officers who attempted to stop them from entering the Capitol. In response to this horrific event, members of the Capitol Police and Metropolitan Police Department are to this day suffering from PTSD, anxiety, and depression. The trauma was so significant that Police Officers Bobby Tabron and DeDivine K. Carter of the Metropolitan Police Department filed a lawsuit against former President,
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against the protesters resulted in at least six hundred injuries and sixty deaths. Spain had traditionally funded the government in past years and continued to do so to provide weaponry and funding to dismantle these protests. The NGO Amnesty
International called on Spain to discontinue these exports citing it as "lethal repression." The security forces came in with assault weapons and in one incident opened fire on protesters. Amnesty International interpreted that the President should be held criminally responsible for the deaths and injuries that the protesters had sustained.
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Different countries use different methods of riot control. Chloroacetophenone, chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (tear gas) and dibenzoxazepine are common ingredients for riot control. These are highly toxic and cancerous. Countries often have different standards for usage of chemicals like capsaicin (pepper spray) and who is allowed to own and use these chemicals for self-defense. Some scholars have called for natural alternatives to limit long term health effects like those found in the
Capsicum genus and the Zingiber genus.
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other means is by intensive air exchange—preferably with hot air. Exposed streets and sidewalks will have toxic and irritating CS powder that will be stirred into the air by traffic and pedestrians long after the cloud has dissipated, and should be washed away with water. In contrast to human beings, domesticated animals generally have lower sensitivity to tear gases. Dogs and horses can therefore be used by police for riot control even when tear gas is used.
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1132:" tactics might also be used where several police officers, usually in protective riot gear, rush forwards, occasionally in flying wedge formation to break through the front of a crowd, with the objective of snatching one or more individuals from a riot that are attempting to control the demonstration at which they are present; the target may be a leader or a speaker, or someone who seems to be leading the crowd. This tactic was used in the
38:
160:. Even though riot tactics are effective in controlling crowds, they can also lead to significant psychological effects on both the rioters and the police. Exposure to intense fear, stress, and violence during these confrontations can result in long-term mental health issues, like anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and heightened aggression, which can impact the well-being of protesters and police officers.
287:. These platoons, either horse mounted or on foot were composed of 40 gendarmes each (60 in the Paris Region). In 1926, the platoons formed the "Garde RĂ©publicaine mobile" (mobile republican guard or GRM), which became a distinct branch of the Gendarmerie in 1927, the platoons becoming part of companies and legions. By 1940, the GRM was a force 21,000 strong, composed of 14 LĂ©gions, 54 company groups and 167 companies.
1182:, anxiety, and depression. Studies have shown that rubber bullets, water cannons, and tear gas cause not only problems like eye irritation and external and internal injuries, but can also cause individuals to develop psychological issues. This all comes after the American Public Health Association named police violence as a "public health issue," making it crucial to study the psychological effects caused by riots.
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legitimacy as well as the ethics of containing protests. There are discussions on the implications of the perceived military-civilian split. For example, the United States regards its police as civilians. However, the ambiguity of the laws allows for the police to act as military in conflicts with U.S. citizens which has typically been seen as legitimate or at least legal.
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1280:. They cite that by inciting the mob, Donald Trump caused them "severe injuries" and great "emotional distress." Both officers still suffer from recurrent dreams and thoughts of the horrific attack on the Nation's Capitol Building. Beyond this lawsuit, multiple police officers who responded to the Capitol committed suicide in the following months:
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893:. Its effectiveness compared to natural pepper spray is uncertain and it reportedly has caused some injuries. When undesirables threaten an area, such as a riot after a soccer game, riot police are called in to subdue them. In these situations, the police may use pepper spray, or water cannons to neutralize the threat.
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can easily be inactivated by means of a water solution. Skin is suitably decontaminated of CS and CN gas by thorough washing with soap and water. CS is then decomposed, whereas CN is only removed via soap and water. The effects of CR gas are greatly increased by water, causing any attempt to DECON CR
425:
The summer of 2020 oversaw a large number of mass protests for Black Lives Matter to address systemic bias in police departments. Due to the high volume of protests, police departments and sparsely the
National Guard were sent to end the long protests. Police departments often wore riot gear and used
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When looking at the
January 6th riots, they present a contradiction, as many of the attendees were Republicans, which tend to favor and support the police There has become a shift now where Republicans have become more in favor of a limited government in order to conserve their freedoms. In terms of
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As protests and riots rage on throughout the world, there is an ongoing concern that riot control is having an impact on individuals' mental health. This rise in protests has caused an inevitable increase in law-enforcement violence, which has profound impacts on the mental health of protesters and
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There are also legitimate health and safety concerns. Some effects of riot agents include irritation, runny nose, chest tightness, coughing as well as swelling. Long term effects include blindness and respiratory failure. Death can also occur instantly due to chemical burns and respiratory failure.
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There has been public controversy when it has come to the tactics of riot control. Moral and legal questions have emerged regarding constitutional rights such as the right to assembly as well as free speech. This form of state violence is also controversial as discussions have emerged regarding the
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The front-line officers in a riot control are often fully armored and carry weapons such as batons, designed to be in direct contact with the crowd. These officers subdue rioters and subsequently allow the less heavily armoured, more mobile officers to make arrests where it is deemed necessary. In
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Decontamination of material after contamination with CR gas is not possible for up to 45 days. CS can be decontaminated l with a 5–10 percent soda solution or 2 percent alkaline solution. If this type of decontamination cannot be accomplished (e.g., contaminated rooms and furniture), then the only
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created specialized "mobile" gendarmerie forces several times during the 19th century in times of trouble but these units were disbanded soon after the end of the troubles they had been tasked to handle and there was no permanent organization in place until it was finally decided in 1921 to create
259:
Maintaining order during demonstrations and quenching riots has always been a challenge for governments and administrations. Until early in the 20th century, no dedicated force really existed in most countries and the traditional response when the regular police force proved inadequate was to call
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are combined with its training, allowing an officer to more safely infiltrate a crowd. Usually, when front-facing a riot, officers slowly walk in a line parallel to the riot's front, extending to both its ends, as they noisily and simultaneously march and beat their shields with their batons, to
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erupted who were against the
Congress and President Dina Bolurate. In December of 2022, the government suspended several constitutional rights. These included the right to prevent troops from entering and staying in one's home, the freedom of movement, and the freedom of assembly. The force used
91:
If a riot is both spontaneous and irrational, then actions which cause people to stop and think for a moment (e.g. loud noises or issuing instructions in a calm tone) can be enough to stop it. However, these methods usually fail when there is severe anger with a legitimate cause, or the riot was
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protesters who encountered police violence had a 1.54% higher likelihood of experiencing severe depressive symptoms and were 2.58 times more likely to exhibit signs indicative of PTSD. In the whole scheme of police violence towards protesters, it is said that people who were involved in or just
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and hurled objects such as bottles and bricks. The gear frequently worn by riot control officers protects the entire body with no vulnerable spots to exploit. For example, the helmets worn by riot control officers have an additional outward-extending part that protects the back of the neck from
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Long the only large force specialized in maintaining or restoring law and order in France during demonstrations or riots, the GRM progressively developed the doctrine and skills needed in that role: exercise restraint, avoid confrontation as long as possible, always leave an "exit door" for the
1231:. Even without riots considering riots, police officers already have almost double the risk of developing PTSD, depression, and anxiety than the average person. When working the frontline of a riot is added, these numbers are bound to go up. For example, during the unrest after the murders of
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The Hong Kong anti-extradition bill protests are an example that has been studied due to its psychological health effects, stemming from the severe nature of the police response. During these protests in Hong Kong, the police reportedly used upwards of 16,000 canisters of tear gas on these
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When considering the psychological effects of riot control, it is important to also examine how police officers are impacted by riots. They are exposed to some of the same risks and challenges, such as having objects thrown at them, being physically assaulted, and being exposed to
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which involves police officers charging at a crowd of people with batons and in some cases, riot shields. They run at the crowd hitting people with their batons, and in some situations use riot shields to push them away. Baton charging is designed to cause the maximum amount of
765:
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Backpack dispensers for riot control agents, when the intent is to use a larger quantity than possible with grenades, are one type of device used by organizations that might, for example, need to cover a prison yard. Dispensers are also made for attachment to helicopters; see
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with positive locking mechanisms or other extra means of retention, if their agencies can afford such tools. However, this can be a trade-off that increases the amount of time needed to draw the sidearm in an emergency. Alternately, riot police may not carry sidearms at all.
705:
383:. The skills developed in Shanghai have been adopted and adapted by both international police forces and clandestine warfare units. Fairbairn was again the central figure, not only leading the Reserve Unit, but teaching his methods around the world, including in the
833:, or to clear a building. They can rapidly produce sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which usually disappear within 15 minutes (for tear gas) and up to 2 hours (for pepper spray) following termination of exposure. They can also be used for
1239:, the number of recorded cases of PTSD among police officers skyrocketed upwards of 30%. With the increase in mental illness from the civil unrest and public scrutiny, many police officers resigned, resorted to substance abuse, and even suicide.
484:
may also be worn. While the visual of police in full riot gear may be intimidating, today's riot suits are designed to minimize injuries and prevent fatalities for both officers and citizens. This evolution of riot gear signifies a move towards
972:. Among a long list of substances, these three have become of greater importance than the others because of their effectiveness and low risks when used. Today, CS has largely replaced CN as the most widely used tear gas internationally.
474:
For protection, officers that are trained in police anti-riot schools performing riot control will often wear protective helmets and carry riot shields. These are designed to protect the wearer from those dangers that come from direct
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protesters. In response to the extreme amount of force used on the protesters, a survey found that 25.7% of the population experienced depression, while 9.1% had thoughts of committing suicide. There were similar findings during the
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Under
Fairbairn, the SMP developed a myriad of riot control measures. These riot control techniques led to the introduction of Shanghai's "Reserve Unit", used to forcibly disband riots and respond to high-level crimes such as
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520:, which may be stolen or even used against the police. In a very heavy crowd, the officer may not be able to see who is responsible for snatching a weapon, and may not even notice that it has happened. For this reason,
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881:. Desmethyldihydrocapsaicin, a synthetic analogue of capsaicin also known as pelargonic acid vanillylamide or PAVA, is used in another version of pepper spray known as PAVA spray and used in the
408:
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personnel who are trained in riot tactics, along with normal divisional officers. If the demonstration turns violent, police will seal roads and other exits to contain protesters in a single area (known as
689:
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While the use of tear gas in warfare is prohibited by various international treaties that most countries have signed, use by police and for private self-defense is not banned in an international manner.
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572:). The decision is based on the perceived level of threat and the existing laws; in many countries it is illegal to use lethal force to control riots in all but the most extreme circumstances.
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that is used to temporarily incapacitate through irritation of eyes and/or respiratory system. It is used as a hand-held spray or can be fired in canisters that heat up spewing out an
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via soap and water to increase the severity and duration of the effects. When decontamination of CR is attempted with soap and water the effects of CR can last up to 48 hours
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in Egypt, where school children in schools near the Tahrir Square (the location of massive riots) were experiencing higher rates of depression. In France, it was found that
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which entangles the target. Netguns have a long history of being used to capture wildlife, without injury, for research purposes. A netgun is currently in development for
1863:
Chang, Ho-Chun
Herbert; Richardson, Allissa; Ferrara, Emilio (2022-12-07). "#JusticeforGeorgeFloyd: How Instagram facilitated the 2020 Black Lives Matter protests".
505:, which contributes to minimizing injuries and casualties for all parties involved. These advancements have revolutionized crowd control by shifting from relying on
480:
assault. To provide even greater protection, the protective equipment often provides ballistic protection. If tear gas or other riot control agents are to be used,
2254:
1910:
1896:
Culver, Kathleen
Bartzen, and Douglas M. McLeod. 2023. "“Anti-Riot” or “Anti-Protest” Legislation? Black Lives Matter, News Framing, and the Protest Paradigm"
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1128:. Tear gas and other more offensive tactics are used as a last resort. Throughout police will be videoing or photographing protesters for future arrests, "
216:
2324:
Moussa, Suaad; Kholy, Monira El; Enaba, Dalia; Salem, Khadiga; Ali, Asmaa; Nasreldin, Mohamed; Gabal, Mohamed; Emadeldin, Maha; Moselhy, Hamdy F. (2015).
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1421:, which causes the water in the upper epidermis to boil, stimulating a "burning" sensation in the nerve endings and generating intense pain.
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was a Black man who was murdered by a
Minneapolis Police Officer in May of 2020 during an arrest. Subsequently, many Americans protested for
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purposes. Stink bombs are believed to be less dangerous than other riot control chemicals, since they are effective at low concentrations.
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crowd, etc. In 1940, after the fall of France, the German authorities had the GRM disbanded but it was reinstated in 1944 and renamed
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Ni, Michael Y.; Kim, Yoona; McDowell, Ian; Wong, Suki; Qiu, Hong; Wong, Irene Ol; Galea, Sandro; Leung, Gabriel M. (March 2020).
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had become one of the world's most dangerous cities due to a breakdown in law and order in the country and the growth of
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of 1925: 'Prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials"'
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912:. Having been used for years against demonstrators, it is increasingly being used by police in routine interventions.
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1911:"Peru: Killings and injuries in protests could implicate president and chain of command as criminally responsible"
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2630:"FACT SHEET: 80% of House Republicans Propose Defunding COPS as President Biden Insists on Funding the Police"
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numbers, 80% of Republicans in the House of Representatives now favor the defunding of police departments.
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are weapons of various types that use sound to injure or incapacitate subjects using a focused beam of
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There have been cases where lethal weapons are used to violently suppress a protest or riot, as in the
100:
and whips to disperse crowds and detain rioters. Since the 1980s, riot control officers have also used
1120:) to prevent widespread damage and wait until the protesters tire. These tactics were seen during the
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In the United Kingdom, usually when large demonstrations take place that are deemed unstable, the
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methods that prioritize public safety and safeguard the well-being of law enforcement officers.
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7 is about 15 min. at room temperature) and extremely rapid when alkali is added (half-life at
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1156:, in the hope that they would be compelled to move away from the scene, dispersing the crowd.
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face of a greater threat, the riot police will be backed up with other officers equipped with
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tactics and de-escalation approaches. Contemporary riot gear incorporated innovations such as
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defense training, although their use in warfare itself is a violation of Article I.5 of the
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and various kinds of tear gas. These chemicals disperse a crowd that could be protesting or
792:
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451:
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that launch a fragile ball which breaks upon impact and releases an irritant powder called
980:
At room temperature, tear gases are white solids. They are stable when heated and have low
516:
One of many additional concerns is to prevent people in the crowd from snatching officers'
317:
The first squad trained in modern techniques of riot control in Asia was formed in 1925 in
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1647:
993:
841:. Article II.9 of the CWC specifically authorizes their use for domestic law enforcement.
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In France, for example, several revolts were fueled by poor handling by the military. The
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Pepper spray typically comes in canisters, which are often small enough to be carried or
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37:
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on horses. Persons performing riot control typically wear protective equipment such as
141:
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1808:
587:, a 6 to 8 foot (1.8 to 2.4 m) long cane with a blunt metal tip. Vehicle-mounted
2690:
2376:"Mental health during and after protests, riots and revolutions: A systematic review"
2280:"Police use of force during street protests: A pressing public mental health concern"
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German police deploy an armoured riot control vehicle at a demonstration in Hamburg.
1012:
9 is about 1 min.). CR is hydrolyzed only to a negligible extent in water solution.
1762:
Maintenir l'Ordre: Les transformations de la violence d'Etat en régime démocratique
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living in areas affected by riots could experience an uptick in PTSD by 4% to 41%.
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61:
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2303:"Probable depression and suicidal ideation in Hong Kong amid massive civil unrest"
1052:
1766:
Maintaining Order: The Transformations of State Violence into a Democratic System
900:
in a pocket or purse. Pepper spray can also be bought concealed in items such as
2028:
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weapons are being tested, which cover and immobilize rioters with a gooey foam.
1377:
1187:
950:
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368:
340:
157:
2326:"Impact of political violence on the mental health of school children in Egypt"
2231:"Lethal in Disguise - How Crowd-Control Weapons Impact Health and Human Rights"
1451: – Area set aside in public places for the purpose of political protesting
1466: – gear that protects the wearer against injuries caused by blunt impacts
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Intervention vehicle for social events that interfered with demonstrators in
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determines the type of offensive equipment used. The base choice is between
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may be sent in following an initial subduing with firepower. Occasionally,
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Research into weapons that are more effective for riot control continues.
17:
2002:
1508:
1417:, specifically, high-frequency microwave radiation, at a frequency of 95
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may serve to augment personal weapons. Some water cannons let police add
549:
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U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command (CBDCOM) (June 1998),
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85:
41:
American marines and Caribbean soldiers clashing during a riot control
1745:
1729:"Histoire de la Maréchaussée et de la Gendarmerie. Guide de recherche"
1355:(capsaicin II) pepper. The launchers are often slightly modified .68
1091:
may first be sent into the crowd. The might and height offered by the
1022:
are, thus, difficult to decompose under practical conditions, whereas
743:
in confrontation with protesters in the historical center of the city.
2175:"Impact of Police Violence on Mental Health: A Theoretical Framework"
1937:"The History of Police Riot Gear: Changes in Crowd Control Equipment"
1637:
1348:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1001:
969:
965:
961:
890:
696:
73:
2290:– via EClinicalMedicine: Part of the Lancet Discovery Science.
2119:"Always Already Military: Police, Public Safety, and State Violence"
447:
2578:"Fourth officer who responded to US Capitol attack dies by suicide"
1731:[History of the National Gendarmerie and the Gendarmerie].
1111:
responsible for the demonstration in that area will usually deploy
1004:
is added. CS is rapidly hydrolyzed in water solution (half-life at
1390:
1311:
1198:
Risk factors that can exacerbate mental health issues from riots:
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used for riot control. Most commonly used riot control agents are
561:
502:
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457:
446:
407:
297:
255:
GRM horse platoon and rioteers Paris - Place de la Concorde - 1934
250:
117:
36:
2611:"Conservatives love limited government — and aggressive policing"
2423:"Mental Disorders and Mental Health Promotion in Police Officers"
1807:
Vortisch, Hans-Christian (10 January 2008). Masters, Phil (ed.).
641:
is shooting tear gas canisters using an Alsetex "Cougar" launcher
2230:
1369:
1321:
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830:
720:
77:
1502: – Armored vehicle operated outside military organizations
2255:"Addressing Law Enforcement Violence as a Public Health Issue"
1900:
4, no. 1: 216-230. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia4010015
1418:
871:, which is a chemical derived from the fruit of plants in the
592:
2553:"A Year Later, Jan. 6 Still Haunts Some D.C. Police Officers"
2529:"A Year Later, Jan. 6 Still Haunts Some D.C. Police Officers"
2173:
DeVylder, Jordan; Fedina, Lisa; Link, Bruce (November 2020).
771:
Pellet shotguns have been used by Indian security forces for
2100:"Operation TAILWIND Review: Extract of U.S Air Force Report"
92:
planned or organized. Riot control personnel have long used
2102:. Air Force Historical Office. 16 July 1998. Archived from
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1005:
343:
training, were pioneered by British Assistant Commissioner
27:
Measures taken against unlawful or violent crowds of people
2480:"Violence, Stress, Scrutiny Weigh On Police Mental Health"
857:
operator in riot gear holding a Tac700 Pepperball Launcher
2007:
h2g2, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Earth Edition
595:
to mark rioters or tear gas to help disperse the crowds.
355:
as a response to a staggering rise in armed crime in the
1796:] (in French). Spe Barthelemy Eds. 24 November 2006.
1493: – Type of disaster that occurs due to overcrowding
1056:
Mounted riot police as crowd control during protests in
1511: – Police tactic of containing people at a protest
1504:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1495:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1459:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1368:
are devices designed to create an extremely unpleasant
1983:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
1827:"Alex Golshani: The George Floyd Protests in New York"
1000:
of CN is very slow in a water solution, especially if
1809:"GURPS Martial Arts: Fairbairn Close Combat Training"
260:
upon the army, often with disastrous results: either
2380:
The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
1468:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1173:
Psychological toll on protesters and Police officers
2149:"CDC | Fact Sheet: Facts About Riot Control Agents"
1457: – Protective clothing; armor worn on the body
1242:Symptoms that Police Officer may face after riots:
1096:cause fear and psychological effects on the crowd.
462:Polish riot police squad in the 1930s, with opaque
454:
armored riot control vehicle with water cannon ISBI
1768:] (in French). Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.
1147:A more straightforward tactic police may use is a
583:, a heavy leather or plastic whip, and the Indian
2009:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 19 April 2011
1790:Histoire de la Gendarmerie mobile d'ĂŽle-de-France
885:. Another synthetic counterpart of pepper spray,
1794:History of the ĂŽle-de-France Mobile Gendarmerie
1733:Annales historiques de la Révolution française
1517: – Tactics used by police in riot control
1320:officer stands ready with a sonic weapon, the
984:. Consequently, they are usually dispersed as
962:ortho-chlorobenzylidene-malononitrile (CS gas)
960:Popular tear gases include the eye irritants
267:The terminology arguably first arises in the
8:
2505:"Mental Health For Law Enforcement Officers"
2330:Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England)
324:as a response to the mismanaged riot of the
1962:3.1 Manufacturers | the Thermal Fogger
1445: – Warfare tactic used to erode morale
1284:Metropolitan Police Officer Gunther Hashida
152:(vests, neck protectors, knee pads, etc.),
1475: – Police tactic for crowd dispersion
1464:Blunt trauma personal protective equipment
1429:that use intense light to cause temporary
1332:are non-lethal weapons designed to fire a
1287:Metropolitan Police Officer Kyle DeFreytag
120:. In some cases, riot squads may also use
2454:
2206:
2061:Commercial Backpack Blower/Sprayer System
1744:
1727:Gainot, Bernard (October–December 2005).
992:in water but can be dissolved in several
867:The active ingredient in pepper-spray is
283:"Mobile Gendarmerie platoons" within the
1222:Psychological Effects on Police Officers
945:Tear gas is a non-specific term for any
719:by the Cabinet of Ministers building in
1710:
1686:
1487: – Application of crowd psychology
1264:Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death
1214:Lack of support from family and friends
612:
2654:"Experimental Riot Control: Riot Foam"
2086:"FM 19-15 CHPTR 9 Riot Control Agents"
1977:"Article II. Definitions and Criteria"
889:, was developed and is widely used in
575:Special riot hand weapons include the
2369:
2367:
2047:from the original on 24 October 2002.
908:available, which can be fired from a
7:
2278:Adam-Troin, Jais (August 21, 2020).
1552:Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité
1534:Units for the Reinstatement of Order
699:at the March of Independence in 2011
2033:Do or die: Voices from Earth First!
2029:"CS Gas: How to combat the effects"
970:dibenz (b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR gas)
773:crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir
229:Citizenship Amendment Act protests
25:
2478:Ridderbusch, Katja (2021-06-14).
2179:American Journal of Public Health
1675:Use of bayonets for crowd control
1601:Unidades de IntervenciĂłn Policial
1584:Carabinieri Mobile Units Division
2674:
2035:(7). United Kingdom: 135. 1998.
1481: – Public security practice
1122:2009 G-20 London summit protests
941:for deploying tear gas canisters
784:
764:
748:
732:
704:
688:
669:
646:
630:
615:
331:New policing methods, including
2628:House, The White (2024-03-25).
1875::10.1371/journal.pone.0277864.
1318:New York City Police Department
1126:2010 student protests in London
434:Between 2022 and 2023, several
2301:Hou, Wai Kai (February 2021).
1433:or disorientation of rioters.
695:Polish riot control police in
264:or use of excessive violence.
225:2018–2019 Gaza border protests
217:1989 Tiananmen Square protests
165:Nika Riots in the Roman Empire
1:
2342:10.3109/09638237.2015.1019047
1668:Pellet guns (pellet shotguns)
1627:Category:Riot control weapons
811:Category:Riot control weapons
76:people who are involved in a
2660:. How It Works. August 2011.
1760:Bruneteaux, Patrick (1996).
1621:Weapons used in riot control
1500:Non-military armored vehicle
1296:Metropolitan Police Officer
1140:who deployed this tactic in
818:(sometimes called RCAs) are
181:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
2576:Lowell, Hugo (2021-08-03).
2484:Georgia Public Broadcasting
2313:– via Science Direct.
1249:Nervousness or restlessness
1178:police officers, including
1087:As a less aggressive step,
1035:Dispensing large quantities
966:chloroacetophenone (CN gas)
839:Chemical Weapons Convention
598:In major unrest, police in
404:Black Lives Matter Protests
122:Long Range Acoustic Devices
2713:
2609:Tait, Joshua (June 2020).
2503:Gear, Haven (2023-09-20).
2427:Health Psychology Research
1935:Gear, Haven (2019-07-09).
1643:Long Range Acoustic Device
1624:
1217:Ongoing personal conflicts
1211:Excessive social media use
1208:Prior exposure to violence
1202:Lower socioeconomic status
919:
887:pelargonic acid morpholide
860:
808:
656:troops attempting to keep
130:armoured fighting vehicles
29:
1578:Territorial Support Group
1415:electromagnetic radiation
1138:Greater Manchester Police
546:less-than-lethal weaponry
470:had not been invented yet
466:and no helmet visors, as
353:Shanghai Municipal Police
2392:10.1177/0004867419899165
2191:10.2105/AJPH.2020.305874
1443:Demoralization (warfare)
1109:territorial police force
953:cloud at a steady rate.
906:pepper spray projectiles
805:Riot control agent (RCA)
623:French gendarmes mobiles
307:International Settlement
285:Departmental Gendarmerie
233:2022 Sri Lankan protests
221:2017 Venezuelan protests
30:Not to be confused with
1528:Garda Public Order Unit
1427:directed-energy weapons
1342:Pepper-spray projectile
1290:Capitol Police Officer
1261:Anxiety or restlessness
988:. All of them have low
2307:Annals of Epidemiology
2117:Seigel, Micol (2019).
1825:Bell, Eugenia (2020).
1814:. Steve Jackson Games.
1717:A Hash House Haul 1915
1570:Special Tactical Squad
1407:directed-energy weapon
1325:
1142:Manchester city centre
1104:
1060:
942:
858:
739:Riot control group of
658:Vietnam War protesters
577:wooden or rubber baton
532:The initial choice of
471:
455:
412:
333:combat pistol shooting
326:May Thirtieth Movement
314:
256:
46:
2658:How It Works Magazine
1915:Amnesty International
1843:10.1353/tyr.2020.0102
1399:Active denial systems
1372:for riot control and
1315:
1102:
1055:
929:
852:
741:Rio de Janeiro Police
461:
450:
411:
301:
254:
52:measures are used by
40:
2683:at Wikimedia Commons
1898:Journalism and Media
1564:Police Tactical Unit
1546:Mobile Brigade Corps
1246:Increased heart rate
816:Riot control agents
345:William E. Fairbairn
280:National Gendarmerie
241:Mahsa Amini protests
213:Bloody Sunday (1972)
209:RĂo Piedras massacre
201:Bloody Sunday (1905)
193:Sharpeville massacre
185:Kent State Shootings
2615:The Washington Post
2439:10.52965/001c.93904
1590:Mobile Unit (Italy)
1580:(London in England)
1113:Police Support Unit
823:lachrymatory agents
677:Syrian riot control
393:Straits Settlements
337:hand to hand combat
134:aerial surveillance
94:less lethal weapons
2421:Santre, Siriporn.
2235:Lethal in Disguise
2123:American Quarterly
2106:on April 20, 2009.
1558:Mobile Gendarmerie
1540:Rapid Action Force
1522:Riot control units
1485:Crowd manipulation
1413:. The ADS directs
1326:
1144:on 9 August 2011.
1136:, most notably by
1134:2011 England Riots
1105:
1061:
943:
922:Lachrymatory agent
859:
711:Defensive line of
509:to employing more
472:
456:
421:Black Lives Matter
413:
349:Eric Anthony Sykes
315:
293:Mobile Gendarmerie
273:A Hash House Fraud
257:
237:2022 Kazakh unrest
173:Haymarket Massacre
47:
2679:Media related to
2185:(11): 1704–1710.
2153:emergency.cdc.gov
1746:10.4000/ahrf.1961
1633:Non-lethal weapon
1409:developed by the
1292:Howard Liebengood
1274:January 6th, 2021
1269:January 6th Riots
931:Gendarmes mobiles
904:. There are also
877:genus, including
606:, fire hoses, or
600:armoured vehicles
197:Mendiola Massacre
43:training exercise
16:(Redirected from
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1739:(342): 253–255.
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1691:
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1595:Riot Police Unit
1505:
1496:
1469:
1460:
1449:Free speech zone
1258:Reduced Appetite
1082:"beanbag" rounds
994:organic solvents
939:grenade launcher
835:chemical warfare
788:
768:
752:
736:
708:
692:
673:
662:Washington, D.C.
660:from rioting in
650:
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619:
511:less-than-lethal
487:less-than-lethal
452:Colombian Police
436:protests in Peru
358:
72:, disperse, and
21:
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2074:on 28 July 2004
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1695:Geneva Protocol
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1648:Plastic bullets
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1278:Donald J. Trump
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1078:plastic bullets
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558:plastic bullets
540:(e.g. 12 gauge
445:
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399:Modern Examples
387:, and colonial
381:armed robberies
365:organised crime
356:
249:
189:Soweto Uprising
177:Banana Massacre
169:Boston Massacre
148:, face visors,
116:, and electric
66:security forces
54:law enforcement
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1340:riot control.
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579:; the African
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759:in the 1950s.
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430:Peru Protests
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33:
32:crowd control
19:
2697:Riot control
2681:Riot control
2657:
2648:
2637:. Retrieved
2633:
2623:
2614:
2604:
2593:. Retrieved
2582:The Guardian
2581:
2571:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:
2547:
2536:. Retrieved
2532:
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2512:. Retrieved
2508:
2498:
2487:. Retrieved
2483:
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2383:
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2273:
2262:. Retrieved
2259:www.apha.org
2258:
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2234:
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2182:
2178:
2168:
2157:. Retrieved
2155:. 2019-05-16
2152:
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2112:
2104:the original
2094:
2080:
2069:the original
2060:
2053:
2032:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2006:
1997:
1985:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1961:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1917:. 2024-07-18
1914:
1905:
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1793:
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1755:
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1722:
1713:
1689:
1663:Water cannon
1653:Pepper spray
1614:Çevik Kuvvet
1566:(Hong Kong)
1515:Snatch squad
1473:Baton charge
1401:(ADS) are a
1382:
1364:
1327:
1302:
1272:
1241:
1233:George Floyd
1225:
1197:
1184:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1160:Consequences
1149:baton charge
1146:
1130:snatch squad
1106:
1086:
1062:
1038:
1029:
1014:
979:
959:
955:
944:
895:
872:
866:
863:Pepper spray
845:Pepper spray
827:pepper spray
815:
814:
756:
723:during 2013
597:
574:
568:, and other
554:pepper spray
531:
515:
507:lethal force
499:pepper spray
473:
464:riot shields
433:
429:
428:
419:
416:George Floyd
414:
403:
402:
373:
347:and officer
339:skills, and
330:
316:
289:
277:
266:
258:
162:
158:riot shields
146:riot helmets
106:pepper spray
90:
84:or unlawful
62:paramilitary
50:Riot control
49:
48:
2013:26 December
1879:1932-6203.
1604: [
1572:(Hong Kong)
1548:(Indonesia)
1491:Crowd crush
1378:Sticky foam
1374:area denial
1366:Stink bombs
1192:Yellow Vest
1188:Arab Spring
715:unitmen in
604:police dogs
522:riot police
377:kidnappings
369:opium trade
341:knife fight
275:" in 1915.
138:police dogs
80:, unlawful
2639:2024-08-12
2595:2024-07-31
2562:2024-07-31
2538:2024-07-31
2514:2024-08-12
2509:Haven Gear
2489:2024-07-31
2264:2024-07-30
2240:2024-07-30
2159:2024-08-11
1946:2024-07-23
1941:Haven Gear
1921:2024-08-11
1705:References
1625:See also:
1403:non-lethal
1395:infrasound
1346:projectile
1338:non-lethal
1205:Female sex
998:Hydrolysis
990:solubility
820:non-lethal
809:See also:
725:Euromaidan
497:, batons,
303:The centre
150:body armor
18:Riot squad
2590:0261-3077
2447:2420-8124
2433:: 93904.
2400:1440-1614
2350:1360-0567
2199:0090-0036
2135:1080-6490
2041:1462-5989
1887:36476759.
1883:9728865.
1851:1467-9736
1693:e.g. the
1530:(Ireland)
1431:blindness
1360:paintball
1252:Trembling
1066:riot guns
1058:Edinburgh
935:gas masks
933:carrying
898:concealed
869:capsaicin
853:A German
799:) in 2013
793:Gezi Park
727:protests.
717:riot gear
654:U.S. Army
524:may have
518:side arms
482:gas masks
443:Equipment
295:in 1954.
154:gas masks
2691:Category
2465:38375073
2456:10875161
2408:31989834
2358:25992868
2217:32941068
2045:Archived
2003:"CS Gas"
1987:31 March
1865:PLOS ONE
1616:(Turkey)
1560:(France)
1554:(France)
1536:(Greece)
1509:Kettling
1437:See also
1308:Research
1255:Sweating
1124:and the
1118:kettling
1070:tear gas
1068:to fire
986:aerosols
947:chemical
916:Tear gas
874:Capsicum
797:Istanbul
775:against
757:Celerini
755:Italian
713:"Berkut"
681:Damascus
639:gendarme
550:tear gas
526:holsters
491:tear gas
391:and the
367:and the
361:Shanghai
322:Shanghai
319:colonial
311:Shanghai
102:tear gas
96:such as
58:military
2208:7542293
1610:(Spain)
1597:(Japan)
1586:(Italy)
1542:(India)
1357:caliber
1349:weapons
1330:Netguns
1048:Tactics
951:aerosol
879:chilies
831:rioting
683:in 2012
664:, 1967.
581:sjambok
542:shotgun
534:tactics
359:
351:of the
313:, 1928.
305:of the
271:short "
247:History
86:protest
70:control
45:in 2011
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1772:
1638:CS gas
1362:guns.
1002:alkali
968:, and
937:and a
891:Russia
697:Warsaw
566:batons
562:tasers
548:(e.g.
544:) and
538:lethal
503:tasers
501:, and
389:Cyprus
118:tasers
98:batons
74:arrest
2557:DCist
2533:DCist
2072:(PDF)
2065:(PDF)
1812:(PDF)
1792:[
1764:[
1681:Notes
1608:]
1391:sound
1370:smell
1229:RCA’s
1093:horse
1044:-19.
902:rings
779:mobs.
637:This
585:lathi
477:melee
2586:ISSN
2461:PMID
2443:ISSN
2404:PMID
2396:ISSN
2354:PMID
2346:ISSN
2213:PMID
2195:ISSN
2131:ISSN
2037:ISSN
2015:2008
1989:2018
1981:OPCW
1885:PMID
1877:ISSN
1847:ISSN
1770:ISBN
1425:are
1353:PAVA
1324:500X
1322:LRAD
1235:and
1180:PTSD
1154:pain
1018:and
721:Kyiv
379:and
239:and
156:and
78:riot
2451:PMC
2435:doi
2388:doi
2338:doi
2203:PMC
2187:doi
2183:110
1881:PMC
1873:doi
1839:doi
1835:108
1741:doi
1737:342
1419:GHz
1393:or
1334:net
1080:or
1042:CBU
855:SEK
679:in
593:dye
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