432:
semi-tubular rivet is about 1/4 of the amount needed to apply a solid rivet. Tubular rivets are sometimes preferred for pivot points (a joint where movement is desired) since the swelling of the rivet is only at the tail. The type of equipment used to apply semi-tubular rivets ranges from prototyping tools to fully automated systems. Typical installation tools (from lowest to highest price) are hand set, manual squeezer, pneumatic squeezer, kick press, impact riveter, and finally PLC-controlled robotics. The most common machine is the impact riveter and the most common use of semi-tubular rivets is in lighting, brakes, ladders, binders, HVAC duct-work, mechanical products, and electronics. They are offered from 1/16-inch (1.6 mm) to 3/8-inch (9.5 mm) in diameter (other sizes are considered highly special) and can be up to 8 inches (203 mm) long. A wide variety of materials and platings are available, most common base metals are steel, brass, copper, stainless, aluminum and the most common platings are zinc, nickel, brass, tin. Tubular rivets are normally waxed to facilitate proper assembly. An installed tubular rivet has a head on one side, with a rolled-over and exposed shallow blind hole on the other.
125:
59:
473:
expands the diameter of the tube throughout its length, locking the sheets being fastened if the hole was the correct size. The head of the mandrel also expands the blind end of the rivet to a diameter greater than that of the drilled hole, compressing the fastened sheets between the head of the rivet and the head of the mandrel. At a predetermined tension, the mandrel breaks at the necked location. With open tubular rivets, the head of the mandrel may or may not remain embedded in the expanded portion of the rivet, and can come loose at a later time. More expensive closed-end tubular rivets are formed around the mandrel so the head of the mandrel is always retained inside the blind end after installation. "Pop" rivets can be fully installed with access to only one side of a part or structure.
1300:(General Grant) manufactured in the United States. However, many countries soon learned that rivets were a large weakness in tank design since if a tank was hit by a large projectile it would dislocate the rivets and they would fly around the inside of the tank and injure or kill the crew, even if the projectile did not penetrate the armor. Some countries such as Italy, Japan, and Britain used rivets in some or all of their tank designs throughout the war for various reasons, such as lack of welding equipment or inability to weld very thick plates of armor effectively.
1384:. In this process, the installer places a rivet gun against the factory head and holds a bucking bar against the tail or a hard working surface. The bucking bar is a specially shaped solid block of metal. The rivet gun provides a series of high-impulse forces that upsets and work hardens the tail of the rivet between the work and the inertia of the bucking bar. Rivets that are large or hard may be more easily installed by squeezing instead. In this process, a tool in contact with each end of the rivet clinches to deform the rivet.
35:
1216:
654:
670:
with plastic, metal, and other materials and require no special setting tool other than a hammer and possibly a backing block (steel or some other dense material) placed behind the location of the rivet while hammering it into place. Drive rivets have less clamping force than most other rivets. Drive screws, possibly another name for drive rivets, are commonly used to hold nameplates into blind holes. They typically have spiral threads that grip the side of the hole.
321:
1204:
1400:
845:
133:
457:
43:
347:(the 14th Edition) no longer cover their installation. The reason for the change is primarily due to the expense of skilled workers required to install high-strength structural steel rivets. Whereas two relatively unskilled workers can install and tighten high-strength bolts, it normally takes four skilled workers to install rivets (warmer, catcher, holder, basher).
1231:
441:
1239:
221:. A rivet compression or crimping tool can also deform this type of rivet. This tool is mainly used on rivets close to the edge of the fastened material since the tool is limited by the depth of its frame. A rivet compression tool does not require two people and is generally the most foolproof way to install solid rivets.
124:
27:
1334:
in a rivet are analyzed like a bolted joint. However, it is not wise to combine rivets with bolts and screws in the same joint. Rivets fill the hole where they are installed to establish a very tight fit (often called an interference fit). It is difficult or impossible to obtain such a tight fit with
610:
The typical assembly process requires the operator to install the rivet in the nose of the tool by hand and then actuate the tool. However, in recent years automated riveting systems have become popular in an effort to reduce assembly costs and repetitive disorders. The cost of such tools ranges from
636:
Oscar rivets are similar to blind rivets in appearance and installation but have splits (typically three) along the hollow shaft. These splits cause the shaft to fold and flare out (similar to the wings on a toggle bolt's nut) as the mandrel is drawn into the rivet. This flare (or flange) provides a
1419:
for tightness and imperfections. The inspector taps the head (usually the factory head) of the rivet with the hammer while touching the rivet and base plate lightly with the other hand and judges the quality of the audibly returned sound and the feel of the sound traveling through the metal to the
1173:
inch) to indicate they are half-size. The letters and digits in a rivet's identification number that precede its dash numbers indicate the specification under which the rivet was manufactured and the head style. On many rivets, a size in 32nds may be stamped on the rivet head. Other makings on the
728:
A friction-lock rivet cannot replace a solid shank rivet, size for size. When a friction lock is used to replace a solid shank rivet, it must be at least one size larger in diameter because the friction-lock rivet loses considerable strength if its center stem falls out due to vibrations or damage.
619:
uses a common flat-head (countersunk) rivet which is drawn into a specially machined nosepiece that forms it into a round-head rivet, taking up much of the variation inherent in hole size found in amateur aircraft construction. Aircraft designed with these rivets use rivet strength figures measured
925:
Rivets need to be harder than the materials being joined. they are heat treated to various levels of hardness depending on the material's ductility and hardness. Rivets come in a range of diameters and lengths depending on the materials being joined; head styles are either flush countersunk or pan
909:
SPRs are cold-forged to a semi-tubular shape and contain a partial hole to the opposite end of the head. The end geometry of the rivet has a chamfered poke that helps the rivet pierce the materials being joined. A hydraulic or electric servo rivet setter drives the rivet into the material, and an
1436:
The shear test involves installing a rivet into two plates at specified hardness and thickness and measuring the force necessary to shear the plates. The tensile test is basically the same, except that it measures the pullout strength. Per the IFI-135 standard, all blind rivets produced must meet
721:
One early form of blind rivet that was the first to be widely used for aircraft construction and repair was the Cherry friction-lock rivet. Originally, Cherry friction locks were available in two styles, hollow shank pull-through and self-plugging types. The pull-through type is no longer common;
669:
protruding from the head that is driven in with a hammer to flare out the end inserted in the hole. This is commonly used to rivet wood panels into place since the hole does not need to be drilled all the way through the panel, producing an aesthetically pleasing appearance. They can also be used
472:
through the center which has a "necked" or weakened area near the head. The rivet assembly is inserted into a hole drilled through the parts to be joined and a specially designed tool is used to draw the mandrel through the rivet. The compression force between the head of the mandrel and the tool
606:
Internally and externally locked structural blind rivets can be used in aircraft applications because, unlike other types of blind rivets, the locked mandrels cannot fall out and are watertight. Since the mandrel is locked into place, they have the same or greater shear-load-carrying capacity as
476:
Prior to the invention of blind rivets, installation of a rivet typically required access to both sides of the assembly: a rivet hammer on one side and a bucking bar on the other side. In 1916, Royal Navy reservist and engineer
Hamilton Neil Wylie filed a patent for an "improved means of closing
386:
With a "rivet set" to the tail of the rivet, making it mushroom against the joint forming the "field head" into its final domed shape. Alternatively, the buck is hammered more or less flush with the structure in a counter-sunk hole. On cooling, the rivet contracted axially exerting the clamping
921:
The self-pierce rivet fully pierces the top sheet material(s) but only partially pierces the bottom sheet. As the tail end of the rivet does not break through the bottom sheet it provides a water or gas-tight joint. With the influence of the upsetting die, the tail end of the rivet flares and
614:
While structural blind rivets using a locked mandrel are common, there are also aircraft applications using "non-structural" blind rivets where the reduced, but still predictable, strength of the rivet without the mandrel is used as the design strength. A method popularized by Chris Heintz of
431:
Semi-tubular rivets (also known as tubular rivets) are similar to solid rivets, except they have a partial hole (opposite the head) at the tip. The purpose of this hole is to reduce the amount of force needed for application by rolling the tubular portion outward. The force needed to apply a
682:
are important. A flush rivet takes advantage of a countersunk or dimpled hole; they are also commonly referred to as countersunk rivets. Countersunk or flush rivets are used extensively on the exterior of aircraft for aerodynamic reasons such as reduced drag and turbulence. Additional
145:
640:
A version of the Oscar rivet is the
Olympic rivet which uses an aluminum mandrel that is drawn into the rivet head. After installation, the head and mandrel are shaved off flush resulting in an appearance closely resembling a brazier head-driven rivet. They are used in the repair of
1595:
929:
Depending on the rivet setter configuration, i.e. hydraulic, servo, stroke, nose-to-die gap, feed system etc., cycle times can be as quick as one second. Rivets are typically fed to the rivet setter nose from tape and come in cassette or spool form for continuous production.
1289:. Riveting can reduce the vibration transmission between joints, thereby reducing the risk of cracking. The firmness is better and more reliable against such repeated stress changes. In order to reduce air resistance, countersunk rivets are generally used in aircraft skins.
1335:
other fasteners. The result is that rivets in the same joint with loose fasteners carry more of the load—they are effectively stiffer. The rivet can then fail before it can redistribute load to the other loose-fit fasteners like bolts and screws. This often causes
1177:
To become a proper fastener, a rivet should be placed in a hole ideally 4–6 thousandths of an inch larger in diameter. This allows the rivet to be easily and fully inserted, then setting allows the rivet to expand, tightly filling the gap and maximizing strength.
1086:
is the German national metric standard used in most
European countries because it closely resembles the newer International Standards Organizations (ISO) specifications. DIN fasteners use a DIN style identifier plus the material and the finish or plating (if any).
1428:
A blind rivet has strength properties that can be measured in terms of shear and tensile strength. Occasionally rivets also undergo performance testing for other critical features, such as pushout force, break load and salt spray resistance. A standardized
1194:
to check both rivet and drill are compatible. For general use, diameters between 2 mm – 20 mm and lengths from 5 mm – 50 mm are common. The design type, material and any finish is usually expressed in plain language (often
English).
591:
An "external" mechanically locked structural blind rivet that is used where a watertight, vibration resistant connection is of importance. Typically used in manufacture or repair of truck bodies. A special nosepiece is required to apply this rivet.
493:. Together with Armstrong-Whitworth, the Geo. Tucker Co. further modified the rivet design to produce a one-piece unit incorporating a mandrel and rivet. This product was later developed in aluminium and trademarked as the "POP" rivet. The
629:
424:
500:
They are available in flat head, countersunk head, and modified flush head with standard diameters of 1/8, 5/32, and 3/16 inch. Blind rivets are made from soft aluminum alloy, steel (including stainless steel), copper, and
936:
SPR joins a range of dissimilar materials such as steel, aluminum, plastics, composites and pre-coated or pre-painted materials. Benefits include low energy demands, no heat, fumes, sparks or waste and very repeatable quality.
449:
192:
with rivet holes where the handles would have been. The rivets themselves were essentially short rods of metal, which metalworkers hammered into a pre-drilled hole on one side and deformed on the other to hold them in place.
1437:
this standard. These tests determine the strength of the rivet, and not the strength of the assembly. To determine the strength of the assembly a user must consult an engineering guide or the
Machinery's Handbook.
1190:. Conveniently, the rivet diameter relates to the drill required to make a hole to accept the rivet, rather than the actual diameter of the rivet, which is slightly smaller. This facilitates the use of a simple
151:
150:
147:
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258:) prior to being bucked. "Ice box" aluminium alloy rivets harden with age, and must likewise be annealed and then kept at sub-freezing temperatures (hence the name "ice box") to slow the age-hardening process.
152:
905:
Self-pierce riveting (SPR) is a process of joining two or more materials using an engineered rivet. Unlike solid, blind and semi-tubular rivets, self-pierce rivets do not require a drilled or punched hole.
945:
Compression rivets are commonly used for functional or decorative purposes on clothing, accessories, and other items. They have male and female halves that press together, through a hole in the material.
1098:(ISO) is a worldwide metric standard. Clarified ISO standards for (metric) fasteners are rapidly gaining international recognition in preference to the similar DIN, on which SI was originally based.
933:
Riveting systems can be manual or automated depending on the application requirements; all systems are very flexible in terms of product design and ease of integration into a manufacturing process.
725:
Cherry friction-lock rivets are available in two head styles, universal and 100-degree countersunk. Furthermore, they are usually supplied in three standard diameters, 1/8, 5/32 and 3/16 inch.
481:
Ltd to advise on metal construction techniques; here he continued to develop his rivet design with a further 1927 patent that incorporated the pull-through mandrel and allowed the rivet to be used
1391:. The head is placed in a special hole made to accommodate it, known as a rivet-set. The hammer is applied to the buck-tail of the rivet, rolling an edge so that it is flush against the material.
600:
An "internal" mechanically locked structural blind rivet that is used where a watertight, vibration resistant connection is of importance. Typically used in manufacture or repair of truck bodies.
366:(usually) caught the rivet in a leather or wooden bucket with an ash-lined bottom. The catcher inserted the rivet into the hole to be riveted, then quickly turned to catch the next rivet. The
149:
403:
if the structure was not engineered for such forces, a common problem of older steel bridges. This is because a hot rivet cannot be properly heat treated to add strength and hardness. In the
1889:
Haque, R.,"Quality of self-piercing riveting (SPR) joints from cross-sectional perspective: A review," Archives of Civil and
Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2018, pp. 83–93,
1856:
Haque, R. and
Durandet, Y.,"Investigation of self-pierce riveting (SPR) process data and specific joining events," Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 30, No. 2017, pp. 148–60,
1987:
comes from a name for one of the two parts of a rivet. The head of the rivet is one part, and is the part that the air-hammer strikes. The other part is referred to as the
58:
1551:
1285:
alloys used in aircraft skins are generally not welded, because the aircraft in high-speed flight skins will be stretched, extrusion may occur deformation and change in
2078:
1970:
1790:
Haque, R. and
Durandet, Y.,"Strength prediction of self-pierce riveted joint in cross-tension and lap-shear," Materials & Design, Vol. 108, No. 2016, pp. 666–78,
1075:(JIS) is a metric system largely based on DIN with some minor modifications to meet the needs of the Japanese market, notably used in Japanese electronic equipment.
1095:
464:
Blind rivets, commonly referred to as "pop" rivets (POP is the brand name of the original manufacturer, now owned by
Stanley Engineered Fastening, a division of
1034:
637:
wide bearing surface that reduces the chance of rivet pull-out. This design is ideal for high-vibration applications where the back surface is inaccessible.
224:
Solid rivets are used in applications where reliability and safety count. A typical application for solid rivets can be found within the structural parts of
2134:
148:
1129:-inch increments, expressed as "dash numbers" at the end of the rivet identification number. A "dash 3 dash 4" (XXXXXX-3-4) designation indicates a
1907:
1420:
operator's fingers. A rivet tightly set in its hole returns a clean and clear ring, while a loose rivet produces a recognizably different sound.
1064:
is a worldwide organization that provides (mostly
Imperial) specifications for design and testing for components used in the automotive industry.
228:. Hundreds of thousands of solid rivets are used to assemble the frame of a modern aircraft. Such rivets come with rounded (universal) or 100°
382:
or another (larger) pneumatic jack against the round "shop head" of the rivet, while the riveter (sometimes two riveters) applied a hammer or
2110:
2062:
1574:
1048:. provides four-figure BS numbers for Imperial standards and also provides similar BS numbers for official translations into English for the
579:. Typically used in soft plastics where a wide footprint is needed at the rear surface. Used in automotive interiors and vinyl fences. (See
497:
produced the design in the U.S. as inventors such as Carl Cherry and Lou Huck experimented with other techniques for expanding solid rivets.
1733:
2159:
485:. By 1928, the George Tucker Eyelet Company, of Birmingham, England, produced a "cup" rivet based on the design. It required a separate
1873:
Haque, R. (2018). Residual stress in self-piercing riveting (SPR) joints – A review. Materials Performance and Characterization, 7(4)
1687:
2142:
892:
494:
1083:
1930:
558:
There is a vast array of specialty blind rivets that are suited for high strength or plastic applications. Typical types include:
1012:
819:
1343:. In general, a joint composed of similar fasteners is the most efficient because all fasteners reach capacity simultaneously.
1023:
1543:
870:
1589:
354:
was set up. Rivets were placed in the furnace and heated to approximately 900 °C or "cherry red". The rivet warmer or
2198:
2168:
1810:"An Overview of Self-piercing Riveting Process with Focus on Joint Failures, Corrosion Issues and Optimisation Techniques"
1045:
979:
2013:
1072:
408:
1929:
Hongwei Zhao, Jiangjing Xi, Kailun Zheng, Zhusheng Shi, Jianguo Lin, Kamran Nikbin, Shihui Duan et Binwen Wang (2020).
855:
678:
A flush rivet is used primarily on external metal surfaces where good appearance and the elimination of unnecessary
490:
1693:
874:
859:
2213:
2208:
988:
465:
343:
have largely replaced structural steel rivets. Indeed, the latest steel construction specifications published by
1707:
607:
solid rivets and may be used to replace solid rivets on all but the most critical stressed aircraft structures.
201:
There are several types of rivets, designed to meet different cost, accessibility, and strength requirements:
277:
The setting of these fasteners requires access to both sides of a structure. Solid rivets are driven using a
1511:
1037:(ASME) 18-digit PIN code Imperial system is approved by ANSI and adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense.
914:
die provides a cavity for the displaced bottom sheet material to flow. The SPR process is described in here
255:
109:
51:
1467:
1416:
1049:
866:
116:
was introduced and, where they are remembered, are usually classified among nails and bolts respectively.
20:
2203:
1964:
1267:
351:
63:
34:
2148:
system used by both the US and Germany in World War Two for aircraft assembly – see bottom half of page
1915:
1174:
rivet head, such as small raised or depressed dimples or small raised bars indicate the rivet's alloy.
396:
The last commonly used high-strength structural steel rivets were designated ASTM A502 Grade 1 rivets.
1942:
1821:
1336:
714:
except the shaft snaps below the surface when the tension is sufficient. The blind end may be either
362:
to remove individual rivets and throw them to a catcher stationed near the joints to be riveted. The
339:
Until relatively recently, structural steel connections were either welded or riveted. High-strength
1215:
653:
1430:
1286:
478:
79:
722:
however, the self-plugging Cherry friction-lock rivet is still used for repairing light aircraft.
2072:
1741:
325:
320:
254:). Some aluminium alloy rivets are too hard to buck and must be softened by solution treating (
54:. The woman on the left operates an air hammer, while the man on the right holds a bucking bar.
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2058:
1839:
1683:
1570:
1522:
1371:
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992:
687:
209:
Solid rivets are one of the oldest and most reliable types of fasteners, having been found in
137:
94:
1950:
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tubular rivets" (granted May 1917). In 1922 Wylie joined the British aircraft manufacturer
1599:
1472:
1191:
616:
340:
301:
300:
Solid rivets are also used by some artisans in the construction of modern reproduction of
267:
387:
force on the joint. Before the use of pneumatic hammers, e.g. in the construction of RMS
1946:
1825:
1630:
1015:(AIA) Imperial Standard, NASM is an acronym for National Aerospace Standards, MIL-STD.
971:
711:
915:
93:
Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet, it can support
2192:
2128:
2096:
1404:
1315:
1263:
911:
695:
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mandrel and the rivet body to be hand-assembled prior to use for the building of the
309:
217:. Solid rivets consist simply of a shaft and head that are deformed with a hammer or
171:
105:
2178:
1620:
Improvements in and relating to rivets and riveting – United Kingdom Patent GB286471
632:
Oscar rivet shown with mandrel (dashed lines depict flare/flange after installation)
1634:
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1224:
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229:
98:
2042:(7th ed.). Industrial Fasteners Institute: Industrial Fasteners Institute.
1955:
1894:
1834:
1809:
954:
have caps on just one side; the other side is low profile with a visible hole.
132:
112:, work on the same principle as the rivet but were in use long before the term
2151:
1271:
214:
210:
182:
1843:
1516:
1482:
1462:
1363:
1304:
1255:
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611:
US$ 1,500 for auto-feed pneumatics to US$ 50,000 for fully robotic systems.
456:
407:
of such structures, it is common practice to remove critical rivets with an
383:
305:
282:
278:
236:
218:
42:
399:
Such riveted structures may be insufficient to resist seismic loading from
1230:
1991:, and is the part that the bucking bar is held against. Hence the terms
1447:
297:. Applications where only one side is accessible require "blind" rivets.
271:
243:
225:
75:
2146:, November 1941, "Self-Setting Explosive Rivet Speeds Warplane Building"
1878:
1611:
Improved means of closing tubular rivets. United Kingdom Patent GB106169
1303:
Blind rivets are used almost universally in the construction of plywood
987:
The main official standards relate more to technical parameters such as
958:
are commonly used to attach handles to knife blades and other utensils.
440:
2017:
1487:
1457:
1292:
A large number of countries used rivets in the construction of armored
1274:
1247:
666:
628:
469:
452:
Animation of a rivet being tightened (necked area of mandrel not shown)
423:
389:
1677:
82:
shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the
1711:
1500:
1297:
1278:
683:
post-installation machining may be performed to perfect the airflow.
658:
412:
294:
263:
247:
189:
181:
of between 4400 and 3000 B.C. Archeologists have also uncovered many
178:
519:
The rivet body is normally manufactured using one of three methods:
448:
1234:
Detail of a 1941 riveted ship hull, with the rivets clearly visible
26:
1477:
1398:
1311:
1238:
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Corrosion led the material to bulge between the rivets on a 1904
1293:
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290:
47:
922:
interlocks into the bottom sheet forming a low profile button.
393:, the person who hammered the rivet was known as the "basher".
335:
during work to reinforce the structure to resist seismic loads.
1931:"A review on solid riveting techniques in aircraft assembling"
838:
486:
427:
A typical technical drawing of an oval head semi-tubular rivet
2102:
Carroll Smith's Nuts, Bolts, Fasteners, and Plumbing Handbook
1433:
according to the Inch Fastener Standards is widely accepted.
2127:
1277:. Riveting is still widely used in applications where light
975:(fractions of inches) with diameters such as 1/8″ or 5/16″.
62:
Women rivet heaters, with their tongs and catching buckets,
1415:
A hammer is also used to "ring" an installed rivet, as a
1159:-inch) length. Some rivets lengths are also available in
544:
Common in longer lengths, not normally as strong as wire
2053:
Heald, Oberg, Jones, Ryffel, McCauley and Heald (2008).
1281:
and high strength are critical, such as in an aircraft.
665:
A drive rivet is a form of blind rivet that has a short
415:
the hole, then insert a machined and heat-treated bolt.
1356:
There are several methods for installing solid rivets.
1310:
Common but more exotic uses of rivets are to reinforce
686:
Flush riveting was invented in America in the 1930s by
645:
trailers to replicate the look of the original rivets.
97:
loads. However, it is much more capable of supporting
78:. Before being installed, a rivet consists of a smooth
1026:
used by the USA army, navy, or air force is Imperial.
516:, which are designed to take shear and tensile loads.
350:
At a central location near the areas being riveted, a
2057:(28th ed.). Industrial Press: Industrial Press.
1242:
Impact method for solid rivet and semi-tubular rivets
1734:"Countersunk Rivet Method is Patented For Airplanes"
733:
Rivet alloys, shear strengths, and driving condition
444:
Three aluminium blind rivets: 1/8″, 3/32″, and 1/16″
1525: – Cultural icon of the US during World War II
966:Rivets come in both inch series and metric series:
698:in the design and production of his H-1 plane, the
2156:, film made by Disney Studios during World War Two
2105:. MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company. p. 112.
1508: – Holds parts together before final assembly
1270:were generally held together by riveting, as were
86:. On installation, the deformed end is called the
575:A rivet that splits into three equal legs like a
262:rivets can be found in static structures such as
468:) are tubular and are supplied with a nail-like
101:(loads perpendicular to the axis of the shaft).
46:Riveting team working on the cockpit shell of a
552:Least popular and generally the weakest option
38:Sophisticated riveted joint on a railway bridge
2165:new rivet types developed during World War Two
1766:"The Great Jet Engine Race... And How We Lost"
1380:Rivets small enough and soft enough are often
1096:International Organization for Standardization
1360:Manual with hammer and handset or bucking bar
1052:of the European Union (see below: DIN or SI)
995:than physical length and diameter. They are:
242:(2017, 2024, 2117, 7050, 5056, 55000, V-65),
8:
2077:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2038:IFI, Industrial Fasteners Institute (2003).
1969:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1186:Rivet diameters and lengths are measured in
1035:The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
983:with diameters such as 3 mm, 8 mm.
324:An original structural steel rivet from the
235:. Typical materials for aircraft rivets are
1254:were developed, metal-framed buildings and
873:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2016:. Industrial-fasteners.org. Archived from
1387:Rivets may also be upset by hand, using a
1314:and to produce the distinctive sound of a
1954:
1833:
1814:Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering
1602:early article that explains how they work
1109:Rivet diameters are commonly measured in
893:Learn how and when to remove this message
997:
736:
560:
521:
2169:"Blind Rivets they get it all together"
1535:
1163:, and have a dash number such as –3.5 (
2070:
1962:
1119:-inch increments and their lengths in
104:Fastenings used in traditional wooden
2138:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). 1911.
1663:
316:High-strength structural steel rivets
7:
871:adding citations to reliable sources
128:Drawing of a round head rivets, 1898
1296:during World War II, including the
950:have aesthetic caps on both sides.
2160:"Hold Everything", February 1946,
1569:(4th ed.). Toronto: Thomson.
14:
2175:, October 1975, pp. 126–128.
980:Système international or SI units
580:
460:Pop rivet gun with rivet inserted
2014:"Industrial Fasteners Institute"
1908:"Straight Facts on Blind Rivets"
1696:from the original on 2017-07-10.
1554:from the original on 2014-10-06.
1544:"Three workers securing a rivet"
1339:of the joint when the fasteners
1013:Aerospace Industries Association
843:
1519: – Kind of threaded insert
1062:Society of Automotive Engineers
1024:United States Military Standard
170:Rivet holes have been found in
140:of a universal head solid rivet
2153:Four Methods of Flush Riveting
1593:, August 1942, Popular Science
1084:Deutsches Institut für Normung
1:
1764:Lee Payne (January 1, 1982).
1654:Emhart News June 2011 GB
1411:Solid rivets for construction
1352:Solid and semi-tubular rivets
1046:British Standards Institution
694:. The technology was used by
329:
328:(1937). Removed and replaced
16:Permanent mechanical fastener
1862:10.1016/j.jmapro.2017.09.018
1808:Ang, Hua Qian (2021-01-04).
1796:10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.029
1073:Japanese Industrial Standard
213:findings dating back to the
108:, such as copper nails and
2232:
2185:– The Lads in the Shipyard
1895:10.1016/j.acme.2017.06.003
1835:10.1186/s10033-020-00526-3
1565:Segui, William T. (2007).
718:('flush') or dome-shaped.
620:with the mandrel removed.
466:Stanley Black & Decker
74:is a permanent mechanical
50:transport at the plant of
18:
1631:"George Tucker Eyelet Co"
989:ultimate tensile strength
495:United Shoe Machinery Co.
1956:10.1051/mfreview/2020036
1679:Flying On Your Own Wings
1548:NYPL Digital Collections
205:Solid/ round head rivets
2135:Encyclopædia Britannica
2040:Inch Fastener Standards
1772:. Air Force Association
1512:Clinker (boat building)
1424:Testing of blind rivets
536:The most common method
512:structural blind rivets
256:precipitation hardening
52:North American Aviation
1676:Heintz, Chris (2010).
1407:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1212:
662:
633:
461:
453:
445:
428:
384:pneumatic rivet hammer
336:
167:
141:
129:
67:
55:
39:
31:
21:Rivet (disambiguation)
1402:
1376:Pin hammer, rivet set
1268:Sydney Harbour Bridge
1241:
1233:
1218:
1211:on a steam locomotive
1206:
657:Installing rivets on
656:
631:
459:
451:
443:
426:
323:
250:-based alloys (e.g.,
156:Riveters work on the
155:
135:
127:
64:Puget Sound Navy Yard
61:
45:
37:
29:
2199:Mechanical fasteners
2055:Machinery's Handbook
1935:Manufacturing Review
1417:non-destructive test
1337:catastrophic failure
867:improve this section
835:Self-piercing rivets
743:Alphabetical letter
597:Structural rivet(b)
588:Structural rivet(a)
19:For other uses, see
1947:2020ManRv...7...40Z
1879:10.1520/MPC20170109
1826:2021ChJME..34....2A
1287:material properties
1139:-inch diameter and
706:Friction-lock rivet
491:Siskin III aircraft
479:Armstrong-Whitworth
419:Semi-tubular rivets
374:would hold a heavy
293:or even a handheld
289:actuated squeezing
287:electromagnetically
177:dating back to the
1770:Air Force Magazine
1742:The New York Times
1714:on 18 January 2013
1598:2018-01-26 at the
1408:
1368:Handheld squeezers
1244:
1236:
1228:
1213:
1004:Issuing authority
941:Compression rivets
810:TWO RAISED DASHES
710:These resemble an
663:
634:
462:
454:
446:
429:
337:
326:Golden Gate Bridge
168:
142:
130:
68:
56:
40:
32:
2112:978-0-87938-406-7
2064:978-0-8311-2828-9
1912:machinedesign.com
1576:978-0-495-24471-4
1523:Rosie the Riveter
1372:Riveting machines
1364:Pneumatic hammers
1102:
1101:
993:surface finishing
952:Single cap rivets
948:Double cap rivets
903:
902:
895:
832:
831:
746:Driven condition
688:Vladimir Pavlecka
604:
603:
556:
555:
153:
138:technical drawing
2221:
2214:Textile closures
2209:Structural steel
2139:
2131:
2116:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2004:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1914:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1871:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1805:
1799:
1788:
1782:
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1777:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1710:. Archived from
1704:
1698:
1697:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1540:
1431:destructive test
1389:ball-peen hammer
1172:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1117:
1113:
998:
898:
891:
887:
884:
878:
847:
839:
749:Marking on head
737:
700:Hughes H-1 Racer
692:Douglas Aircraft
690:and his team at
680:aerodynamic drag
561:
522:
514:
513:
405:seismic retrofit
334:
331:
166:(December 2014).
154:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2189:
2188:
2173:Popular Science
2162:Popular Science
2144:Popular Science
2126:
2123:
2113:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2069:
2065:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1982:
1978:
1961:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1888:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1745:. March 9, 1941
1736:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1690:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1600:Wayback Machine
1588:
1584:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1497:
1492:
1443:
1426:
1413:
1397:
1354:
1349:
1324:
1250:techniques and
1201:
1184:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
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1125:
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1120:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1050:Internal market
964:
943:
899:
888:
882:
879:
864:
848:
837:
735:
708:
676:
651:
626:
617:Zenith Aircraft
511:
510:
508:There are also
438:
421:
332:
318:
302:medieval armour
207:
199:
144:
122:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2217:
2216:
2211:
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2201:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2166:
2157:
2149:
2140:
2122:
2121:External links
2119:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2097:Smith, Carroll
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2063:
2045:
2030:
2005:
1976:
1921:
1918:on 2012-09-02.
1899:
1882:
1866:
1849:
1800:
1783:
1756:
1725:
1708:"Hanson Rivet"
1699:
1689:978-1425188283
1688:
1668:
1666:, p. 159.
1656:
1647:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1582:
1575:
1557:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1528:
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1348:
1345:
1323:
1322:Joint analysis
1320:
1200:
1197:
1183:
1180:
1106:
1103:
1100:
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1089:
1088:
1081:
1077:
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1054:
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1043:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
985:
984:
976:
972:Imperial units
963:
960:
956:Cutlery rivets
942:
939:
901:
900:
851:
849:
842:
836:
833:
830:
829:
826:
823:
816:
812:
811:
808:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
791:
788:
784:
783:
780:
777:
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770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
751:
750:
747:
744:
741:
734:
731:
712:expanding bolt
707:
704:
675:
672:
650:
647:
625:
622:
602:
601:
598:
594:
593:
589:
585:
584:
581:§ Oscar rivets
573:
569:
568:
565:
554:
553:
550:
546:
545:
542:
538:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
437:
434:
420:
417:
317:
314:
211:archaeological
206:
203:
198:
195:
179:Naqada culture
121:
118:
90:or buck-tail.
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2227:
2226:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2129:"Rivet"
2125:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2020:on 2002-09-13
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
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1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
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1651:
1648:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:Folded joints
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:Bolted joints
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1405:cooling tower
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1316:sizzle cymbal
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:Shukhov Tower
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:bolted joints
1249:
1240:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1162:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
994:
990:
982:
981:
977:
974:
973:
969:
968:
967:
961:
959:
957:
953:
949:
940:
938:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
917:
913:
907:
897:
894:
886:
876:
872:
868:
862:
861:
857:
852:This section
850:
846:
841:
840:
834:
827:
824:
821:
818:E (or KE per
817:
814:
813:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
795:
792:
789:
786:
785:
782:RAISED CROSS
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:
767:
764:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
738:
732:
730:
726:
723:
719:
717:
713:
705:
703:
701:
697:
696:Howard Hughes
693:
689:
684:
681:
673:
671:
668:
660:
655:
648:
646:
644:
638:
630:
623:
621:
618:
612:
608:
599:
596:
595:
590:
587:
586:
582:
578:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
562:
559:
551:
548:
547:
543:
540:
539:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
523:
520:
517:
515:
506:
504:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
474:
471:
467:
458:
450:
442:
435:
433:
425:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
394:
392:
391:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
327:
322:
315:
313:
311:
310:metal couture
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:pneumatically
280:
279:hydraulically
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
204:
202:
196:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
176:
173:
165:
164:
163:John W. Brown
159:
139:
134:
126:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
106:boat building
102:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
65:
60:
53:
49:
44:
36:
28:
22:
2204:Metalworking
2180:
2172:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2133:
2101:
2090:Bibliography
2054:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2022:. Retrieved
2018:the original
2008:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1965:cite journal
1938:
1934:
1924:
1916:the original
1911:
1902:
1885:
1869:
1852:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1769:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1740:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1702:
1682:. Trafford.
1678:
1671:
1659:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1635:Graces Guide
1625:
1616:
1607:
1591:Blind Rivets
1590:
1585:
1567:Steel Design
1566:
1560:
1547:
1538:
1441:Alternatives
1435:
1427:
1414:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1355:
1347:Installation
1340:
1325:
1309:
1302:
1291:
1260:Eiffel Tower
1258:such as the
1245:
1225:Orange River
1221:truss bridge
1199:Applications
1185:
1176:
1160:
1108:
1001:Abbreviation
986:
978:
970:
965:
955:
951:
947:
944:
935:
932:
928:
924:
920:
908:
904:
889:
880:
865:Please help
853:
828:RAISED RING
727:
724:
720:
709:
685:
677:
664:
639:
635:
624:Oscar rivets
613:
609:
605:
567:Description
557:
528:Description
518:
509:
507:
499:
482:
475:
463:
436:Blind rivets
430:
411:, precision
409:oxygen torch
398:
395:
388:
375:
371:
367:
363:
355:
349:
338:
299:
276:
223:
208:
200:
169:
162:
158:Liberty ship
113:
110:clinch bolts
103:
92:
87:
83:
71:
69:
30:Solid rivets
2183:Remembered"
1993:bucking bar
1776:January 16,
1749:January 20,
1283:Sheet metal
1209:buffer beam
1192:drill-gauge
1188:millimeters
1031:ASME / ANSI
916:SPR process
796:RAISED DOT
740:Alloy type
716:countersunk
674:Flush rivet
649:Drive rivet
401:earthquakes
376:bucking bar
333: 2000
230:countersunk
99:shear loads
80:cylindrical
2193:Categories
2024:2012-04-28
1664:Smith 1990
1530:References
1305:road cases
1272:automobile
1256:structures
1219:A riveted
1207:A riveted
1161:half sizes
1149:-inch (or
1009:AIA / NASM
577:molly bolt
215:Bronze Age
183:Bronze Age
175:spearheads
136:A typical
66:, May 1919
2073:cite book
1983:The term
1844:1000-9345
1517:Rivet nut
1483:Soldering
1463:Clinching
1448:Adhesives
1223:over the
912:upsetting
883:July 2009
854:does not
643:Airstream
372:holder on
368:holder up
306:jewellery
237:aluminium
219:rivet gun
88:shop head
2099:(1990).
2001:buck-man
1989:bucktail
1820:(1): 2.
1718:18 April
1694:Archived
1596:Archived
1552:Archived
1495:See also
1266:and the
1105:Imperial
825:7050T73
807:2024T31
793:2017T31
779:5056H32
572:TriFold
274:frames.
272:building
244:titanium
226:aircraft
172:Egyptian
76:fastener
2181:Titanic
1943:Bibcode
1822:Bibcode
1488:Welding
1458:Brazing
1395:Testing
1275:chassis
1248:welding
1246:Before
1168:⁄
1154:⁄
1144:⁄
1134:⁄
1124:⁄
1114:⁄
1042:BS /BSI
1020:AN / MS
926:heads.
875:removed
860:sources
768:DIMPLE
765:2117T3
667:mandrel
659:M3 tank
470:mandrel
390:Titanic
364:catcher
352:furnace
264:bridges
190:daggers
120:History
95:tension
2109:
2061:
1999:, and
1997:bucked
1985:bucked
1941:: 40.
1842:
1686:
1640:8 July
1573:
1501:Boiler
1478:Screws
1382:bucked
1328:stress
1298:M3 Lee
1279:weight
1182:Metric
754:PLAIN
549:Sheet
295:hammer
270:, and
268:cranes
248:nickel
246:, and
240:alloys
186:swords
2179:"RMS
1737:(PDF)
1506:Cleco
1473:Nails
1341:unzip
1332:shear
1312:jeans
1294:tanks
962:Sizes
815:7050
801:2024
787:2017
773:5056
759:2117
564:Name
541:Tube
533:Wire
525:Name
503:Monel
483:blind
380:dolly
360:tongs
358:used
341:bolts
285:, or
260:Steel
252:Monel
233:heads
197:Types
114:rivet
72:rivet
2107:ISBN
2079:link
2059:ISBN
1971:link
1840:ISSN
1778:2021
1751:2021
1720:2013
1684:ISBN
1642:2020
1571:ISBN
1330:and
1326:The
1060:The
991:and
858:any
856:cite
661:hull
413:ream
356:cook
345:AISC
308:and
291:tool
188:and
84:tail
48:C-47
1951:doi
1891:doi
1875:doi
1858:doi
1830:doi
1792:doi
1092:ISO
1080:DIN
1069:JIS
1057:SAE
869:by
820:NAS
804:DD
762:AD
583:.)
487:GKN
378:or
370:or
161:SS
2195::
2171:.
2132:.
2075:}}
2071:{{
1995:,
1967:}}
1963:{{
1949:.
1937:.
1933:.
1910:.
1838:.
1828:.
1818:34
1816:.
1812:.
1768:.
1739:.
1692:.
1633:.
1550:.
1546:.
1318:.
1307:.
1262:,
1170:32
1146:16
1136:32
1126:16
1116:32
918:.
822:)
790:D
776:B
702:.
505:.
330:c.
312:.
304:,
281:,
266:,
70:A
2115:.
2081:)
2067:.
2027:.
2003:.
1973:)
1959:.
1953::
1945::
1939:7
1897:.
1893::
1877::
1864:.
1860::
1846:.
1832::
1824::
1798:.
1794::
1780:.
1753:.
1722:.
1644:.
1579:.
1166:7
1156:4
1152:1
1142:4
1132:3
1122:1
1112:1
896:)
890:(
885:)
881:(
877:.
863:.
23:.
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