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Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge

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certified clean on January 15, 2004. This allowed USWFS to formally open the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge on April 2, 2004. At that time, walking trails gave guests access to about 2,000 acres (8.1 km) of the refuge, and buses allowed visitors to tour another 3,000 acres (12 km). EPA released another 7,399 acres (29.94 km) on July 31, 2006. The remaining 2,596 acres (10.51 km) were declared contaminant-free and turned over to the refuge on October 15, 2010. The total cost of the cleanup was $ 2.1 billion.
76: 359:, was discovered at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Additional investigation by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) discovered that the RMA was home more than 330 species of wildlife. With the arsenal not fit for human habitation, pressure quickly built to have it turned into a wildlife refuge. Congress enacted the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge Act on September 25, 1992, and the legislation was signed into law by President 501: 108: 83: 519:
or buried equipment) and cannot safely be integrated into the wildlife refuge, so the Fish & Wildlife Service manages 14,904 acres (60.31 km) of land. The remainder of the property (1,084 acres (4.39 km)) is managed by the U.S. Army. The USFWS and Army signed an inter-agency agreement to cooperate in the management of the Army land according to UWFWS principles.
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facility. Section 5(a)(1) of the act designated another 815 acres (3.30 km) for public sale. The former Shell Oil Company land also proved to be a problem, as it was somewhat geographically isolated from the rest of the refuge and not likely to be used by wildlife as habitat. Subsequently, about
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At the time the refuge was established, the RMA consisted of more than 17,000 acres (69 km) of grassland dotted with small manmade lakes and ponds. Not all of this land was set aside for the refuge. Section 2(c)(2) of the enabling legislation set aside 12.08 acres (0.0489 km) for use as the
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to an enclosed 1,400-acre (5.7 km) section of the refuge in March 2007 as part of the USFWS Pilot Bison Project. The number of bison reached 87 in 2013, forcing the USFWS to reduce the herd to just 60 animals as the limited acreage could not support so many animals. USFWS officials said that in
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All land included in the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge was turned over to the Department of the Interior with management of the refuge being the responsibility of both the USFWS and the U.S. Army. Some land may still contain chemical weapons devices (such as unexploded projectiles
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The entire 17,000 acres (69 km) of the old RMA was included in the remediation effort. On January 21, 2003, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certified 940 acres (3.8 km) as ready for use, and this acreage was turned over to the USFWS. Another 5,053 acres (20.45 km) were
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on October 9. The law stipulated that a majority of the RMA site would become a national wildlife refuge under the jurisdiction of the Fish and Wildlife Service once the environmental restoration is completed. The Act also provided that, to the extent possible, the RMA was to be managed as a
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facility and another 150 acres (0.61 km) for domestic livestock grazing. The USFWS anticipates selling these 250 acres (1.0 km) by 2023. These land set-asides, sales, and transfers left the refuge with 15,988 acres (64.70 km) of land.
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A Comprehensive Management Plan for the refuge was finalized in June 1996. Under the plan, the refuge is available for public use, and community outreach and educational programs will be implemented to encourage public use.
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A record 950,000 people visited the refuge in 2023. Refuge officials say they expect visitation to top one million annually once visitor facilities, outreach plans, and a wildlife management plan are completely in place.
319:. A portion of the site was leased to private industry in 1946 for petroleum production and agricultural and industrial chemical manufacturing. When the American chemical weapons program was shut down after the 763: 327:
also used a portion of the site in the 1980s to produce pesticides. The RMA was closed in 1985, and in 1987 environmental testing revealed that the site was extremely polluted. The RMA was listed on the
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100 acres (0.40 km) of the Shell Oil site was sold to Commerce City in 2010. Of the remaining 250 acres (1.0 km) of the Shell site, 100 acres (0.40 km) are (as of 2013) being used for a
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a few years they would expand the bison acreage to 12,000 acres (49 km), which would allow the herd to expand to an anticipated 210 animals.
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is an ongoing, diverse effort to bring bison back from the brink of extinction. The 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative by the
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The refuge's Visitor Center opened on May 21, 2011. About two-thirds of the refuge consists of mixed-grass and
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Mule deer in Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge; downtown Denver is visible in the background.
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joined refuge staff for the roundup. Six yearling female bison were also transferred from the Refuge to
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sites in the United States eligible for long-term remedial action (cleanup) financed under the federal
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has five central goals: wild, healthy bison herds; genetic conservation; shared stewardship;
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manufacturing facility. The site was designated a national wildlife refuge in 1992 by the
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South Adams County Water Treatment Plant and 63.04 acres (0.2551 km) for a
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Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge: Draft Habitat Management Plan
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areas. A large number of man-made features dot the landscape, including
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Sutt, Jessica; Castiano, Melissa; Stone, Christina (November 7, 2021).
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In 1986, while environmental testing was continuing, a winter
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado
1034:. Commerce City, Colo.: U.S. Department of the Interior 695:"Ex-Arms Production Site to Open as Wildlife Refuge". 3114: 2961: 2952: 2805: 2312: 2294: 2276: 2043: 2034: 2012: 1919: 1766: 1738: 1685: 1657: 1424: 1401: 1333: 1315: 1282: 1264: 1236: 1208: 1126: 1093: 1084: 216: 206: 198: 190: 182: 145: 135: 124: 41: 18:Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Recreation Trails 613:"'Dew of Death' Discovery Shuts Wildlife Refuge" 2792:Yanks Gulch/Upper Greasewood Creek Natural Area 230:Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge 221:Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge 42:Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge 3210:National Wildlife Refuges of the United States 3194: 1062: 732: 730: 248:. The refuge is on the grounds of the former 8: 868:"Songs on the Wind, Hooves on the Landscape" 1906:United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area 1811:Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad 661: 659: 3201: 3187: 3179: 2958: 2532:Indian Springs Trace Fossil 2040: 1090: 1069: 1055: 1047: 690: 688: 561: 559: 557: 437:, while the remainder is a mix of forest, 232:is a 15,988-acre (24.981 sq mi) 38: 3524:Protected areas of Adams County, Colorado 1821:Georgetown–Silver Plume Historic District 1786:Central City/Black Hawk Historic District 3167:Colorado Department of Natural Resources 1949:Indian Springs Trace Fossil Natural Area 809: 807: 2552:Kremmling Cretaceous Ammonite 1025:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2013). 553: 455: 315:(RMA) was built in 1942 to manufacture 265:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 211:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 3519:National Wildlife Refuges in Colorado 2487:Geneva Basin Iron Fens 2304:List of Colorado state wildlife areas 7: 2602:Mount Emmons Iron Bog 2597:Mount Callahan & Logan Wash Mine 2387:Colorado Tallgrass Prairie 2014:National Register of Historic Places 123: 51:IV (habitat/species management area) 32:Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge 27:Protected area near Denver, Colorado 3539:Protected areas established in 1992 2347:Blue Mountain-Little Thompson Fault 995:Finley, Bruce (December 28, 2023). 983:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013 971:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013 959:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013 814:Finley, Bruce (December 17, 2013). 722:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013 710:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013 599:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2013 1851:Mesa Verde Administrative District 1801:Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad 915:from websites or documents of the 25: 874:. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service 611:Ingold, John (November 2, 2007). 3134:Great Divide Mountain Bike Route 2732:South Cathedral Bluffs 2567:Lower Greasewood Creek 911: This article incorporates 906: 637:Elliott, Dan (August 18, 2019). 499: 485: 470: 458: 428:Theodore Roosevelt National Park 364:wildlife refuge in the interim. 106: 99: 81: 74: 57: 3554:1992 establishments in Colorado 2757:Trinidad K-T Boundary 2407:Cross Mountain Canyon 2357:Boulder Mountain Park 1796:Cripple Creek Historic District 934:U.S. Department of the Interior 840:Repanshek, Kurt (May 7, 2020). 768:U.S. Department of the Interior 742:Environmental Protection Agency 571:U.S. Department of the Interior 342:Environmental Protection Agency 189: 134: 2930:Trail Ridge Road/Beaver Meadow 2397:Copeland Willow Carr 2133:James M. Robb - Colorado River 1768:28 National Historic Landmarks 1748:Cache la Poudre River Corridor 936:. May 26, 2011. Archived from 449:, lakes and ponds, and former 271:inhabit the refuge, including 1: 2963:28 National Recreation Trails 2807:26 Scenic and Historic Byways 2727:South Boulder Creek 2622:North Park Phacelia 2512:High Mesa Grassland 1921:16 National Natural Landmarks 1826:Granada War Relocation Center 1776:Beaver Meadows Visitor Center 1659:3 National Conservation Areas 90:Show map of the United States 2722:South Beaver Creek 2647:Park Creek Hogback 2477:Garden Park Fossil 2382:Coal Creek Tallgrass Prairie 1959:Morrison-Golden Fossil Areas 1609:Rocky Mountain National Park 1434:Black Canyon of the Gunnison 1150:Camp Hale-Continental Divide 1103:Black Canyon of the Gunnison 370:United States Postal Service 186:15,988 acres (64.70 km) 3488:U.S. Minor Outlying Islands 2752:Treasurevault Mountain 2472:Fruita Paleontological 1891:Telluride Historic District 1886:Silverton Historic District 1831:Leadville Historic District 1687:8 National Wildlife Refuges 1238:2 National Recreation Areas 1078:Protected areas of Colorado 267:. More than 330 species of 3570: 2820:Cache la Poudre-North Park 2707:Shell Duck Creek 2697:San Miguel River 1284:4 National Historic Trails 441:, and lakes, streams, and 412:Department of the Interior 202:300,000 (in 2013) 29: 3216: 3161: 2830:Colorado River Headwaters 2447:East Sand Dunes 2362:Brush Creek Fen 1740:3 National Heritage Areas 1210:3 National Historic Sites 537:National Eagle Repository 297:black-tailed prairie dogs 68: 56: 46: 3124:American Discovery Trail 2910:South Platte River Trail 2587:Miramonte Reservoir 2507:High Creek Fen 2442:East Lost Park 2296:307 State Wildlife Areas 1426:44 National Wildernesses 1325:Continental Divide Trail 330:National Priorities List 234:National Wildlife Refuge 30:Not to be confused with 3529:Commerce City, Colorado 2392:Comanche Grassland 1994:Sulphur Cave and Spring 1939:Garden Park Fossil Area 1846:Ludlow Tent Colony Site 1816:Elitch Gardens Carousel 1317:1 National Scenic Trail 1266:1 Wild and Scenic River 1160:Canyons of the Ancients 846:National Parks Traveler 422:and for the first time 242:Commerce City, Colorado 140:Commerce City, Colorado 3066:Rocky Mountain Arsenal 2737:Specimen Mountain 2372:Castlewood Canyon 2327:Antero-Salt Creek 2314:96 State Natural Areas 1954:Lost Creek Scenic Area 1725:Rocky Mountain Arsenal 1190:Florissant Fossil Beds 913:public domain material 420:Wolakota Buffalo Range 416:ecological restoration 394:were brought from the 313:Rocky Mountain Arsenal 261:United States Congress 250:Rocky Mountain Arsenal 167:39.83333°N 104.84167°W 129:Adams County, Colorado 3096:West Lost Trail Creek 3056:Platte River Greenway 2925:Trail of the Ancients 2920:Tracks Across Borders 2885:Pawnee Pioneer Trails 2782:Wheeler Geologic 2717:Slumgullion Earthflow 2562:Lookout Mountain 2522:Hurricane Canyon 2497:Gunnison Gravels 2482:Gateway Palisade 2457:Escalante Canyon 2138:John Martin Reservoir 1984:Slumgullion Earthflow 1881:Shenandoah-Dives Mill 1544:Maroon Bells-Snowmass 1403:2 National Grasslands 1274:Cache la Poudre River 917:National Park Service 408:conservation of bison 2875:Los Caminos Antiguos 2692:Saddle Mountain 2662:Rajadero Canyon 2557:Limestone Ridge 2547:Ken-Caryl Ranch 2367:California Park 1856:Minnequa Steel Works 1128:9 National Monuments 396:National Bison Range 293:black-footed ferrets 236:located adjacent to 172:39.83333; -104.84167 115:Show map of Colorado 3493:U.S. Virgin Islands 2747:Tamarack Ranch 2467:Fourmile Creek 2452:Elephant Rocks 2053:Arkansas Headwaters 1901:Trujillo Homesteads 1806:Denver Civic Center 1791:Colorado Chautauqua 1667:Dominguez–Escalante 1439:Black Ridge Canyons 1335:11 National Forests 1228:Sand Creek Massacre 340:program run by the 207:Governing body 163: /  2935:Unaweep Tabeguache 2915:Top of the Rockies 2865:Highway of Legends 2657:Rabbit Valley 2642:Paradise Park 2607:Mount Goliath 2517:Hoosier Ridge 2502:Haviland Lake 2437:Dudley Bluffs 2352:Bonny Prairie 2113:Golden Gate Canyon 1934:Garden of the Gods 1494:Greenhorn Mountain 1358:Medicine Bow–Routt 1302:Pony Express Trail 940:on August 20, 2014 770:. October 15, 2010 507:Rubber rabbitbrush 447:irrigation ditches 435:shortgrass prairie 424:Indigenous peoples 357:endangered species 254:United States Army 3501: 3500: 3176: 3175: 3157: 3156: 3139:Kokopelli's Trail 3116:6 Regional Trails 3106:White House Ranch 3016:Greyrock Mountain 2948: 2947: 2845:Frontier Pathways 2772:Wacker Ranch 2767:Unaweep Seep 2677:Rough Canyon 2652:Pyramid Rock 2592:Mishak Lakes 2537:Irish Canyon 2427:Droney Gulch 2377:Chalk Bluffs 2342:Blacks Gulch 2322:Aiken Canyon 2083:Cheyenne Mountain 2068:Castlewood Canyon 2030: 2029: 1297:Old Spanish Trail 699:. April 17, 2004. 673:. October 9, 1992 361:George H. W. Bush 325:Shell Oil Company 226: 225: 136:Nearest city 16:(Redirected from 3561: 3514:IUCN Category IV 3203: 3196: 3189: 3180: 3149:Tabeguache Trail 3101:Wheeler Ten Mile 3051:Petroglyph Point 3006:Fish Creek Falls 2959: 2835:Dinosaur Diamond 2825:Collegiate Peaks 2787:White Rocks 2637:Pagosa Skyrocket 2627:Orient Mine 2617:Needle Rock 2577:Mexican Cut 2542:Jimmy Creek 2337:Badger Wash 2213:Spinney Mountain 2041: 1929:Big Spring Creek 1836:Lindenmeier site 1753:Sangre de Cristo 1614:Sangre de Cristo 1514:Hunter–Fryingpan 1489:Great Sand Dunes 1469:Dominguez Canyon 1459:Collegiate Peaks 1292:California Trail 1108:Great Sand Dunes 1095:4 National Parks 1091: 1071: 1064: 1057: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1033: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1007: 992: 986: 980: 974: 968: 962: 956: 950: 949: 947: 945: 926: 920: 910: 909: 905: 903: 901: 890: 884: 883: 881: 879: 863: 857: 856: 854: 852: 837: 831: 830: 828: 826: 811: 802: 801: 799: 797: 786: 780: 779: 777: 775: 760: 754: 753: 751: 749: 734: 725: 719: 713: 707: 701: 700: 697:Associated Press 692: 683: 682: 680: 678: 663: 654: 653: 651: 649: 634: 628: 627: 625: 623: 608: 602: 596: 583: 582: 580: 578: 573:. April 14, 2004 563: 542:Involuntary park 503: 489: 474: 462: 317:chemical weapons 257:chemical weapons 178: 177: 175: 174: 173: 168: 164: 161: 160: 159: 156: 116: 110: 109: 103: 91: 85: 84: 78: 61: 39: 21: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3212: 3207: 3177: 3172: 3153: 3110: 3021:High Line Canal 2944: 2895:San Juan Skyway 2840:Flat Tops Trail 2801: 2777:West Creek 2762:Two Buttes 2712:Shell Rock 2702:Sand Creek 2687:Ryan Gulch 2632:Owl Canyon 2432:Duck Creek 2417:Deer Gulch 2308: 2290: 2272: 2243:Sweetwater Lake 2093:Eldorado Canyon 2026: 2008: 2004:West Bijou Site 1915: 1866:Pike's Stockade 1781:Bent's Old Fort 1762: 1734: 1681: 1677:McInnis Canyons 1653: 1454:Cache La Poudre 1420: 1397: 1329: 1311: 1278: 1260: 1232: 1223:Bent's Old Fort 1204: 1122: 1080: 1075: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1005: 1003: 1001:The Denver Post 994: 993: 989: 985:, pp. 1–2. 981: 977: 969: 965: 957: 953: 943: 941: 928: 927: 923: 907: 899: 897: 892: 891: 887: 877: 875: 865: 864: 860: 850: 848: 839: 838: 834: 824: 822: 820:The Denver Post 813: 812: 805: 795: 793: 788: 787: 783: 773: 771: 762: 761: 757: 747: 745: 744:. 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2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2422:Dome Rock 2419: 2414: 2412:Dakota Hogback 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2332:Arikaree River 2329: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2288: 2282: 2280: 2278:1 State Forest 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2238:Steamboat Lake 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2178:North Sterling 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2045:43 State Parks 2038: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1911:Winks Panorama 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1876:Red Rocks Park 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1672:Gunnison Gorge 1669: 1663: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1624:South San Juan 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1594:Ptarmigan Peak 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1564:Mount Sneffels 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1499:Gunnison Gorge 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1307:Santa Fe Trail 1304: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1242: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1167: 1157: 1147: 1132: 1130: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1118:Rocky Mountain 1115: 1110: 1105: 1099: 1097: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1013: 987: 975: 963: 951: 921: 885: 858: 832: 803: 781: 755: 726: 714: 702: 684: 655: 629: 603: 584: 552: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 539: 532: 529: 515: 512: 511: 510: 505: 498: 496: 491: 484: 482: 476: 469: 467: 465:Visitor Center 464: 457: 392:American bison 383: 380: 349:communal roost 308: 305: 289:white pelicans 224: 223: 218: 214: 213: 208: 204: 203: 200: 196: 195: 192: 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 126: 122: 121: 105: 104: 98: 97: 96: 95: 80: 79: 73: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 47: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3566: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3456:West Virginia 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3361:New Hampshire 3359: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3321:Massachusetts 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3185: 3184: 3181: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3160: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3144:Paradox Trail 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3026:Highline Loop 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2986:Big Dry Creek 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2940:West Elk Loop 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2905:Silver Thread 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2860:Guanella Pass 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2672:Redcloud Peak 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527:Indian Spring 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2402:Corral Bluffs 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2258:Trinidad Lake 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2248:Sweitzer Lake 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2123:Highline Lake 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1989:Spanish Peaks 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1974:Russell Lakes 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1629:Spanish Peaks 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1559:Mount Massive 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1504:Hermosa Creek 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1464:Comanche Peak 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1444:Buffalo Peaks 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:Browns Canyon 1134: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1038:September 23, 1030: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1002: 998: 991: 988: 984: 979: 976: 973:, p. 23. 972: 967: 964: 960: 955: 952: 944:September 22, 939: 935: 931: 925: 922: 918: 914: 895: 889: 886: 873: 869: 862: 859: 847: 843: 836: 833: 825:September 22, 821: 817: 810: 808: 804: 791: 785: 782: 774:September 22, 769: 765: 759: 756: 748:September 23, 743: 739: 733: 731: 727: 723: 718: 715: 711: 706: 703: 698: 691: 689: 685: 677:September 23, 672: 668: 662: 660: 656: 644: 640: 633: 630: 622:September 22, 618: 614: 607: 604: 600: 595: 593: 591: 589: 585: 577:September 22, 572: 568: 562: 560: 558: 554: 547: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 530: 528: 524: 520: 513: 508: 502: 497: 494: 488: 483: 479: 473: 468: 461: 456: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 401: 397: 393: 388: 381: 379: 376: 371: 365: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 322: 318: 314: 307:Previous uses 306: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 222: 219: 215: 212: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 185: 181: 176: 148: 144: 141: 138: 130: 127: 102: 77: 67: 60: 55: 50: 49:IUCN category 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 3534:Great Plains 3421:South Dakota 3411:Rhode Island 3406:Pennsylvania 3386:North Dakota 3165: 3061:Poudre River 3036:Mineral Belt 2890:Peak to Peak 2797:Zapata Falls 2612:Narraguinnep 2582:Mini-Wheeler 2286:State Forest 2228:State Forest 2128:Jackson Lake 2108:Fishers Peak 2078:Cherry Creek 1944:Hanging Lake 1896:Temple Aaron 1841:Lowry Pueblo 1724: 1639:Vasquez Peak 1619:Sarvis Creek 1584:Platte River 1579:Never Summer 1569:Mount Zirkel 1519:Indian Peaks 1484:Fossil Ridge 1170:Chimney Rock 1036:. Retrieved 1027: 1019:Bibliography 1006:December 28, 1004:. Retrieved 1000: 990: 978: 966: 961:, p. 2. 954: 942:. Retrieved 938:the original 933: 924: 900:November 25, 898:. Retrieved 888: 876:. Retrieved 871: 861: 849:. Retrieved 845: 835: 823:. Retrieved 819: 796:November 26, 794:. Retrieved 784: 772:. Retrieved 767: 758: 746:. Retrieved 741: 724:, p. 1. 717: 712:, p. 7. 705: 696: 675:. Retrieved 670: 646:. Retrieved 642: 632: 620:. Retrieved 616: 606: 601:, p. i. 575:. Retrieved 570: 525: 521: 517: 432: 405: 389: 385: 366: 346: 332:, a list of 310: 229: 227: 36: 3544:Bison herds 3483:Puerto Rico 3336:Mississippi 3251:Connecticut 3041:Mount Evans 3001:Devils Head 2870:Lariat Loop 2815:Alpine Loop 2667:Raven Ridge 2268:Yampa River 2253:Sylvan Lake 2198:Rifle Falls 2143:Lake Pueblo 2098:Eleven Mile 1999:Summit Lake 1720:Rocky Flats 1715:Monte Vista 1710:Browns Park 1634:Uncompahgre 1554:Mount Evans 1534:Lizard Head 1474:Eagles Nest 1393:White River 1388:Uncompahgre 1200:Yucca House 878:November 7, 671:GovTrack.us 353:bald eagles 321:Vietnam War 191:Established 170: / 158:104°50′30″W 146:Coordinates 3508:Categories 3451:Washington 3371:New Mexico 3366:New Jersey 3241:California 3076:Swamp Park 3011:Grays Peak 2996:Crag Crest 2981:Bear Creek 2855:Grand Mesa 2682:Roxborough 2223:Stagecoach 2208:Roxborough 2188:Pearl Lake 2118:Harvey Gap 1979:Sand Creek 1969:Roxborough 1964:Raton Mesa 1871:Raton Pass 1861:Pikes Peak 1758:South Park 1589:Powderhorn 1549:Mesa Verde 1539:Lost Creek 1524:James Peak 1509:Holy Cross 1449:Byers Peak 1378:San Isabel 1368:Rio Grande 1348:Grand Mesa 1113:Mesa Verde 648:August 18, 548:References 514:Management 451:homesteads 355:, then an 3549:Rewilding 3461:Wisconsin 3426:Tennessee 3331:Minnesota 3306:Louisiana 3091:Vail Pass 3086:Two Ponds 3031:Lake Fork 2218:St. Vrain 2203:Rifle Gap 2153:Lone Mesa 2073:Chatfield 2063:Boyd Lake 2058:Barr Lake 1730:Two Ponds 1644:Weminuche 1529:La Garita 1479:Flat Tops 1373:Roosevelt 1256:Curecanti 1195:Hovenweep 439:shrubland 338:Superfund 155:39°50′0″N 3446:Virginia 3396:Oklahoma 3376:New York 3351:Nebraska 3341:Missouri 3326:Michigan 3316:Maryland 3301:Kentucky 3281:Illinois 3256:Delaware 3246:Colorado 3236:Arkansas 2742:Staunton 2462:Fairview 2233:Staunton 2088:Crawford 1649:West Elk 1411:Comanche 1383:San Juan 1353:Gunnison 1185:Dinosaur 1180:Colorado 851:July 27, 531:See also 443:riparian 390:Sixteen 281:raccoons 269:wildlife 199:Visitors 125:Location 3466:Wyoming 3441:Vermont 3346:Montana 3286:Indiana 3266:Georgia 3261:Florida 3231:Arizona 3221:Alabama 3081:Two Elk 2193:Ridgway 2168:Mueller 2148:Lathrop 2103:Elkhead 1700:Arapaho 1695:Alamosa 1599:Raggeds 1343:Arapaho 1246:Arapaho 1086:Federal 643:AP NEWS 400:Montana 382:History 285:coyotes 273:raptors 217:Website 3401:Oregon 3356:Nevada 3296:Kansas 3271:Hawaii 3226:Alaska 2991:Calico 2954:Trails 2572:McElmo 2492:Gothic 2183:Paonia 2173:Navajo 2163:Mancos 1416:Pawnee 1218:Amache 872:Medium 299:, and 246:Denver 238:Denver 131:, U.S. 3431:Texas 3311:Maine 3276:Idaho 2036:State 1604:Rawah 1574:Neota 1032:(PDF) 478:Bison 301:bison 3478:Guam 3436:Utah 3391:Ohio 3291:Iowa 2976:Barr 2971:Apex 2263:Vega 2158:Lory 1705:Baca 1363:Pike 1250:USFS 1174:USFS 1154:USFS 1144:USFS 1040:2014 1008:2023 946:2014 902:2021 880:2021 853:2021 827:2014 798:2021 776:2014 750:2014 679:2014 650:2019 624:2014 579:2014 406:The 311:The 277:deer 252:, a 240:and 228:The 194:1992 183:Area 1164:BLM 1140:BLM 398:in 351:of 291:, 3510:: 999:. 932:. 870:. 844:. 818:. 806:^ 766:. 740:. 729:^ 687:^ 669:. 658:^ 641:. 615:. 587:^ 569:. 556:^ 344:. 303:. 295:, 287:, 283:, 279:, 275:, 3202:e 3195:t 3188:v 1252:) 1248:( 1176:) 1172:( 1166:) 1162:( 1156:) 1152:( 1146:) 1142:- 1138:( 1070:e 1063:t 1056:v 1042:. 1010:. 948:. 919:. 904:. 882:. 855:. 829:. 800:. 778:. 752:. 681:. 652:. 626:. 581:. 34:. 20:)

Index

Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Recreation Trails
Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge
IUCN category

Map showing the location of Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge
Map showing the location of Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge
Adams County, Colorado
Commerce City, Colorado
39°50′0″N 104°50′30″W / 39.83333°N 104.84167°W / 39.83333; -104.84167
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge
National Wildlife Refuge
Denver
Commerce City, Colorado
Denver
Rocky Mountain Arsenal
United States Army
chemical weapons
United States Congress
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
wildlife
raptors
deer
raccoons
coyotes
white pelicans
black-footed ferrets
black-tailed prairie dogs
bison
Rocky Mountain Arsenal

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