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1635:(WIM) technologies. With extensive WIM databases, it is possible to calculate the maximum expected load effect in the specified return period. This is an active area of research, addressing issues of opposing direction lanes, side-by-side (same direction) lanes, traffic growth, permit/non-permit vehicles and long-span bridges (see below). Rather than repeat this complex process every time a bridge is to be designed, standards authorities specify simplified notional load models, notably HL-93, intended to give the same load effects as the characteristic maximum values. The
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sophisticated. The concern is that one of the many natural frequencies associated with the vehicle will resonate with the bridge's first natural frequency. The vehicle-related frequencies include body bounce and axle hop but there are also pseudo-frequencies associated with the vehicle's speed of crossing and there are many frequencies associated with the surface profile. Given the wide variety of heavy vehicles on road bridges, a statistical approach has been suggested, with VBI analyses carried out for many statically extreme loading events.
177:, road, or railway) without blocking the path underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle, which is usually something that is otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many different designs of bridges, each serving a particular purpose and applicable to different situations. Designs of bridges vary depending on factors such as the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds available to build it.
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1510:(LRFD) principles. In simple terms, this means that the load is factored up by a factor greater than unity, while the resistance or capacity of the structure is factored down, by a factor less than unity. The effect of the factored load (stress, bending moment) should be less than the factored resistance to that effect. Both of these factors allow for uncertainty and are greater when the uncertainty is greater.
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are the installation of sensors on a specialist inspection vehicle and the use of its measurements as it drives over the bridge to infer information about the bridge condition. These vehicles can be equipped with accelerometers, gyrometers, Laser
Doppler Vibrometers and some even have the capability to apply a resonant force to the road surface to dynamically excite the bridge at its resonant frequency.
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probability of many trucks being closely spaced and extremely heavy reduces as the number of trucks involved increases. It is also generally assumed that short spans are governed by a small number of trucks traveling at high speed, with an allowance for dynamics. Longer spans on the other hand, are governed by congested traffic and no allowance for dynamics is needed.
1579:, evoking a rising full moon. Other garden bridges may cross only a dry bed of stream-washed pebbles, intended only to convey an impression of a stream. Often in palaces, a bridge will be built over an artificial waterway as symbolic of a passage to an important place or state of mind. A set of five bridges cross a sinuous waterway in an important courtyard of the
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While larger modern bridges are routinely monitored electronically, smaller bridges are generally inspected visually by trained inspectors. There is considerable research interest in the challenge of smaller bridges as they are often remote and do not have electrical power on site. Possible solutions
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There have been many studies of the dynamic interaction between vehicles and bridges during vehicle crossing events. Fryba did pioneering work on the interaction of a moving load and an Euler-Bernoulli beam. With increased computing power, vehicle-bridge interaction (VBI) models have become ever more
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Bridges may age hundred years with proper maintenance and rehabilitation. Bridge maintenance consisting of a combination of structural health monitoring and testing. This is regulated in country-specific engineer standards and includes an ongoing monitoring every three to six months, a simple test or
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Most bridges are utilitarian in appearance, but in some cases, the appearance of the bridge can have great importance. Often, this is the case with a large bridge that serves as an entrance to a city, or crosses over a main harbor entrance. These are sometimes known as signature bridges. Designers of
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is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss. This truss is a structure of connected elements forming triangular units. The connected elements (typically straight) may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one
735:, made from steel, concrete, or both, are also beam bridges. Beam bridge spans rarely exceed 250 feet (76 m) long, as the flexural stresses increase proportionally to the square of the length (and deflection increases proportionally to the 4th power of the length). However, the main span of the
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measurements possible on multiple structures in as short a time as possible. Additionally, this method can measure specific points on a bridge that might be difficult to access. However, vibrometers are relatively expensive and have the disadvantage that a reference point is needed to measure from.
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is directed at the point of interest, and the vibration amplitude and frequency are extracted from the
Doppler shift of the laser beam frequency due to the motion of the surface. The advantage of this method is that the setup time for the equipment is faster and, unlike an accelerometer, this makes
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While the response of a bridge to the applied loading is well understood, the applied traffic loading itself is still the subject of research. This is a statistical problem as loading is highly variable, particularly for road bridges. Load
Effects in bridges (stresses, bending moments) are designed
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Unlike buildings whose design is led by architects, bridges are usually designed by engineers. This follows from the importance of the engineering requirements; namely spanning the obstacle and having the durability to survive, with minimal maintenance, in an aggressive outdoor environment. Bridges
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in London vibrated excessively under pedestrian loading and was closed and retrofitted with a system of dampers. For smaller bridges, dynamics is not catastrophic but can contribute an added amplification to the stresses due to static effects. For example, the
Eurocode for bridge loading specifies
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Bridges are typically more aesthetically pleasing if they are simple in shape, the deck is thinner in proportion to its span, the lines of the structure are continuous, and the shapes of the structural elements reflect the forces acting on them. To create a beautiful image, some bridges are built
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is the most popular. The analysis can be one-, two-, or three-dimensional. For the majority of bridges, a two-dimensional plate model (often with stiffening beams) is sufficient or an upstand finite element model. On completion of the analysis, the bridge is designed to resist the applied bending
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Bridge standards generally include a load model, deemed to represent the characteristic maximum load to be expected in the return period. In the past, these load models were agreed by standard drafting committees of experts but today, this situation is changing. It is now possible to measure the
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were built in the late 1700s to the late 1800s, reminiscent of earlier designs in
Germany and Switzerland. Some covered bridges were also built in Asia. In later years, some were partly made of stone or metal but the trusses were usually still made of wood; in the United States, there were three
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Bridges are subject to unplanned uses as well. The areas underneath some bridges have become makeshift shelters and homes to homeless people, and the undertimbers of bridges all around the world are spots of prevalent graffiti. Some bridges attract people attempting suicide, and become known as
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are suspended from cables. The earliest suspension bridges were made of ropes or vines covered with pieces of bamboo. In modern bridges, the cables hang from towers that are attached to caissons or cofferdams. The caissons or cofferdams are implanted deep into the bed of the lake, river or sea.
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in
Slovenia is the second-largest stone bridge in the world and the longest railroad stone bridge. It was completed in 1905. Its arch, which was constructed from over 5,000 tonnes (4,900 long tons; 5,500 short tons) of stone blocks in just 18 days, is the second-largest stone arch in the world,
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The materials used to build the structure are also used to categorize bridges. Until the end of the 18th century, bridges were made out of timber, stone and masonry. Modern bridges are currently built in concrete, steel, fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), stainless steel or combinations of those
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have an arch-shaped superstructure, but differ from conventional arch bridges. Instead of transferring the weight of the bridge and traffic loads into thrust forces into the abutments, the ends of the arches are restrained by tension in the bottom chord of the structure. They are also called
376:, built a 'new' wooden bridge across the lake that was used until 1878; it was approximately 1,450 metres (4,760 ft) long and 4 metres (13 ft) wide. On 6 April 2001, a reconstruction of the original wooden footbridge was opened; it is also the longest wooden bridge in Switzerland.
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Most bridge standards are only applicable for short and medium spans - for example, the
Eurocode is only applicable for loaded lengths up to 200 m. Longer spans are dealt with on a case-by-case basis. It is generally accepted that the intensity of load reduces as span increases because the
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of the oldest types of modern bridges. The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by nineteenth and early twentieth-century engineers. A truss bridge is economical to construct owing to its efficient use of materials.
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that extend from opposite sides of the supporting piers to meet at the center of the obstacle the bridge crosses. Cantilever bridges are constructed using much the same materials and techniques as beam bridges. The difference comes in the action of the forces through the bridge.
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Bridges vibrate under load and this contributes, to a greater or lesser extent, to the stresses. Vibration and dynamics are generally more significant for slender structures such as pedestrian bridges and long-span road or rail bridges. One of the most famous examples is the
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is a bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct, which is a bridge that connects points of equal height. A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic. Overway is a term for a bridge that separates incompatible intersecting traffic, especially road and rail.
1671:(WIM) systems provide data on inter-vehicle gaps but only operate well in free flowing traffic conditions. Some authors have used cameras to measure gaps and vehicle lengths in jammed situations and have inferred weights from lengths using WIM data. Others have used
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inspection every two to three years and a major inspection every six to ten years. In Europe, the cost of maintenance is considerable and is higher in some countries than spending on new bridges. The lifetime of welded steel bridges can be significantly extended by
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bridge conditions by accessing data passively captured by cell phones, which routinely include accelerometers and GPS sensors, has been suggested as an alternative to including sensors during bridge construction and an augment for professional examinations.
963:, like suspension bridges, are held up by cables. However, in a cable-stayed bridge, less cable is required and the towers holding the cables are proportionately higher. The first known cable-stayed bridge was designed in 1784 by C. T. (or C. J.) LĂśscher.
1765:, tiltmeters, and GPS. Accelerometers have the advantage that they are inertial, i.e., they do not require a reference point to measure from. This is often a problem for distance or deflection measurement, especially if the bridge is over water.
715:. The earliest beam bridges were simple logs that sat across streams and similar simple structures. In modern times, beam bridges can range from small, wooden beams to large, steel boxes. The vertical force on the bridge becomes a
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styles of trusses, the Queen Post, the Burr Arch and the Town
Lattice. Hundreds of these structures still stand in North America. They were brought to the attention of the general public in the 1990s by the novel, movie and play
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A multi-way bridge has three or more separate spans which meet near the center of the bridge. Multi-way bridges with only three spans appear as a "T" or "Y" when viewed from above. Multi-way bridges are extremely rare.
543:. They were constructed by pounding four large forked tree trunks into the stream bed, placing beams along these forked pillars, then positioning cross-beams that were finally covered with four to six inches of dirt.
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to aid bridge inspection. This can provide measurement of the bridge geometry (to facilitate the building of a computer model) but the accuracy is generally insufficient to measure bridge deflections under load.
1041:, are designed to be assembled, taken apart, transported to a different site, and re-used. They are important in military engineering and are also used to carry traffic while an old bridge is being rebuilt.
479:. The use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century. A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the
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Bridges can be categorized in several different ways. Common categories include the type of structural elements used, by what they carry, whether they are fixed or movable, and by the materials used.
4680:
GonzĂĄlez, Arturo; OBrien, Eugene J.; Cantero, Daniel; Li, Yingyan; Dowling, Jason; Ĺ˝nidariÄ, Ales (May 2010). "Critical speed for the dynamics of truck events on bridges with a smooth road surface".
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There are several methods used to monitor the condition of large structures, like bridges. Many long-span bridges are now routinely monitored with a range of sensors, including strain transducers,
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in the United States, at 23.83 miles (38.35 km), with individual spans of 56 feet (17 m). Beam bridges are the simplest and oldest type of bridge in use today, and are a popular type.
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The Tank bridge transporter (TBT) has the same cross-country performance as a tank even when fully loaded. It can deploy, drop off and load bridges independently, but it cannot recover them.
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are distributed through their structure. Most bridges will employ all of these to some degree, but only a few will predominate. The separation of forces and moments may be quite clear. In a
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work between the roadway levels provided stiffness to the roadways and reduced movement of the upper level when the lower level was installed three decades after the upper level. The
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Naito, Clay; Sause, Richard; Hodgson, Ian; Pessiki, Stephen; Macioce, Thomas (2010). "Forensic
Examination of a Noncomposite Adjacent Precast Prestressed Concrete Box Beam Bridge".
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River. The difference between the two is that the Solkan Bridge was built from stone blocks, whereas the
FriedensbrĂźcke was built from a mixture of crushed stone and cement mortar.
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Calculating the loading due to congested traffic remains a challenge as there is a paucity of data on inter-vehicle gaps, both within-lane and inter-lane, in congested conditions.
4122:
O'Connor, Alan; Jacob, Bernard; O'Brien, Eugène; Prat, Michel (June 2001). "Report of Current Studies Performed on Normal Load Model of EC1: Part 2. Traffic Loads on Bridges".
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OBrien, Eugene J.; Lipari, Alessandro; Caprani, Colin C. (July 2015). "Micro-simulation of single-lane traffic to identify critical loading conditions for long-span bridges".
856:, and the largest railroad stone arch. The arch of the FriedensbrĂźcke, which was built in the same year, has the span of 90 m (295 ft) and crosses the valley of the
1155:, completed in 1849, is an early example of a double-decked bridge. The upper level carries a railway, and the lower level is used for road traffic. Other examples include
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Brady Sean P.; O'Brien Eugene J.; Ĺ˝nidariÄ AleĹĄ (1 March 2006). "Effect of Vehicle Velocity on the Dynamic Amplification of a Vehicle Crossing a Simply Supported Bridge".
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Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 6) & 7th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD 7), Glasgow, Scotland
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Shemirani, Alireza Bagher (25 June 2022). "Experimental and numerical studies of concrete bridge decks using ultra high-performance concrete and reinforced concrete".
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causeway date back to 1523 BC. The first wooden footbridge there led across Lake ZĂźrich; it was reconstructed several times through the late 2nd century AD, when the
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Leahy, Cathal; OBrien, Eugene J.; Enright, Bernard; Hajializadeh, Donya (October 2015). "Review of HL-93 Bridge Traffic Load Model Using an Extensive WIM Database".
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Bagher Shemirani, Alireza (2022), "Experimental and numerical studies of concrete bridge decks using ultra high-performance concrete and reinforced concrete",
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For small footbridges, the cantilevers may be simple beams; however, large cantilever bridges designed to handle road or rail traffic use trusses built from
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OBrien, E. J.; Hayrapetova, A.; Walsh, C. (March 2012). "The use of micro-simulation for congested traffic load modeling of medium- and long-span bridges".
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are designed to move out of the way of boats or other kinds of traffic, which would otherwise be too tall to fit. These are generally electrically powered.
682:, the elements in tension are distinct in shape and placement. In other cases the forces may be distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss.
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2942:
3808:
Caprani, Colin C.; OBrien, Eugene J. (March 2010). "The use of predictive likelihood to estimate the distribution of extreme bridge traffic load effect".
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OBrien, E.J.; Bordallo-Ruiz, A.; Enright, B. (September 2014). "Lifetime maximum load effects on short-span bridges subject to growing traffic volumes".
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999:(though this is no longer favored for inspectability reasons) while beam-and-slab consists of concrete or steel girders connected by a concrete slab. A
4998:
Yang, Y. B.; Yang, Judy P. (February 2018). "State-of-the-Art Review on Modal Identification and Damage Detection of Bridges by Moving Test Vehicles".
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Li, Yingyan; OBrien, Eugene; GonzĂĄlez, Arturo (May 2006). "The development of a dynamic amplification estimator for bridges with good road profiles".
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Caprani, Colin C.; OBrien, Eugene J.; Lipari, Alessandro (May 2016). "Long-span bridge traffic loading based on multi-lane traffic micro-simulation".
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Most bridges are fixed bridges, meaning they have no moving parts and stay in one place until they fail or are demolished. Temporary bridges, such as
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reserves its lower level for automobile and light rail traffic and its upper level for pedestrian and bicycle traffic (predominantly students at the
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A viaduct is made up of multiple bridges connected into one longer structure. The longest and some of the highest bridges are viaducts, such as the
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amplifications of between 10% and 70%, depending on the span, the number of traffic lanes and the type of stress (bending moment or shear force).
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2993:Ĺ˝nidariÄ, AleĹĄ; Pakrashi, Vikram; O'Brien, Eugene; O'Connor, Alan (December 2011). "A review of road structure data in six European countries".
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2098:"South Eighth Street Viaduct, Spanning Little Lehigh Creek at Eighth Street (State Route 2055), Allentown, Lehigh County, PA (HAER No. PA-459)"
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GonzĂĄlez, A.; Cantero, D.; OBrien, E.J. (December 2011). "Dynamic increment for shear force due to heavy vehicles crossing a highway bridge".
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load on the beam which is transferred down its length to the substructures on either side They are typically made of steel, concrete or wood.
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3337:"Do local landmark bridges increase the suicide rate? An alternative test of the likely effect of means restriction at suicide-jumping sites"
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Some Engineers sub-divide 'beam' bridges into slab, beam-and-slab and box girder on the basis of their cross-section. A slab can be solid or
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to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of
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Enright, Bernard; O'Brien, Eugene J. (December 2013). "Monte Carlo simulation of extreme traffic loading on short and medium span bridges".
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1623:. Before factoring to allow for uncertainty, the load effect is generally considered to be the maximum characteristic value in a specified
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bridges in parks and along parkways often place more importance on aesthetics, as well. Examples include the stone-faced bridges along the
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The Oxford English Dictionary also notes that there is some suggestion that the word can be traced directly back to Proto-Indo-European
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tracks the structural evaluations of all bridges, including designations such as "structurally deficient" and "functionally obsolete".
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430:, in Spain. The Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called
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Cantero, D; O'Brien, E J; GonzĂĄlez, A (June 2010). "Modelling the vehicle in vehicleâinfrastructure dynamic interaction studies".
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Enright, Bernard; OBrien, Eugene J.; Leahy, Cathal (December 2016). "Identifying and modelling permit trucks for bridge loading".
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with a length of 1,741 m (5,712 ft) and a span of 552 m (1,811 ft). The bridge was opened 29 April 2009, in
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moments and shear forces, section sizes are selected with sufficient capacity to resist the stresses. Many bridges are made of
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357:
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Yang, Y.-B.; Lin, C.W.; Yau, J.D. (May 2004). "Extracting bridge frequencies from the dynamic response of a passing vehicle".
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in Beijing, China. The central bridge was reserved exclusively for the use of the Emperor and Empress, with their attendants.
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sprung up in France in the 1950s, and these types of bridges are now used worldwide to protect both large and small wildlife.
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The triangular pieces of truss bridges are manufactured from straight and steel bars, according to the truss bridge designs.
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when the beams are connected across two or more spans. When there are multiple spans, the intermediate supports are known as
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are first analysed; the bending moment and shear force distributions are calculated due to the applied loads. For this, the
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which has good durability properties, either by pre-tensioning of beams prior to installation or post-tensioning on site.
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in Hong Kong have six lanes on their upper decks, and on their lower decks there are two lanes and a pair of tracks for
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Cantero, D.; GonzĂĄlez, A.; OBrien, E. J. (June 2009). "Maximum dynamic stress on bridges traversed by moving loads".
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5131:"The Feasibility of Using Laser Doppler Vibrometer Measurements from a Passing Vehicle for Bridge Damage Detection"
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288:, U.S., "one of the earliest surviving examples of monumental, reinforced concrete construction," according to the
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that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. Some stand today. An example is the
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consisting of logs that fell naturally or were intentionally felled or placed across streams. Some of the first
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when many new designs were being built, often using new materials, with some of them failing catastrophically.
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4780:"Characteristic Dynamic Increment for extreme traffic loading events on short and medium span highway bridges"
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which is a bridge built to serve as a restaurant. Other suspension bridge towers carry transmission antennas.
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has five lanes of motor traffic, bicycle lanes, and sidewalks on its upper deck; and a pair of tracks for the
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A.S, Nowak; M, Lutomirska; F.I, Sheikh Ibrahim (2010). "The development of live load for long span bridges".
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in London is different example of a double-decked bridge, with the central section consisting of a low-level
475:. The bridge was swept away during a flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the chief architect of emperor
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Micu, Elena Alexandra; Obrien, Eugene John; Malekjafarian, Abdollah; Quilligan, Michael (21 December 2018).
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OBrien, E. J.; Keenahan, J. (May 2015). "Drive-by damage detection in bridges using the apparent profile".
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BjeliÄ, Igor (2022). "Use of Building Materials During the Construction of Trajan's Bridge on the Danube".
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built a 6-metre-wide (20 ft) wooden bridge to carry transport across the lake. Between 1358 and 1360,
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Beam bridges can use pre-stressed concrete, an inexpensive building material, which is then embedded with
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A bridge can be categorized by what it is designed to carry, such as trains, pedestrian or road traffic (
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Structural Beam Deflection Stress Bending Equations / Calculation Supported on Both Ends Uniform Loading
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Some cantilever bridges also have a smaller beam connecting the two cantilevers, for extra strength.
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Proceedings of the National parks conference held at Berkeley, California March 11, 12, and 13, 1915
1610:. This results in a potential high benefit, using existing bridges far beyond the planned lifetime.
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consists of a four-lane highway on the upper level and a pair of railway tracks at the lower level.
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The estimated life of bridges varies between 25 and 80 years depending on location and material.
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3700:. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences. NCHRP Report 713.
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Handbook of Transportation Engineering, Volume II: Applications and Technologies, Second Edition
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Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-Body Dynamics
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that collapsed shortly after being constructed due to excessive vibration. More recently, the
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O'Brien, E.J; Keogh, D.L (December 1998). "Upstand finite element analysis of slab bridges".
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4599:
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4339:
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4233:
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4015:
4007:
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3925:
3915:
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3825:
3817:
3772:
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3208:
3089:
3010:
3002:
2787:
2404:
2183:
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1830:
1724:
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much taller than necessary. This type, often found in east-Asian style gardens, is called a
1404:
1236:
1222:
1164:
1156:
996:
891:
703:
627:
586:
513:
443:
311:
4082:
3903:
3902:
OBrien, Eugene J.; Leahy, Cathal; Enright, Bernard; Caprani, Colin C. (30 September 2016).
2885:
2791:
951:
5603:
5438:
5299:
5275:
3696:
Ford, K.; Arman, M.; Labi, S.; Sinha, K.C.; Thompson, P.D.; Shirole, A.M.; Li, Z. (2012).
2733:
1978:
1943:
1898:
1824:
1773:
An option for structural-integrity monitoring is "non-contact monitoring", which uses the
1672:
1668:
1632:
1559:
1442:, brick and other such materials that are strong in compression and somewhat so in shear.
1333:
1253:
1095:
1004:
901:
834:
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at either side. The earliest known arch bridges were built by the Greeks, and include the
793:
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623:
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562:
491:
435:
408:
380:
319:
241:
193:
181:
31:
3492:
2162:(A log bridge) is a bridge composed of log beams, the logs being in natural condition or
615:
352:
bridges with significant span were probably intentionally felled trees. Among the oldest
5284:â International Database and Gallery of Engineerings Structures with over 10000 Bridges.
4976:
4795:
4778:
OBrien, Eugene J.; Cantero, Daniel; Enright, Bernard; GonzĂĄlez, Arturo (December 2010).
4693:
4489:
4370:
4335:
4274:
3760:
3440:
546:
During the 18th century, there were many innovations in the design of timber bridges by
5803:
5743:
5564:
5554:
5520:
5453:
5443:
5403:
1993:
1968:
1774:
1655:
in Scotland prior to its opening to general traffic; traffic has now been moved to the
1639:
is an example of a standard for bridge traffic loading that was developed in this way.
1580:
1378:
1318:
1210:
1184:
1042:
882:
590:
555:
532:
502:
stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the
476:
361:
4984:
3572:
1838:
5950:
5544:
5388:
4945:
4161:
3388:
3032:
2714:
1948:
1913:
1863:
1766:
1762:
1743:
1624:
1352:
1083:
1038:
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868:
840:
803:
724:
528:
mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century.
480:
472:
439:
353:
170:
154:
5115:
4821:
4803:
4764:
4719:
4666:
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4621:
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4515:
4396:
4378:
4343:
4308:
4108:
3984:
3888:
3839:
3794:
3352:
1227:
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metro trains. Some double-decked bridges only use one level for street traffic; the
108:
5910:
5895:
5559:
5483:
5478:
4899:
3966:
3870:
3821:
3093:
2748:
2682:
1893:
1868:
1716:
1180:
1160:
792:âhorizontal beams supported on only one end. Most cantilever bridges use a pair of
766:
756:
716:
701:
are horizontal beams supported at each end by substructure units and can be either
698:
671:
582:
570:
455:
369:
4212:"Estimation of Extreme Load Effects on Long-Span Bridges Using Traffic Image Data"
4135:
3195:
Roberts, Gethin; Brown, Christopher; Tang, Xu; Ogundipe, Oluporo (February 2015).
2436:
Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order
2294:
1287:
934:. There is also what is sometimes called a "semi-suspension" bridge, of which the
813:
689:
486:
Although large bridges of wooden construction existed in China at the time of the
296:
3768:
3634:"Bridge Aesthetics. Design guideline to improve the appearance of bridges in NSW"
3176:. Vol. LXXXI, no. 6, 004. South Australia. 23 February 1924. p. 16
2557:
2434:
2187:
1739:
in trying to learn lessons vital to bridge design, construction and maintenance.
5874:
5515:
5488:
5433:
5408:
5363:
5358:
5292:
2408:
1938:
1878:
1576:
1420:
1111:
1003:
cross-section consists of a single-cell or multi-cellular box. In recent years,
970:
940:
The longest suspension bridge in the world is the 4,608 m (15,118 ft)
822:
712:
619:
521:
495:
404:
392:
384:
337:
223:
201:
197:
50:
5197:
4884:
4542:
1647:
965:
The longest cable-stayed bridge since 2012 is the 1,104 m (3,622 ft)
5935:
5915:
5839:
5448:
5428:
5423:
5378:
5011:
4701:
4497:
4282:
4228:
4211:
3285:"Bridges for Animals to Safely Cross Freeways Are Popping Up Around the World"
3284:
3167:
2430:
1988:
1928:
1923:
1820:
1789:
Snapshots in time of the external condition of a bridge can be recorded using
1543:
1291:
1188:
1172:
1148:
1087:
789:
400:
349:
345:
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in England, approximately 6000 years old. Ancient people would also have used
341:
5166:
5070:
5019:
4613:
4560:
4462:
4300:
4247:
4196:
4153:
4100:
4029:
3939:
3786:
3733:
3682:
3360:
3196:
3070:
3024:
2995:
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers â Urban Design and Planning
2799:
2416:
1742:
The failure of bridges first assumed national interest in Britain during the
1506:
In most countries, bridges, like other structures, are designed according to
1090:, US, as the world's busiest bridge, carrying 102 million vehicles annually;
4595:
4429:
3619:
2250:
2167:
2097:
1853:
1427:, along with most of the bridge, but some bridges are still made with steel-
872:
830:
826:
746:
566:
447:
431:
329:
325:
189:
185:
5147:
5130:
4897:
Riordon, James R. (3 December 2022). "Cell phones track bridge integrity".
3368:
3228:"How creating wildlife crossings can help reindeer, bears â and even crabs"
2473:
The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast
631:
498:. This bridge is also historically significant as it is the world's oldest
17:
5312:
5051:
5034:
5033:
Malekjafarian, Abdollah; McGetrick, Patrick J.; OBrien, Eugene J. (2015).
4846:
4011:
3920:
3212:
3051:
O'Brien, Eugene J.; Keogh, Damien L.; O'Connor, Alan J. (6 October 2014).
1534:
1329:
407:
still in existence and use. Several intact, arched stone bridges from the
5854:
5834:
5824:
5525:
4188:
4044:"HL-93 AASHTO Vehicular Live Loading | Truck | Tandem | Design Lane Load"
1958:
1888:
1636:
1478:
1383:
1176:
857:
554:, as well as others. The first book on bridge engineering was written by
510:(105 AD) featured open-spandrel segmental arches in wooden construction.
499:
460:
364:
in Switzerland; prehistoric timber pilings discovered to the west of the
3138:"GW Bridge Painters: Dangerous Job on Top of the World's Busiest Bridge"
3006:
1074:, is the world's busiest bridge, carrying 106 million vehicles annually.
638:
presented the Historic Welded Structure Award for the bridge to Poland.
5925:
5569:
4779:
3854:
2961:"Russian city of Vladivostok unveils record-breaking suspension bridge"
2819:
Arch'01: troisième ConfÊrence internationale sur les ponts en arc Paris
1908:
1883:
1728:
1527:
1454:. The resulting bridge can resist both compression and tension forces.
1364:
1200:
1119:
844:
720:
663:
611:
536:
464:
388:
365:
333:
5157:
5106:
5061:
4812:
4755:
4710:
4657:
4604:
4551:
4531:
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers â Bridge Engineering
4506:
4387:
4291:
4238:
4144:
4091:
4020:
4000:
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers â Bridge Engineering
3975:
3930:
3879:
3830:
3777:
3581:
3111:"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey â George Washington Bridge"
3015:
1627:. Notably, in Europe, it is the maximum value expected in 1000 years.
1078:
Double-decked (or double-decker) bridges have two levels, such as the
5879:
5869:
5129:
Malekjafarian, Abdollah; Martinez, Daniel; OBrien, Eugene J. (2018).
5097:
2821:(in English and French). Paris: Presses des Ponts. pp. 121â124.
1547:
1348:
1336:
in Shropshire, England, completed in 1781, the first cast iron bridge
853:
848:
540:
468:
396:
174:
561:
A major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of
5287:
1026:
989:
A ford bridge is designed to allow the flow of water over the way.
450:, as the technology for cement was lost (then later rediscovered).
387:
bridges part of a former network of roads, designed to accommodate
5900:
5849:
5819:
1790:
1778:
1715:
1646:
1590:
1553:
1533:
1517:
1472:
1451:
1439:
1358:
1339:
1328:
1226:
1091:
1061:
1025:
578:
525:
427:
306:
295:
275:
263:
257:
251:
148:
5772:
5268:
5864:
3659:"Bridge Lifetime System Reliability under Multiple Limit States"
3136:
Bod Woodruff; Lana Zak & Stephanie Wash (20 November 2012).
2163:
1424:
5776:
5316:
5035:"A Review of Indirect Bridge Monitoring Using Passing Vehicles"
802:
The largest cantilever bridge is the 549-metre (1,801 ft)
5829:
2139:
National Parks Conference, Department of the Interior (1915).
1286:
Some bridges accommodate other purposes, such as the tower of
1103:
585:
were developed for larger bridges, but iron does not have the
44:
5307:
3855:"Modeling same-direction two-lane traffic for bridge loading"
506:(approximately 2nd century AD), while the enormous Roman era
237:
However, they also note that "this poses semantic problems."
5585:
3714:
OBrien, Eugene J.; Keogh, Damien L.; O'Connor, Alan (2015).
938:
in Burton-upon-Trent is the only one of its kind in Europe.
180:
The earliest bridges were likely made with fallen trees and
30:
This article is about the structure. For the card game, see
5281:
5256:
Bridges : a study in their art, science, and evolution
5000:
International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics
2122:
Brunning, Richard (February 2001). "The Somerset Levels".
1631:
components of bridge traffic load, to weigh trucks, using
391:, between the fort of Tiryns and town of Epidauros in the
4946:"Performance evaluation of bridges using virtual reality"
4412:
Research perspectives: traffic loading on highway bridges
3384:"Port Authority not liable for NYC bridge jumpers: judge"
3197:"Using satellites to monitor Severn Bridge structure, UK"
2737:. Vol. 40, no. 22. 28 May 1956. pp. 53â60.
852:
surpassed only by the FriedensbrĂźcke (Syratalviadukt) in
829:
at each end. The weight of the bridge is thrust into the
1675:
to generate typical clusters of vehicles on the bridge.
2186:. In Ryall, M.J.; Parke, G.A.R.; Harding, J.E. (eds.).
2043:(10th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 173.
1278:) or waterway for water transport or barge traffic. An
5278:, a collection of digitized books at Lehigh University
3657:
Estes, Allen C.; Frangopol, Dan M. (1 December 2001).
3088:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1â2.
731:, usually made from steel, are types of beam bridges.
5288:
U.S. Federal Highway Administration Bridge Technology
3904:"Validation of scenario modelling for bridge loading"
707:
when the beams only connect across a single span, or
3536:
K, Aggeliki; Stonecypher, Lamar (10 February 2010).
2128:. XV (4) (172 (Special issue on Wetlands)): 139â143.
739:, a box girder bridge, is 300 metres (980 ft).
490:, the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the
5736:
5715:
5659:
5596:
5351:
5244:
Bridges of the World: Their Design and Construction
2936:"Cable Stayed Structures and Stay Cable Technology"
2465:
2463:
414:The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the
75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2341:A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Vol II
2184:"The history and aesthetic development of bridges"
5651:List of lists of covered bridges in North America
5269:Digital Bridge: Bridges of the Nineteenth Century
4216:The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering
3908:The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering
3853:OBrien, Eugene J.; Enright, Bernard (July 2011).
3709:
3707:
3113:. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
1735:The failure of bridges is of special concern for
1015:"Fixed link" redirects here. For other uses, see
596:In Canada and the United States, numerous timber
463:mentions the construction of dams and bridges. A
654:Bridges may be classified by how the actions of
318:The simplest and earliest types of bridges were
5207:Bridges: three thousand years of defying nature
4903:(Paper). Vol. 202, no. 10. p. 8.
839:With the span of 220 metres (720 ft), the
3698:Estimating life expectancies of highway assets
2628:"Visit America's Most Idyllic Covered Bridges"
5788:
5328:
3105:
3103:
1376:have been constructed of live plants such as
1017:Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links
8:
2580:"Hidden Masterpieces: Covered Bridges in PA"
3201:Proceedings of the ICE â Bridge Engineering
2554:"Historic Wooden Bridges/"Covered Bridges""
1546:(Old Bridge) gives its name to the city of
1133:on its lower deck. The western span of the
403:(13th century BC), it is one of the oldest
5795:
5781:
5773:
5335:
5321:
5313:
3184:– via National Library of Australia.
3055:(Second ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
2364:(2008). 2008 EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica, Inc.
569:for the first time as arches to cross the
196:, dating from the 13th century BC, in the
27:Structure built to span physical obstacles
5246:. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003.
5156:
5146:
5105:
5060:
5050:
4811:
4754:
4709:
4656:
4603:
4550:
4505:
4386:
4290:
4237:
4227:
4143:
4090:
4019:
3974:
3929:
3919:
3878:
3829:
3776:
3580:
3014:
1309:and animal-vehicle collisions. The first
153:A temporary wooden footbridge leading to
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
5086:Structural Control and Health Monitoring
4263:Structure and Infrastructure Engineering
3749:Structure and Infrastructure Engineering
2849:. Guinness World Records. Archived from
2291:"Lessons from Roman Cement and Concrete"
1388:
1030:A mobile tank bridge transporter of the
684:
565:in Shropshire, England in 1779. It used
3226:Greenfield, Patrick (23 January 2021).
2815:"World Famous Arch Bridges in Slovenia"
2582:. Pennsylvania Book Center. Spring 2010
2556:. HSNB.DE. 11 July 2011. Archived from
2335:
2333:
2021:. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
2009:
863:The world's largest arch bridge is the
626:which was later built across the river
336:; examples of such bridges include the
4747:10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2006)11:2(241)
3548:from the original on 19 February 2015.
3148:from the original on 28 September 2013
3117:from the original on 20 September 2013
2923:from the original on 15 November 2016.
1608:aftertreatment of the weld transitions
1007:construction has also become popular.
494:, built from 595 to 605 AD during the
5293:The Museum of Japanese Timber Bridges
3675:10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2001)6:6(523)
3481:from the original on 29 October 2014.
3451:from the original on 8 September 2017
3421:from the original on 5 September 2017
3046:
3044:
3042:
2988:
2986:
2602:"Throwback Thursday: Covered bridges"
2192:. London: Thomas Telford. p. 1.
7:
5224:Sandak, Cass R. (31 December 1983).
3525:from the original on 6 January 2015.
3503:from the original on 2 January 2015.
3238:from the original on 23 January 2021
2971:from the original on 20 January 2016
2759:from the original on 3 February 2017
2659:. WeldingHistory.org. Archived from
2315:Dikshitar, V.R.R. Dikshitar (1993).
2247:"Context for World Heritage Bridges"
2102:Historic American Engineering Record
2030:
2028:
1812:List of longest bridges in the world
1643:Traffic loading on long span bridges
1294:, which features a restaurant, or a
418:. The Romans built arch bridges and
73:adding citations to reliable sources
5308:"bridge-info.org": site for bridges
3411:"How are Living Root Bridges Made?"
3283:Jessica Stewart (9 February 2017).
2847:"Longest bridge, steel arch bridge"
2528:"Gustave Eiffel-15 Iconic Projects"
2271:from the original on 6 January 2012
741:The world's longest beam bridge is
290:American Society of Civil Engineers
4083:10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000729
2892:from the original on May 18, 2008.
2886:"Cable Stay vs Suspension Bridges"
2835:from the original on 30 July 2016.
2792:10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000110
2655:Sapp, Mark E. (22 February 2008).
2508:from the original on March 4, 2016
2476:. Simon and Schuster. p. 62.
2170:, and over which traffic may pass.
1697:Vehicle-bridge dynamic interaction
1562:in London, under which planes pass
25:
5619:medieval stone bridges in Germany
4925:from the original on 10 June 2012
3604:]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
3598:BrucĚken: Asthetik und Gestaltung
3382:Marsh, Julia (30 December 2018).
3335:Glasgow, Garrett (1 March 2011).
3259:"Animals Need Infrastructure Too"
2689:from the original on May 18, 2008
1621:Load and Resistance Factor Design
1508:Load and Resistance Factor Design
411:can be found in the Peloponnese.
5757:
5756:
4915:"Basic Principles of Vibrometry"
4836:"The new Minnesota smart bridge"
3441:"The Vine Bridges of Iya Valley"
3311:"World's Coolest Animal Bridges"
2377:, Abhinav Publications, p. 213,
2189:The manual of bridge engineering
1837:
1823:
1167:in Derry, Northern Ireland. The
1135:San FranciscoâOakland Bay Bridge
979:
950:
928:suspended-deck suspension bridge
900:
881:
812:
775:
755:
688:
49:
4804:10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.08.018
4649:10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.08.009
4379:10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.02.019
4344:10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.045
3639:. February 2009. Archived from
3353:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.001
2872:A.O.P. Guide to Burton-on-Trent
2813:Gorazd Humar (September 2001).
2749:"Civil What?!: Explore Bridges"
2293:. Pubs.asce.org. Archived from
1597:high-frequency impact treatment
1522:The Prins Clausbrug across the
1419:The cables are usually made of
1070:, connecting New York City and
932:self-anchored suspension bridge
634:, Poland in 1929. In 1995, the
240:The origin of the word for the
169:a physical obstacle (such as a
60:needs additional citations for
5209:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books.
4965:Journal of Sound and Vibration
4682:Journal of Sound and Vibration
4478:Journal of Sound and Vibration
4124:Revue Française de GÊnie Civil
3967:10.1016/j.strusafe.2014.05.005
3871:10.1016/j.strusafe.2011.04.004
3822:10.1016/j.strusafe.2009.09.001
3602:Bridges: aesthetics and design
3415:The Living Root Bridge Project
2731:"A big prefabricated bridge".
2375:History of Mughal Architecture
2319:, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 332
2166:, which are thrown across two
2160:– via Internet Archive.
1595:A highway bridge treated with
1082:, connecting New York City to
924:underspanned suspension bridge
218:traces the origin of the word
192:bridges across marshland. The
1:
5576:Visual index to various types
5254:(Unabridged republication of
4985:10.1016/S0022-460X(03)00378-X
4735:Journal of Bridge Engineering
4136:10.1080/12795119.2001.9692315
4071:Journal of Bridge Engineering
3663:Journal of Bridge Engineering
3573:10.1016/S0045-7949(98)00148-5
3341:Social Science & Medicine
3309:Rachel Newer (23 July 2012).
3257:Sarah Holder (31 July 2018).
2959:Elder, Miriam (2 July 2012).
2909:. Thomas Telford. p. 7.
2888:. U.S. Department of Energy.
2780:Journal of Bridge Engineering
2721:. Retrieved on 23 April 2013.
2456:– via Books.google.com.
2339:Dutt, Romesh Chunder (2000).
2041:The Concise Oxford Dictionary
2019:The Concise Oxford Dictionary
604:The Bridges of Madison County
446:bridges were built after the
5399:Cantilever spar cable-stayed
3769:10.1080/15732479.2012.688753
2817:. In Charles Abdunur (ed.).
2657:"Welding Timeline 1900â1950"
2470:Edgerton, Robert B. (2010).
2397:Arheologija I Prirodne Nauke
2249:. Icomos.org. Archived from
2224:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
2035:Pearsall, Judy, ed. (2001).
1727:failed due to flood-induced
1619:for using the principles of
1407:, or box girders built from
358:HolzbrĂźcke Rapperswil-Hurden
328:people also built a form of
4445:Dynamics of railway bridges
2439:. CUP Archive. p. 38.
2409:10.18485/arhe_apn.2022.18.4
1207:Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
1058:List of multi-level bridges
743:Lake Pontchartrain Causeway
5983:
5198:10.12989/CAC.2022.29.6.407
4944:Omer; et al. (2018).
4885:10.12989/cac.2022.29.6.407
4637:Computers & Structures
4543:10.1680/bren.2009.162.2.75
4414:. London: Thomas Telford.
3561:Computers & Structures
3084:Hovey, Otis Ellis (1927).
2147:Government Printing Office
1805:
1749:In the United States, the
1709:
1220:
1198:
1055:
1014:
618:designed the first welded
374:Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria
360:bridge that crossed upper
260:in Himachal Pradesh, India
242:card game of the same name
29:
5888:
5810:
5752:
5583:
5012:10.1142/S0219455418500256
4702:10.1016/j.jsv.2010.01.002
4498:10.1016/j.jsv.2005.09.015
4283:10.1080/15732471003640477
4229:10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.427
3596:Leonhardt, Fritz (1984).
2209:– via Google books.
1859:Architectural engineering
1751:National Bridge Inventory
1550:in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1351:, Germany, a bridge with
1072:Bergen County, New Jersey
483:administration in India.
383:is one of four Mycenaean
282:Albertus L. Meyers Bridge
256:Seasonal bridge north of
215:Oxford English Dictionary
5687:Continuous truss bridges
5660:Lists of bridges by size
5597:Lists of bridges by type
5205:Brown, David J. (2005).
1783:Laser Doppler Vibrometer
1757:Bridge health monitoring
1382:tree roots in India and
1363:A small stone bridge in
1325:Bridge types by material
1108:Washington Avenue Bridge
1080:George Washington Bridge
1068:George Washington Bridge
1011:Fixed or movable bridges
916:simple suspension bridge
636:American Welding Society
165:is a structure built to
40:Bridges (disambiguation)
4596:10.1243/14644193JMBD228
3168:"The Mile-End Crossing"
3094:2027/mdp.39015068174518
2362:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
2360:"suspension bridge" in
2182:Bennett, David (2000).
1964:Pier (bridge structure)
1712:List of bridge failures
1116:University of Minnesota
426:, built over the river
286:Allentown, Pennsylvania
230:, of the same meaning.
36:Bridge (disambiguation)
5967:Structural engineering
5646:List of bridgeâtunnels
5590:
5414:Double-beam drawbridge
5274:26 August 2005 at the
5186:Computers and Concrete
4873:Computers and Concrete
4784:Engineering Structures
4359:Engineering Structures
4324:Engineering Structures
3542:Bright Hub Engineering
3538:"Truss Bridge Designs"
2903:Walther, RenĂŠ (1999).
1934:Landscape architecture
1904:Cross-sea traffic ways
1732:
1721:Mississippi Highway 33
1660:
1614:Bridge traffic loading
1599:
1563:
1551:
1531:
1490:
1368:
1356:
1337:
1244:
1075:
1034:
920:stressed ribbon bridge
914:Sub-types include the
548:Hans Ulrich Grubenmann
434:, consisted of water,
399:. Dating to the Greek
315:
304:
293:
273:
270:West Montrose, Ontario
268:The covered bridge in
261:
204:in existence and use.
158:
34:. For other uses, see
5639:vertical-lift bridges
5589:
4012:10.1680/bren.14.00031
3921:10.3846/bjrbe.2016.27
3213:10.1680/bren.14.00008
2685:. Design Technology.
2532:Rethinking the Future
2502:Engineering Timelines
2245:DeLony, Eric (1996).
2070:registration required
1806:Further information:
1719:
1686:Tacoma Narrows Bridge
1650:
1594:
1569:Taconic State Parkway
1557:
1537:
1524:AmsterdamâRhine Canal
1521:
1496:finite element method
1481:over construction on
1476:
1362:
1343:
1332:
1307:habitat fragmentation
1301:Conservationists use
1230:
1137:also has two levels.
1124:Prince Edward Viaduct
1065:
1052:Double-decked bridges
1029:
1021:Link (disambiguation)
942:1915 Ăanakkale Bridge
887:Tied arch bridge
577:in the 19th century,
575:Industrial Revolution
488:Warring States period
310:
299:
279:
267:
255:
200:is one of the oldest
152:
5697:Masonry arch bridges
5677:Cable-stayed bridges
5298:23 June 2011 at the
5242:Whitney, Charles S.
5148:10.1155/2018/9385171
4643:(23â24): 2261â2272.
4410:Dawe, Peter (2003).
4189:10.3233/BRS-2010-006
4048:EngineeringCivil.org
3716:Bridge deck analysis
3493:"Suspension Bridges"
3053:Bridge deck analysis
2906:Cable Stayed Bridges
2633:Architectural Digest
2343:, Routledge, p. 46,
2267:. Historyworld.net.
2265:"History of Bridges"
2253:on 21 February 2005.
1808:List of bridge types
1737:structural engineers
1657:Queensferry Crossing
1501:prestressed concrete
1409:prestressed concrete
961:Cable-stayed bridges
729:plate girder bridges
524:civilization in the
69:improve this article
5624:multi-level bridges
5135:Shock and Vibration
5052:10.1155/2015/286139
5039:Shock and Vibration
4977:2004JSV...272..471Y
4796:2010EngSt..32.3827O
4694:2010JSV...329.2127G
4490:2006JSV...293..125L
4371:2015EngSt..94..137O
4336:2016EngSt.115..207C
4275:2012SIEng...8..269O
3761:2013SIEng...9.1267E
3007:10.1680/udap.900054
2948:on 9 February 2013.
2853:on October 19, 2013
2713:22 January 2013 at
2606:Canadian Geographic
2297:on 10 February 2005
2220:Kutz, Myer (2011).
2125:Current Archaeology
2084:"Bridge: Etymology"
2062:(Full text via the
1777:(Doppler shift). A
1540:World Heritage Site
1487:Burbank, California
1469:Analysis and design
1429:reinforced concrete
1303:wildlife overpasses
1266:Bridge types by use
1258:Zanesville Y-Bridge
1153:Newcastle upon Tyne
1100:Kap Shui Mun Bridge
956:Cable-stayed bridge
806:in Quebec, Canada.
680:cable-stayed bridge
552:Johannes Grubenmann
535:built bridges over
520:, were used by the
516:, a simple type of
5682:Cantilever bridges
5672:Suspension bridges
5614:cantilever bridges
5591:
5511:Navigable aqueduct
5303:Fukuoka University
5228:. Franklin Watts.
4447:. Thomas Telford.
4443:Fryba, L. (2009).
3646:on 9 October 2022.
2317:The Mauryan Polity
2145:. Washington, DC:
1984:Transporter bridge
1974:Rigid-frame bridge
1954:Outline of bridges
1845:Engineering portal
1733:
1661:
1600:
1587:Bridge maintenance
1564:
1552:
1532:
1491:
1369:
1357:
1338:
1245:
1076:
1066:The double-decked
1035:
911:Suspension bridges
895:bowstring arches.
865:Chaotianmen Bridge
786:Cantilever bridges
737:RioâNiteroi Bridge
733:Box girder bridges
622:in the world, the
316:
305:
301:Mohammed VI Bridge
294:
274:
262:
159:
5944:
5943:
5906:Civil engineering
5770:
5769:
5728:Bridge to nowhere
5629:roadârail bridges
5346:-related articles
5235:978-0-531-04624-1
5216:978-1-55407-099-2
4852:on 23 August 2012
4790:(12): 3827â3835.
4688:(11): 2127â2146.
4454:978-0-7277-3956-8
4177:Bridge Structures
3955:Structural Safety
3859:Structural Safety
3810:Structural Safety
3755:(12): 1267â1282.
3725:978-1-4822-2723-9
3475:Bridges of Dublin
3062:978-1-4822-2724-6
2916:978-0-7277-2773-2
2483:978-1-4516-0373-6
2446:978-0-521-37994-6
2373:Nath, R. (1982).
2231:978-0-07-161477-1
2199:978-0-7277-2774-9
1874:Bridge to nowhere
1690:Millennium Bridge
1653:Forth Road Bridge
1466:
1465:
1296:bridge-restaurant
1241:Midland, Michigan
1187:and a high-level
1145:High Level Bridge
1141:Robert Stephenson
993:
992:
906:Suspension bridge
892:Tied-arch bridges
781:Cantilever bridge
630:at Maurzyce near
518:suspension bridge
145:
144:
137:
119:
16:(Redirected from
5974:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5774:
5760:
5759:
5716:Additional lists
5352:Structural types
5337:
5330:
5323:
5314:
5239:
5220:
5201:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5150:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5098:10.1002/stc.1721
5081:
5075:
5074:
5064:
5054:
5030:
5024:
5023:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4971:(3â5): 471â493.
4960:
4954:
4953:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4911:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4851:
4845:. Archived from
4840:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4758:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4713:
4677:
4671:
4670:
4660:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4607:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4554:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4509:
4484:(1â2): 125â137.
4473:
4467:
4466:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4390:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4294:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4231:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4147:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4094:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4050:. 17 August 2016
4040:
4034:
4033:
4023:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3923:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3865:(4â5): 296â304.
3850:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3780:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3048:
3037:
3036:
3018:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2941:. Archived from
2940:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2728:
2722:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2663:on 3 August 2008
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2392:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2337:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2159:
2157:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2064:Internet Archive
2061:
2059:
2057:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2014:
1944:Military bridges
1847:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1831:Transport portal
1828:
1827:
1725:Homochitto River
1723:bridge over the
1679:Bridge vibration
1423:galvanised with
1405:structural steel
1389:
1386:vines in Japan.
1237:multi-way bridge
1223:Multi-way bridge
1217:Multi-way bridge
1165:Craigavon Bridge
1157:Britannia Bridge
1118:). Likewise, in
983:
954:
904:
885:
816:
794:continuous spans
788:are built using
779:
759:
704:simply supported
692:
685:
642:Types of bridges
587:tensile strength
504:AlconĂŠtar Bridge
471:was surveyed by
424:AlcĂĄntara Bridge
312:Mindaugas Bridge
140:
133:
129:
126:
120:
118:
77:
53:
45:
21:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5947:
5946:
5945:
5940:
5884:
5806:
5801:
5771:
5766:
5748:
5732:
5723:Bridge failures
5711:
5655:
5609:bascule bridges
5604:List of bridges
5592:
5581:
5469:Rolling bascule
5347:
5341:
5300:Wayback Machine
5276:Wayback Machine
5265:
5236:
5223:
5217:
5204:
5183:
5180:
5178:Further reading
5175:
5174:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5032:
5031:
5027:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4838:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4422:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4183:(1, 2): 73â79.
4174:
4173:
4169:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4042:
4041:
4037:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3726:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3612:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3317:
3315:Smithsonian.com
3308:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3151:
3149:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3101:
3086:Movable bridges
3083:
3082:
3078:
3063:
3050:
3049:
3040:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2938:
2934:Poser, Marcel.
2933:
2932:
2928:
2917:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2884:Johnson, Andy.
2883:
2882:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2829:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2636:. December 2016
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2560:on 4 March 2016
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2338:
2331:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2155:
2153:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2017:Fowler (1925).
2016:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1979:Structure gauge
1899:Covered bridges
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1759:
1714:
1708:
1706:Bridge failures
1699:
1681:
1673:microsimulation
1669:Weigh-in-Motion
1645:
1633:weigh-in-motion
1616:
1589:
1560:Gatwick Airport
1516:
1471:
1395:Materials used
1334:The Iron Bridge
1327:
1319:suicide bridges
1274:), a pipeline (
1268:
1254:Margaret Bridge
1225:
1219:
1203:
1197:
1096:Tsing Ma Bridge
1060:
1054:
1043:Movable bridges
1024:
1013:
1005:integral bridge
835:Arkadiko Bridge
652:
650:Structure types
644:
624:Maurzyce Bridge
598:covered bridges
563:the Iron Bridge
508:Trajan's Bridge
492:Zhaozhou Bridge
409:Hellenistic era
381:Arkadiko Bridge
320:stepping stones
250:
210:
194:Arkadiko Bridge
182:stepping stones
141:
130:
124:
121:
78:
76:
66:
54:
43:
32:Contract bridge
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5980:
5978:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5962:Infrastructure
5959:
5949:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5804:Infrastructure
5802:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5744:Bridges in art
5740:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5264:
5263:External links
5261:
5260:
5259:
5240:
5234:
5221:
5215:
5202:
5192:(6): 407â418.
5179:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5121:
5092:(5): 813â825.
5076:
5025:
5006:(2): 1850025.
4990:
4955:
4936:
4906:
4889:
4863:
4827:
4770:
4741:(2): 241â249.
4725:
4672:
4627:
4590:(2): 243â248.
4574:
4521:
4468:
4453:
4435:
4420:
4402:
4349:
4314:
4269:(3): 269â276.
4253:
4222:(4): 429â446.
4202:
4167:
4130:(4): 411â433.
4114:
4061:
4035:
4006:(4): 235â244.
3990:
3945:
3914:(3): 233â241.
3894:
3845:
3816:(2): 138â144.
3800:
3739:
3724:
3703:
3688:
3669:(6): 523â528.
3649:
3625:
3610:
3588:
3567:(6): 671â683.
3551:
3528:
3515:"Beam Bridges"
3506:
3484:
3462:
3432:
3417:. 5 May 2017.
3402:
3374:
3347:(6): 884â889.
3327:
3301:
3275:
3249:
3218:
3207:(4): 330â339.
3187:
3159:
3128:
3099:
3076:
3061:
3038:
3001:(4): 225â232.
2982:
2951:
2926:
2915:
2895:
2876:
2864:
2838:
2827:
2805:
2786:(4): 408â418.
2770:
2740:
2723:
2719:Engineers Edge
2700:
2683:"Beam bridges"
2674:
2647:
2619:
2593:
2571:
2545:
2534:. 20 June 2020
2519:
2489:
2482:
2459:
2445:
2422:
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2329:
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2256:
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2230:
2212:
2198:
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2131:
2114:
2089:
2075:
2049:
2024:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:Trestle bridge
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Pontoon bridge
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1919:Devil's Bridge
1916:
1911:
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1896:
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1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
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1834:
1818:
1815:
1803:
1800:
1775:Doppler effect
1763:accelerometers
1758:
1755:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1680:
1677:
1644:
1641:
1615:
1612:
1588:
1585:
1581:Forbidden City
1558:The bridge at
1515:
1512:
1470:
1467:
1464:
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1460:
1456:
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1444:
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1437:
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1417:
1413:
1412:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1379:Ficus elastica
1374:Living bridges
1326:
1323:
1311:animal bridges
1267:
1264:
1260:are examples.
1221:Main article:
1218:
1215:
1211:Millau Viaduct
1199:Main article:
1196:
1193:
1169:Oresund Bridge
1128:BloorâDanforth
1053:
1050:
1039:Bailey bridges
1012:
1009:
991:
990:
987:
976:
975:
958:
947:
946:
908:
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896:
889:
878:
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820:
809:
808:
783:
772:
771:
763:
752:
751:
725:Girder bridges
696:
651:
648:
643:
640:
591:Gustave Eiffel
556:Hubert Gautier
477:Chandragupta I
453:In India, the
416:ancient Romans
395:, in southern
354:timber bridges
249:
246:
209:
206:
143:
142:
57:
55:
48:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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5499:Vertical-lift
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5374:Bridgeâtunnel
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5252:0-486-42995-4
5249:
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4456:
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4431:
4427:
4423:
4421:0-7277-3241-2
4417:
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3779:
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3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:. CRC Press.
3717:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3653:
3650:
3642:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3611:0-262-12105-0
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
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3574:
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3502:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3450:
3446:
3445:Atlas Obscura
3442:
3436:
3433:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3389:New York Post
3385:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3290:
3289:My Modern Met
3286:
3279:
3276:
3264:
3263:Bloomberg.com
3260:
3253:
3250:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
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2922:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2874:, 1911, p. 13
2873:
2868:
2865:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2828:2-85978-347-4
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:archive.today
2712:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2608:. 28 May 2015
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:"Iron Bridge"
2493:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2448:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2383:81-7017-159-8
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:0-415-23188-4
2346:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:81-208-1023-6
2322:
2318:
2312:
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2169:
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2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2052:
2050:0-19-860438-6
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Orphan bridge
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
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1892:
1890:
1887:
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1867:
1865:
1864:Bridge chapel
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
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1851:
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1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1767:Crowdsourcing
1764:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1744:Victorian era
1740:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
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1705:
1703:
1696:
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1670:
1665:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1625:return period
1622:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1571:in New York.
1570:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1530:, Netherlands
1529:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1511:
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1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
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1380:
1375:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1353:half timbered
1350:
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1084:Bergen County
1081:
1073:
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1002:
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967:Russky Bridge
962:
959:
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869:Yangtze River
866:
861:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
841:Solkan Bridge
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
819:
815:
811:
810:
807:
805:
804:Quebec Bridge
800:
795:
791:
787:
784:
782:
778:
774:
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500:open-spandrel
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473:James Princep
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440:volcanic rock
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188:people built
187:
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171:body of water
168:
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155:Luang Prabang
151:
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85:
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80:Find sources:
74:
70:
64:
63:
58:This article
56:
52:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5911:Construction
5896:Architecture
5892:
5814:
5692:Arch bridges
5634:toll bridges
5574:
5550:Through arch
5384:Cable-stayed
5343:
5255:
5243:
5225:
5206:
5189:
5185:
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4918:
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4900:Science News
4898:
4892:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4854:. Retrieved
4847:the original
4842:
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4537:(2): 75â85.
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4047:
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3509:
3496:
3487:
3474:
3471:"Cantilever"
3465:
3453:. Retrieved
3444:
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3414:
3405:
3393:. Retrieved
3387:
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3318:. Retrieved
3314:
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3288:
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3262:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3232:The Guardian
3231:
3221:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3173:The Observer
3171:
3162:
3152:13 September
3150:. Retrieved
3141:
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3085:
3079:
3052:
2998:
2994:
2973:. Retrieved
2965:The Guardian
2964:
2954:
2943:the original
2929:
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2898:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2857:February 18,
2855:. Retrieved
2851:the original
2841:
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2773:
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2752:
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2677:
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2661:the original
2650:
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2631:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2596:
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2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2558:the original
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2531:
2522:
2512:November 18,
2510:. Retrieved
2501:
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2435:
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2295:the original
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2259:
2251:the original
2240:
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2188:
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2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2101:
2092:
2078:
2054:. Retrieved
2040:
2018:
2012:
1894:Coal trestle
1869:Bridge tower
1802:Visual index
1796:
1788:
1781:beam from a
1772:
1760:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1700:
1682:
1666:
1662:
1629:
1617:
1604:
1601:
1573:
1565:
1505:
1492:
1483:Interstate 5
1421:steel cables
1377:
1370:
1345:Krämerbrßcke
1315:
1300:
1285:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1262:
1246:
1204:
1185:bascule span
1181:Tower Bridge
1161:Menai Strait
1139:
1077:
1047:
1036:
994:
984:
964:
955:
939:
936:Ferry Bridge
905:
886:
862:
838:
823:Arch bridges
817:
801:
798:
780:
767:truss bridge
761:Truss bridge
760:
745:in southern
740:
708:
702:
699:Beam bridges
693:
653:
645:
616:Stefan BryĹa
609:
602:
595:
583:wrought iron
571:river Severn
560:
545:
530:
514:Rope bridges
512:
485:
467:bridge near
459:treatise by
456:Arthashastra
454:
452:
442:. Brick and
438:, sand, and
413:
405:arch bridges
378:
370:Roman Empire
324:
317:
314:in Lithuania
244:is unknown.
239:
234:
232:
227:
219:
213:
211:
202:arch bridges
179:
162:
160:
146:
131:
122:
112:
105:
98:
91:
79:
67:Please help
62:verification
59:
5875:Storm drain
5845:Interchange
5494:Transporter
5474:Submersible
5459:Retractable
4919:polytec.com
4365:: 137â148.
4330:: 207â219.
3961:: 113â122.
3519:Nova Online
3455:8 September
3425:8 September
3320:21 February
3294:21 February
3268:21 February
3121:14 February
2452:29 December
2056:27 December
1939:Megaproject
1879:Bridges Act
1651:Traffic on
1577:Moon bridge
1392:Bridge type
1372:materials.
1276:Pipe bridge
1272:road bridge
1147:across the
1131:subway line
1112:Minneapolis
985:Ford bridge
971:Vladivostok
944:in Turkey.
818:Arch bridge
790:cantilevers
694:Beam bridge
660:compression
620:road bridge
581:systems of
573:. With the
496:Sui dynasty
393:Peloponnese
385:corbel arch
362:Lake ZĂźrich
346:log bridges
338:Sweet Track
224:Old English
198:Peloponnese
18:Road Bridge
5951:Categories
5936:Urban park
5916:Playground
5840:Footbridge
5533:Suspension
5449:Drawbridge
5419:Extradosed
5394:Cantilever
5379:Burr Truss
5369:Box girder
5282:Structurae
5158:10197/9539
5107:10197/7053
5062:10197/7054
4929:25 January
4856:30 January
4813:10197/4045
4756:10197/2327
4711:10197/2138
4658:10197/3426
4605:10197/2551
4552:10197/2553
4507:10197/2529
4388:10197/6998
4292:10197/3061
4239:10344/7494
4145:10197/4024
4092:10197/7068
4021:10197/9246
3976:10197/7069
3931:10197/9252
3880:10197/3062
3831:10197/2329
3778:10197/4868
3582:10197/4054
3242:26 January
3016:10197/4877
2975:3 February
2967:. London.
2763:2 February
2640:15 October
2612:15 October
2586:15 October
2564:15 October
2431:Ivor Wilks
2149:. p.
2107:11 January
2004:References
1989:Tensegrity
1929:Jet bridge
1924:Footbridge
1710:See also:
1544:Stari Most
1514:Aesthetics
1477:A highway
1416:Suspension
1400:Cantilever
1305:to reduce
1292:Bratislava
1290:Bridge in
1250:The Tridge
1189:footbridge
1173:Copenhagen
1149:River Tyne
1088:New Jersey
1056:See also:
1001:box-girder
973:, Russia.
930:, and the
709:continuous
676:suspension
401:Bronze Age
350:human-made
342:Post Track
303:in Morocco
95:newspapers
5893:See also:
5667:By length
5506:Multi-way
5167:1070-9622
5071:1070-9622
5020:0219-4554
4614:1464-4193
4561:1478-4637
4463:608572498
4301:1573-2479
4248:1822-4288
4197:1573-2487
4162:111112374
4154:1279-5119
4101:1084-0702
4030:1478-4637
3940:1822-427X
3787:1573-2479
3734:897489682
3683:1084-0702
3395:3 January
3361:0277-9536
3071:892094185
3033:110344262
3025:1755-0793
2800:1084-0702
2753:ASCEville
2417:1452-7448
2403:: 45â58.
2301:4 January
2275:4 January
2168:abutments
1854:Air draft
1659:(on left)
1489:, in 2021
1355:buildings
1288:NovĂ˝ Most
1159:over the
1032:U.S. Army
875:, China.
873:Chongqing
867:over the
847:River at
843:over the
831:abutments
827:abutments
747:Louisiana
610:In 1927,
567:cast iron
558:in 1716.
448:Roman era
432:pozzolana
420:aqueducts
330:boardwalk
326:Neolithic
208:Etymology
190:boardwalk
186:Neolithic
125:July 2022
5860:Pipeline
5855:Overpass
5835:Drainage
5825:Causeway
5762:Category
5526:Vlotbrug
5439:Moveable
5296:Archived
5272:Archived
5258:. 1929.)
5141:: 1â10.
5116:55735216
5045:: 1â16.
4923:Archived
4843:mnme.com
4822:52250745
4765:53417698
4720:56078933
4667:53367765
4622:59583241
4569:53057484
4516:53678242
4430:53389159
4397:56030686
4309:54812838
4109:53503763
4054:15 March
3985:59945573
3889:53475878
3840:44049002
3795:10042252
3620:10821288
3546:Archived
3523:Archived
3501:Archived
3497:Made How
3479:Archived
3449:Archived
3419:Archived
3369:21320739
3236:Archived
3180:26 March
3146:Archived
3142:ABC News
3115:Archived
2969:Archived
2921:Archived
2890:Archived
2833:Archived
2757:Archived
2711:Archived
2687:Archived
2667:29 April
2506:Archived
2433:(1989).
2269:Archived
2205:14 March
2156:14 March
2037:"bridge"
1959:Overpass
1889:Causeway
1817:See also
1637:Eurocode
1479:overpass
1384:wisteria
1367:, Greece
1280:aqueduct
1195:Viaducts
1171:between
858:Syrabach
721:flexural
614:pioneer
461:Kautilya
389:chariots
340:and the
272:, Canada
235:*bĘ°rÄw-.
84:"Bridge"
5957:Bridges
5931:Theatre
5926:Stadium
5737:Related
5707:Tallest
5702:Highest
5570:Viaduct
5565:Tubular
5555:Trestle
5521:Pontoon
5464:Rolling
5454:Folding
5444:Bascule
5404:Covered
5226:Bridges
4973:Bibcode
4792:Bibcode
4690:Bibcode
4486:Bibcode
4367:Bibcode
4332:Bibcode
4271:Bibcode
3757:Bibcode
3521:. PBS.
2693:May 14,
2538:12 June
1909:Culvert
1884:BS 5400
1729:erosion
1528:Utrecht
1365:Othonoi
1201:Viaduct
1120:Toronto
668:torsion
664:bending
656:tension
628:SĹudwia
612:welding
537:streams
533:Ashanti
465:Mauryan
366:Seedamm
356:is the
334:marshes
332:across
248:History
157:in Laos
109:scholar
5921:Public
5880:Tunnel
5870:Skyway
5815:Bridge
5545:Timber
5389:Canopy
5344:Bridge
5250:
5232:
5213:
5165:
5114:
5069:
5018:
4820:
4763:
4718:
4665:
4620:
4612:
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4451:
4428:
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4395:
4307:
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4246:
4195:
4160:
4152:
4107:
4099:
4077:(10).
4028:
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3887:
3838:
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3785:
3732:
3722:
3681:
3618:
3608:
3367:
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3069:
3059:
3031:
3023:
2913:
2825:
2798:
2480:
2443:
2415:
2381:
2347:
2323:
2228:
2196:
2047:
1998:Tunnel
1548:Mostar
1349:Erfurt
1256:, and
1243:, U.S.
1233:Tridge
1122:, the
997:voided
926:, the
922:, the
918:, the
854:Plauen
849:Solkan
632:Ĺowicz
541:rivers
481:Mughal
469:Girnar
444:mortar
397:Greece
222:to an
220:bridge
184:. The
175:valley
163:bridge
111:
104:
97:
90:
82:
5901:Arena
5850:Levee
5820:Canal
5560:Truss
5538:types
5484:Table
5479:Swing
5112:S2CID
4879:(6),
4850:(PDF)
4839:(PDF)
4818:S2CID
4761:S2CID
4716:S2CID
4663:S2CID
4618:S2CID
4565:S2CID
4512:S2CID
4393:S2CID
4305:S2CID
4158:S2CID
4105:S2CID
3981:S2CID
3885:S2CID
3836:S2CID
3791:S2CID
3644:(PDF)
3637:(PDF)
3600:[
3029:S2CID
2946:(PDF)
2939:(PDF)
1791:Lidar
1779:laser
1459:Truss
1452:rebar
1440:Stone
1177:MalmĂś
1092:truss
825:have
717:shear
713:piers
672:shear
579:truss
526:Andes
428:Tagus
258:Jispa
228:brycg
226:word
116:JSTOR
102:books
5865:Road
5516:Pile
5489:Tilt
5434:Moon
5409:Crib
5364:Beam
5359:Arch
5248:ISBN
5230:ISBN
5211:ISBN
5163:ISSN
5139:2018
5067:ISSN
5043:2015
5016:ISSN
4931:2012
4858:2012
4610:ISSN
4557:ISSN
4459:OCLC
4449:ISBN
4426:OCLC
4416:ISBN
4297:ISSN
4244:ISSN
4193:ISSN
4150:ISSN
4097:ISSN
4056:2019
4026:ISSN
3936:ISSN
3783:ISSN
3730:OCLC
3720:ISBN
3679:ISSN
3616:OCLC
3606:ISBN
3457:2017
3427:2017
3397:2019
3365:PMID
3357:ISSN
3322:2019
3296:2019
3270:2019
3244:2021
3182:2018
3154:2013
3123:2023
3067:OCLC
3057:ISBN
3021:ISSN
2977:2016
2911:ISBN
2859:2013
2823:ISBN
2796:ISSN
2765:2017
2734:Life
2695:2008
2669:2008
2642:2018
2614:2018
2588:2018
2566:2018
2540:2021
2514:2016
2478:ISBN
2454:2020
2441:ISBN
2413:ISSN
2379:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2321:ISBN
2303:2012
2277:2012
2226:ISBN
2207:2010
2194:ISBN
2164:hewn
2158:2010
2109:2021
2058:2022
2045:ISBN
1914:Deck
1810:and
1538:The
1447:Beam
1436:Arch
1425:zinc
1235:, a
1231:The
1209:and
1175:and
1163:and
1098:and
1019:and
845:SoÄa
727:and
719:and
670:and
539:and
531:The
522:Inca
436:lime
379:The
280:The
212:The
167:span
88:news
38:and
5830:Dam
5429:Log
5424:Jet
5194:doi
5153:hdl
5143:doi
5102:hdl
5094:doi
5057:hdl
5047:doi
5008:doi
4981:doi
4969:272
4881:doi
4808:hdl
4800:doi
4751:hdl
4743:doi
4706:hdl
4698:doi
4686:329
4653:hdl
4645:doi
4600:hdl
4592:doi
4588:224
4547:hdl
4539:doi
4535:162
4502:hdl
4494:doi
4482:293
4383:hdl
4375:doi
4340:doi
4328:115
4287:hdl
4279:doi
4234:hdl
4224:doi
4185:doi
4140:hdl
4132:doi
4087:hdl
4079:doi
4016:hdl
4008:doi
4004:169
3971:hdl
3963:doi
3926:hdl
3916:doi
3875:hdl
3867:doi
3826:hdl
3818:doi
3773:hdl
3765:doi
3671:doi
3577:hdl
3569:doi
3349:doi
3209:doi
3205:168
3090:hdl
3011:hdl
3003:doi
2999:164
2788:doi
2405:doi
1542:of
1526:in
1485:in
1347:in
1239:in
1151:in
1143:'s
1110:in
1104:MTR
969:in
678:or
284:in
71:by
5953::
5190:29
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