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This process released large amounts of acidic, metallic, and other toxic compounds. Results of this include areas that even after 60–80 years are still largely lifeless, often exactly corresponding to the area of the roast bed, some of which are hundreds of metres wide by kilometres long. Roasting is
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content would become its source of fuel, and the roasting process could continue without external fuel sources. Early sulfide roasting was practiced in this manner in "open hearth" roasters, which were manually stirred (a practice called "rabbling") using rake-like tools to expose unroasted ore to
408:
The first reaction represents the chlorination of a sulfide ore involving an exothermic reaction. The second reaction involving an oxide ore is facilitated by addition of elemental sulfur. Carbonate ores react in a similar manner as the oxide ore, after decomposing to their oxide form at high
272:
Oxidizing roasting, the most commonly practiced roasting process, involves heating the ore in excess of air or oxygen, to burn out or replace the impurity element, generally sulfur, partly or completely by oxygen. For sulfide roasting, the general reaction can be given by:
167:
Roasting consists of thermal gas–solid reactions, which can include oxidation, reduction, chlorination, sulfation, and pyrohydrolysis. In roasting, the ore or ore concentrate is treated with very hot air. This process is generally applied to
431:
Magnetic roasting involves controlled roasting of the ore to convert it into a magnetic form, thus enabling easy separation and processing in subsequent steps. For example, controlled reduction of
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process involving gas–solid reactions at elevated temperatures with the goal of purifying the metal component(s). Often before roasting, the ore has already been partially purified, e.g. by
305:
Volatilizing roasting, involves oxidation at elevated temperatures of the ores, to eliminate impurity elements in the form of their volatile oxides. Examples of such volatile oxides include
529:
160:. The concentrate is mixed with other materials to facilitate the process. The technology is useful in making certain ores usable but it can also be a serious source of
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ores are subjected to sinter roasting in a continuous process after froth flotation to convert the fine ores to workable agglomerates for further smelting operations.
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Sinter roasting involves heating the fine ores at high temperatures, where simultaneous oxidation and agglomeration of the ores take place. For example,
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Up until the early 20th century, roasting was started by burning wood on top of ore. This would raise the temperature of the ore to the point where its
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and sulfur oxides. Careful control of the oxygen content in the roaster is necessary, as excessive oxidation can form non-volatile oxides.
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Sulfating roasting oxidizes certain sulfide ores to sulfates in a supply of air to enable leaching of the sulfate for further processing.
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is a process of heating a sulfide ore to a high temperature in the presence of air. It is a step in the processing of certain
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Chloridizing roasting transforms certain metal compounds to chlorides through oxidation or reduction. Some metals such as
530:"Sudbury's Abandonend Roast Yards: Toxicity Hotspots – Valuable Living Laboratories For The Study Of Ecosystem Recovery"
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236:. Many sulfide minerals contain other components such as arsenic that are released into the environment.
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Roasting the sulfide ore, until almost complete removal of the sulfur from the ore, results in a
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form. Certain forms of chloridizing roasting may be represented by the overall reactions:
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172:. During roasting, the sulfide is converted to an oxide, and sulfur is released as
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589:. Affiliated East-West Press Private Limited. pp. 131, 132.
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The following describe different forms of roasting:
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
561:"Photo History of Sudbury's Stressed Environment"
467:an oxide ore before the actual smelting process.
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260:A reverberatory furnace for roasting tin ores
8:
188:), balanced equations for the roasting are:
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669:
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152:. More specifically, roasting is often a
637:Ghosh, Ahindra; Ray, Hem Shanker (1991).
224:The gaseous product of sulfide roasting,
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
488:
535:. Nipissing University. Archived from
7:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
640:Principles of Extractive Metallurgy
244:oxygen as the reaction proceeded.
14:
704:Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy
427:Magnetization roasting technology
23:
16:Process of heating a sulfide ore
613:Extraction of Nonferrous Metals
587:Extraction of Nonferrous Metals
585:Ray, H.S.; et al. (1985).
34:needs additional citations for
129:. Roasting has driven off the
1:
1057:Bottom-blown oxygen converter
463:Reduction roasting partially
232:) is often used to produce
137:, leaving behind vesicular
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424:
285:(g) -> 2MO (s) + 2SO
58:"Roasting" metallurgy
698:
610:Ray, Hem Shanker (1985).
501:Chemistry of the Elements
499:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
176:, a gas. For the ores Cu
783:Underground in soft rock
778:Underground in hard rock
1312:Metallurgical processes
355:are processed in their
248:an exothermic process.
127:Cripple Creek, Colorado
261:
142:
125:Roasted gold ore from
1111:(by aqueous solution)
943:Gravity Concentration
692:Extractive metallurgy
505:Butterworth-Heinemann
497:Greenwood, Norman N.
335:Chloridizing roasting
301:Volatilizing roasting
259:
124:
1226:Hall–Héroult process
905:Mechanical screening
43:improve this article
948:Magnetic separation
895:Cyclonic separation
716:(by physical means)
701:Metallurgical assay
385:4NaCl + 2MO + S
252:Roasting operations
1029:Refractory linings
900:Gyratory equipment
712:Mineral processing
459:Reduction roasting
413:Sulfating roasting
268:Oxidizing roasting
262:
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133:from the original
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1200:Electrometallurgy
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1153:Gold chlorination
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938:Jig concentrators
736:Natural resources
731:Geological survey
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514:978-0-08-037941-8
421:Magnetic roasting
119:
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93:
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1204:(by electricity)
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1186:Pan amalgamation
1158:Gold cyanidation
1148:In situ leaching
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746:Economic geology
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503:(2nd ed.).
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435:(non magnetic Fe
217:→ 2 ZnO + 2 SO
170:sulfide minerals
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425:Main article:
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409:temperatures.
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174:sulfur dioxide
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99:September 2018
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1163:Bayer process
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1143:Tank leaching
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1138:Dump leaching
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1133:Heap leaching
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1013:Zinc smelting
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1008:Lead smelting
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1003:Iron smelting
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915:Concentration
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596:81-85095-63-9
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542:on 2014-01-16
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234:sulfuric acid
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162:air pollution
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154:metallurgical
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1213:Electrolysis
1173:Amalgamation
1087:
928:Jameson cell
885:Hydrocyclone
639:
632:
612:
605:
586:
580:
570:21 September
568:. Retrieved
564:
555:
544:. Retrieved
537:the original
523:
500:
491:
477:lead sulfide
474:
462:
447:(magnetic Fe
430:
416:
407:
367:+ MS + 2O
338:
304:
294:
292:
271:
263:
246:
238:
223:
213:2 ZnS + 3 O
166:
145:
144:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1249:Co-products
1083:Calcination
1047:Cupellation
963:Dry washing
952:Magnetation
875:Ore sorting
840:Pebble mill
807:Comminution
353:rare earths
281:S (s) + 3O
184:) and ZnS (
1307:Metallurgy
1301:Categories
1286:Stamp sand
1236:Downs cell
968:Buddle pit
958:Rocker box
815:Stamp mill
756:Base metal
724:Extraction
546:2014-01-14
483:References
393:-> 2Na
295:dead roast
207:O + 2 SO
186:sphalerite
182:chalcocite
135:calaverite
69:newspapers
1128:Lixiviant
1093:Liquation
986:(by heat)
847:Ball mill
790:Recycling
445:magnetite
433:haematite
371:->
351:and some
349:beryllium
131:tellurium
1256:Tailings
1120:Leaching
1088:Roasting
1039:Refining
1023:ISASMELT
995:Smelting
852:Rod mill
835:SAG mill
820:Arrastra
357:chloride
345:titanium
146:Roasting
1281:Red mud
1271:Clinker
1025:furnace
933:Panning
890:Trommel
880:Vanning
857:IsaMill
830:AG mill
825:Crusher
773:Surface
751:Mineral
465:reduces
401:+ 2MCl
382:+ MCl,
341:uranium
83:scholar
1261:Gangue
1062:Poling
868:Sizing
768:Mining
647:
620:
593:
511:
241:sulfur
203:→ 2 Cu
196:S + 3
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1076:Other
795:Scrap
540:(PDF)
533:(PDF)
443:) to
389:+ 3O
139:blebs
90:JSTOR
76:books
1276:Chat
1266:Slag
645:ISBN
618:ISBN
591:ISBN
572:2018
509:ISBN
365:NaCl
192:2 Cu
150:ores
62:news
741:Ore
455:).
391:2
329:ZnO
289:(g)
228:(SO
180:S (
45:by
1303::
643:.
616:.
563:.
507:.
397:SO
377:SO
373:Na
347:,
343:,
327:,
318:Sb
316:,
307:As
297:.
164:.
954:)
950:(
684:e
677:t
670:v
653:.
626:.
599:.
574:.
549:.
517:.
453:4
451:O
449:3
441:3
439:O
437:2
403:2
399:4
395:2
387:2
379:4
375:2
369:2
363:2
324:3
322:O
320:2
313:3
311:O
309:2
287:2
283:2
279:M
277:2
230:2
219:2
215:2
209:2
205:2
200:2
198:O
194:2
178:2
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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